elements, compounds and mixtures
elements, compounds and mixtures
Elements
An element is a substance with only one sort of atom, all of which are identical.
Physical/chemical methods cannot divide elements into simpler substances.
● Has just one type of atom
● All combining atoms are similar
● It cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
● Examples of elements: hydrogen, gold, helium, copper etc
compound
A compound is a substance formed by chemically combining 2 or more elements.
● Examples of compounds: iron sulphate, copper sulphate etc. we can make a compound
by mixing elements:
● Here, Fe and sulphur are mixed together.
● Both have different properties
Mixtures
A mixture is made up of two or more substances. It can be different elements, an element
and a compound or 2 different compounds.
Common examples of compounds
Table salt (NaCl), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), Iron Sulphide (FeS)
elements, compounds and mixtures
Elements Compounds
Elements have just one type of atom Compounds always have more than one type
of atom
We cannot divide an element to simpler Compounds can be divided into elements
forms by chemical or physical means. by chemical means.
There are only 118 elements on the periodic There is no upper limit to the humber of
table.known to mankind. compounds that can be formed
Represented by a symbol like Na, b,p,si etc Represented by a chemical formula like
naci, cuso4, feS etc
Why water is a compound:
Water molecules are made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
*water doesnt have ‘water atoms’ it has water molecules*
Why salt is a compound:
elements, compounds and mixtures
sodium+chlorine=table salt
Molecules
Molecules are the smallest particle of a substance that has all of the physical and chemical
properties of that substance. Molecules are made up of one or more atoms.
⭐iron is magnetic, it releases hydrogen gas
when we mix it with sulphuric acid
⭐ sulpher is yellow powder and brittle in nature. It will float if mixed with water.
⭐we can separate them physically using a magenet
⭐when we heat iron and sulpher together we have a chemical reaction
that forms iron sulphide.
⭐it is neither yellow like sulpher or has magnetic properties
like iron. It is black-grey and a non-magnetic substance
⭐when elements form a compound, the properties
of the resulting compound are different from
those of the element.
🦋a mixture is made up of two or more substances. It can be different elements, an element
and a compound or two different compounds.
elements, compounds and mixtures
Compound | Feature/uses
1.Calcium Oxide: It is white powder used in olden days to produce limelight. Commonly
called quicklime
2. Carbon Dioxide: Colourless gas produced during respiration
3. Copper oxide: a black pigment used in pottery
4. Sulphur dioxide:A harmful gas produced due to burning of fossil fuels.
Causes acid rain
Calcium hydroxide:A white solid used in treatment of sewage water and other drinking
water. Also used to make lime water for Laboratory tests
5. Potassium Hydroxide: a colourless solid used in soap industry Used to make alkaline
solution in labs.
6. Sodium hydroxide: a colourless solid used in the soap industry Used to make alkaline
solution in labs.
7. Sodium Chloride: Commonly known as table salt. It is usually crystalline in nature.
elements, compounds and mixtures
8. Calcium Chloride: Absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. Often used in labs to keep the
materials dry.
9. Calcium Sulphate: Used to make plaster of Paris (POP) white powder
10. Copper sulphate: Can form white powder or blue crystals.
11. Calcium Carbonate: white solid. Often found in egg shells/snail shells/fossils.
Is also found in limestone, chalk
12. Copper Carbonate: Forms a mineral called Malachite green
Alloys
An alloy is a metal mixture of two or more materials to improve a metal's properties. One
of the combining elements has to be a metal.
Bronze: a very important alloy traditionally composed of copper and tin.
>makes a ringing sound when struck
>often used it bells and cymbals, medals, sculptures
>adding small amount of tin to copper makes it much stronger.
Brass: made of composition of copper and zinc.
elements, compounds and mixtures
>strong, corrosion resistant, often used in pins in electrical plugs.
>Shiny surface makes it ideal for making ornaments, utensils etc.
Bronze vs. Brass: Brass is usually yellow, like dull gold, while bronze is generally a
reddish brown.
Steel: The main component of steels is carbon. Mixing a non-metal like carbon
enhances the strength and resistance to corrosion.
Some of the uses include: Springs, utensils, knives etc
Stainless steel: The main component of stainless steel is iron. It is mixed with
chromium to make it corrosion-resistant, strong and long lasting.
Alnico:
Contains- Aluminium, Nickel and Cobalt
Is strongly magnetic
Often used in Magnets, Electric motors, guitar pickups, Microphones, sensors,
aerospace applications etc
Solder:
Contains- Lead and Tin
It has a low melting point and is often used in welding/joining metals
Solder is a metal alloy that is used to create strong permanent bonds; such as
copper joining in circuit boards and copper pipe joints.
Duralumin:
elements, compounds and mixtures
Contains- Aluminium and copper
Is strong, resistant to corrosion and quite light weight
Duralumin is used in aircrafts/aeroplanes because it is stronger as compared to
steel and also for the fact that it is lighter in weight. Hence makes it suitable
for aviation purposes.
Aluminium Bronze
Contains- Copper, Aluminium and Tin
Is strong, resistant to corrosion and quite strong
Solutions:
A solution is made when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
A solution can be colourless or have a colour at times.
When a solute/ substance does not dissolve completely, it settles at the bottom. This
is called a sediment.
Different solvents:
Water is called the universal solvent as it dissolves a lot of substances.
Ethanol is often used in aftershave lotions, glues etc
Propanone is used to dissolve grease and nail paints.
White spirit is used to dissolve oil paints.
Why alloys are stronger than pure metals:
elements, compounds and mixtures
In pure metals, application of force can cause the particles to slide over one
Another. Adding another element to this pure metal, jams up the structure and does not
allow the particles to slide over one another.
In an alloy, there are atoms of different sizes. The smaller or bigger atoms
distort the layers of atoms in the pure metal.
This means that a greater force is required for the layers to slide over each
other. The alloy is harder and stronger than the pure metal.
Pure metal - easier for the layers to slide over each other
Alloy - more difficult for the layers to slide over each other
