NEO
BEHAVIORISM
TOLMAN AND BANDURA
Neo Behaviorism
Tolman's Purposive Bandura Social-Learning
Behaviorism Theory
Goal-Directedness Principles
Cognitive Maps Modeling
Latent Learning 4 Conditions For Effective
Learning
Intervening Variables
Enter on
the left
side and
exit at the
top.
Enter on
the top
and exit on
the left
side.
ANSWER THIS:
1
How did you solve Maze A? What
strategy did you use? (trial and
error, examined the maze before
proceeding with your pen, etc.)
ANSWER THIS:
2
Was it easier to solve maze B?
Why?
TOLMAN'S PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM
People who worked on the maze activity you just did
earlier would say they found the second maze easier. It is
because they saw that the two maze were identical exept
that the entrance and exit points were reversed. This is
what neobehaviorism is about.
Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism
and Bandura's Social Learning
Theory are two theories
reflecting neobehaviorism that
stands out.
Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism
has also been referred to as Sign
Learning Theory and is often
seen as the link between
behaviorism and cognitive
theory.
Tolman believed that learning is
a cognitive process.
Learning involves forming beliefs
and obtaining knowledge about
the environment and then
revealing that knowledge
through purposeful and goal-
directed behavior.
Tolman stated in his theory that
an organism learns by pursuing
signs to a goal, i.e., learning is
acquired through meaningful
behavior.
Learning is always purposive
and goal-directed.
Latent Learning is a kind of
learning that remains or stays
with the individual until needed.
Learning that is not outwardly
manifested at once
The concept of intervening
variable are variables that are
not readily seen but serve as
determinants of behavior.
Reinforcement not essential for
learning. Although it provides an
incentive for performance, he
saaid that reinforcement is not
essential.
SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY
by Albert Bandura
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
This theory focuses on the learning that occusrs
within a social context.
It considers that people learn from one another,
including such concepts as observational
learning, imitation, and learning.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
People can learn by observing the behavior of
others and the outcomes of those behaviors.
Social learning theory can be considered a bridge
or a transition between behaviorist learning
theories and cognitive learning theories.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Cognition plays a role in learning.
Learning can occur without a change
HOW THE ENVIRONMENT REINFORCES AND
PUNISHES MODELING
The observer by the model
The observer isa reinforced by a third person
The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing
consequences
Consequences of the model's behavior affect the
observer's behavior
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL LEARNING
PERSPECTIVE OF REINFORCEMENT AND
PUNISHMENT
Contemporary theory proposes that both
reinforcement and punishment have indirect
effects on learning.
Reinforcement and punishment influence the
extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior
that has been learned.
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL LEARNING
PERSPECTIVE OF REINFORCEMENT AND
PUNISHMENT
The expectation of reinforcement influences
cognitive processes that promote learning.
Therefore, attention pays a critical role in
learning.
COGNITIVE FACTORS IN SOCIAL
LEARNING
Learning without performance
Cognitive processing during learning
Expectations
Reciprocal Causation
Modeling
EFFECTS OF MODELING ON BEHAVIOR
Modeling teaches new behaviors
Modeling influences the frequency of prebiously
learned behavior.
Modeling may encourage previously forbidden
behaviors.
Modeling increases the frequency of similar
behaviors.
EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
Students often learn a great deal simply by
observing other people.
Describing the consequences of behavior can
effectively increase the appropriate behaviors
and decrease inappropriate ones.
EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for
teaching new behaviors.
Teacher and parents must model appropriate
behaviors and take care that they do not model
inappropriate behaviors.
EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
Teachers should expose students to a variety of
other models.
