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11 views3 pages

Part 1

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newjonatan14
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UNIT FOUR

Dynamics
4.1 The concept of force and Newton’s laws of motion
Dynamics is study about the motion of bodies in some reference frame and the causes that
determine the nature of this motion.

Force is a quantitative description of pull or push exerted on an object by another object.

Classification of forces: a force is divided in to two major classes (contact & non-contact).

Types of force
In physics there are a number of different forces, e.g. frictional force, normal force, magnetic
force, centripetal force, etc.

Any force has the following characteristics:

i. It has magnitude.
ii. It has direction.
iii. It has a point of application.

The known fundamental forces in nature are all field forces. These are, in order of decreasing
strength:

i. The strong nuclear force between subatomic particles.


ii. The electromagnetic forces between electric charges.
iii. The weak nuclear force, (in radioactive decay processes).
iv. The gravitational force between objects.

Effects of force

a) It may causes acceleration.


b) It may causes deformation.

Newton’s first law

“An object at rest, will remain at rest & an object in motion will continue in motion with
constant velocity unless it experience a net external force.”
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∑𝐹 = 0

Inertia: is a property of matter that is related to the tendency of an object to remain at rest
or in uniform motion. Inertia of an object depends on its mass. Mass is the measure of
inertia.

Newton’s second law

“The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force & inversely
∑
proportional to its mass.” 𝑎 = 𝐹⁄𝑚

Weight: the force exerted by the earth on a body. 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔

Newton’s third law

“To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction.”

𝐹12 = −𝐹21 These forces are called action-reaction forces.

Note: a) action – reaction forces always occur in pair.

b) The two forces act on different bodies, hence they can’t produce equilibrium.

Normal force
: is the reaction force of any surface when an object is placed on it.
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 ± 𝐹𝑦
4.2 Frictional force
Frictional force: is the force that resist(opposes) the relative motion of an objects which are
in contact with each other.

Main causes of friction

I. The roughness of the surface brought in contact.


II. The adhesion of one surface to the other.

Hence, the magnitude of frictional force depends on the following two main factors:

a) Nature of the surface.


b) The magnitude of the normal force.

Types of friction

i. Static (limiting) friction.

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ii. Kinetic friction
a) Sliding friction.
b) Rolling friction.

𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝐹𝑁 𝜇- Coefficient of friction which describes the nature of the surface.

Some application of Newton’s law motion


1. Atwood’s machine
2. Tensions
3. Elevators
4. Inclined plane
4.3 First condition of equilibrium
Equilibrium: is a condition in which the state of motion of a body will not change.

A body in equilibrium may be at rest or move with constant velocity.

Static equilibrium is a type of equilibrium that occurs when a body is at rest and there is no net
force or net torque acting on it.

Dynamic equilibrium is a type of equilibrium that occurs when a body is moving at a constant
velocity and there is no net force or no net torque acting on it.

The first condition of equilibrium states that the net force acting on a body must be zero.

∑ 𝐹 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝐹𝑦

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