2105604

ADV CHE KINETICS

Lecture 10:Residence time distribution models

(Adapt from Materials of Asst. Prof. Dr. Apinan Soottitantawat with permission)
 Main RTD Models
 Compartment model: combine between RTD of
plug flow and mixed flow reactor.
 Dispersion model: for plug flow deviated
reactors.
 Tanks in series model: for mixed flow deviated
rectors.
Dispersion Model

3
Axial Dispersion
Pulse of trace

Dispersion coefficient D (m2/s)

How do we describe how dispersed the flow is? 4

Axial Dispersion

Describes the spread in the entire vessel

Variance 𝝈𝟐
Spread of the curve

𝑡̅

5
 Dispersion (Plug Flow) Model

• No stagnant pockets
• No bypassing or short-circuiting

Some intermixing axially

by slippage or eddies

6
 Dispersion Equation
Molecular diffusion: Momentum transfer (intermixing of fluid flow)

𝜕𝐶
=𝐃
𝜕 𝐶 D is the longitudinal or axial dispersion
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 coefficient
𝑚 (characterizes the degree of back mixing
𝐃[ ] during flow)
𝑠

Diffusion
Molecular diffusion (Fick’s law) : Mass transfer

𝜕𝐶 𝜕 𝐶 𝐷 = Diffusivity = Diffusion coefficient

=𝐷
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑚
𝐷 [ ]
𝑠
 Dispersion (Plug Flow) Model
𝜕𝐶 𝜕2𝐶
=𝑫 2 D = Longitudinal or axial dispersion coefficient
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝑡 𝑡𝑢 𝐶
Dimensionless form z = (ut + x)/L 𝜃= = 𝐸 =
𝑡̅ 𝐿 𝐶
𝜕𝐸 𝐃𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= −
𝜕𝜃 𝑢𝐿 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝐷
Dimensionless Vessel dispersion number
𝑢𝐿

→0 negligible dispersion, hence, plug flow

→∞ large dispersion, hence mixed flow

8
 Dispersion model

(D/uL) is the dimensionless group characterizing the spread in the whole vessel
Increasing asymmetry
Dispersion
D=0 Small D Large D D=∞
no spreading slow spreading rapid spreading Large dispersion
AKA. Plug flow AKA. Mixed flow
The reactor will be approaching ideal plug flow when the pipe is long, and velocity is high.
9
 Dispersion model
For small extents of dispersion (small D/uL) the spreading tracer curve does not
significantly change in shape as it passes the measuring point.

𝜕𝐸 𝐃𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= −
𝜕𝜃 𝑢𝐿 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
This represents a family of
𝐷 1 (
𝐃
) gaussian curves, also called
→0 𝐸 = 𝑒
𝑢𝐿 𝐃 error or Normal curves.
2 𝜋( ) 𝐃
𝑢𝐿
𝜎 =2
𝑢𝐿
𝑉 𝐿
Convert to E 𝑡̅ = = 𝜃= ̅
𝐸 = 𝑡𝐸
𝑣 𝑢 ̅

𝑢 𝐃 /
𝐃𝐿
𝐸= 𝑒 𝜎 =2
𝑢
4𝜋𝐃𝐿
 The spreading tracer curve does not significantly
change in shape

Dispersion
Model for
Small Extents
of Dispersion
(D/uL < 0.01)

Symmetrical curves
11
 Dispersion model
Small extents of dispersion (D/ul<0.01)

• With small deviation from

plug flow, any error in
estimate of D/uL from a
curve is less than 5%.

To evaluate D/uL from an experimental RTD curve

• By calculating its variance (simplest and most common, but not necessarily the best)
• By measuring its maximum height 𝐸
• Determine different of  at 0.61𝐸
 Example: Determine RTD by pulse
experiment

The concentration of tracer represent a continuous response to a pulse input into

a closed vessel which is to be used as a chemical reactor. Calculate the mean
residence time of fluid in the vessel and plot the exit age distribution.

Time-t (min) Output concentration (g/L)

0 0
5 3
10 5
15 5
20 4
25 2
30 1
35 0
 Mean residence time (by E-curve)
𝐶 𝐶
𝐸= = 𝑉
𝑀/𝑣 100 𝑡̅ ≅ 𝑡 𝐸 ∆𝑡 =
𝑣
Time (min) t C (g/L) E E*t tiEit
𝑡̅ = = 15 min
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 5 3 0.03 0.15 0.75
10 5 5 0.05 0.25 2.50
15 5 5 0.05 0.25 3.75
20 5 4 0.04 0.20 4.00
25 5 2 0.02 0.10 2.50
30 5 1 0.01 0.05 1.50
35 5 0 0.00 0.00 0
Total 1 15
 E-Curve
0.06

𝐴=1
0.05

0.04

0.03
E (-)

0.02

0.01

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
E-Curve

𝑡̅ = 15 min ̅
𝐸 = 𝑡𝐸 𝜃= ̅

Time (min) E (-)  E (-)

0 0 0.0000 0
5 0.03 0.3333 0.45
10 0.05 0.6667 0.75
15 0.05 1.0000 0.75
20 0.04 1.3333 0.6
25 0.02 1.6667 0.3
30 0.01 2.0000 0.15
35 0 2.3333 0
 E-Curve
∫ ∆
σ = − 𝑡̅ σ ≅ − 𝑡̅
∫
∆
σ ≅ − 𝜃̅ σ ≅ Σ𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃 − 1 σ = ̅

 E (-) 𝚫 𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃
0.0000 0 0 0.0000 σ ≅ 1.211 − 1
0.3333 0.45 0.3333 0.0167
0.6667 0.75 0.3333 0.1111 σ ≅ 0.211
1.0000 0.75 0.3333 0.2500
1.3333 0.6 0.3333 0.3556
1.6667 0.3 0.3333 0.2778
2.0000 0.15 0.3333 0.2000
2.3333 0 0.3333 0.0000
Σ𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃 = 1.211
E-Curve

σ ≅ 0.211

𝐸 = 0.75

0.61𝐸 = 0.458

𝜃 − 𝜃 = 1.14
E-Curve If D/uL <0.01

Method 1
𝐃
σ ≅ 0.211 = 2
𝐃
= 0.1055
𝑢𝐿
Method 2
𝐸 = = 0.75
𝐃

𝐃
= 0.14
𝑢𝐿
Method 3
𝐃
𝜃 −𝜃 =2 2 = 1.14
𝑢𝐿
𝐃
= 0.16
𝑢𝐿
D/uL > 0.01
(inappropriate)
 Dispersion Model for Large Deviation

• In the case of large deviation from plug flow (asymmetric RTD),

conditions of the system will influence the model
• RTD will be dependent on the flow in-out conditions to/from the
reactor (Boundary conditions)

𝑉 𝑡̅
𝑡̅ =
𝑣

𝑡̅ ≠ 𝑡̅
 Open Vessel Boundary Conditions
• The flow is undisturbed as it passes the entrance and exit
boundaries.
• Commonly used experimental device (i.e. as the section of long
pipe or large vessel)
• The feed into the catalyst bed will be forced to flow between
catalyst beads, which leads to dispersed flow instead of plug flow

Input /Output of tracer as the mixed flow condition

 Closed Vessel Boundary Conditions
• Fluids enter and leave the vessel in a small pipe in the turbulent
flow.
• When the inlet pipe is small, the flow velocity will be fast and
resembles plug flow

Input /Output of tracer as the plug flow condition

Boundary Conditions

Close-Close System ECC

Close-Open System ECO

Open-Open System EOO

Open-Close System EOC

 Open Vessel (Eoo)
A convenient and commonly used
experimental device

𝜕𝐸 𝐃𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= −
𝜕𝜃 𝑢𝐿 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝑡̅ ≠ 𝑡̅

𝐃
̅ +2
= 𝑡(1 )
𝑢𝐿

24
E-Curve
σ ≅ 0.211
If boundary conditions are O-O

𝐃 𝐃
σ , =2 +8

= 0.211
Solve for D/uL
𝐃
= 0.08
which is > 0.01
1 ( . )
𝐸 , = 𝑒
2 0.08𝜋
Closed-Closed vessel (ECC)

𝜕𝐸 𝐃𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= −
𝜕𝜃 𝑢𝐿 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
- Do not have the
analytical expression of
E curve.
- Numerical expression

𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ =

𝜃̅ = 1
𝐃
𝐃 /
σ =2 −2 [1 − 𝑒 ]
E-Curve
σ ≅ 0.211

If boundary conditions are C-C

𝐃 𝐃
σ =2 −2 1−𝑒
= 0.211

Solve for D/uL

𝐃
= 0.1199
which is > 0.01

𝜕𝐸 𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= 0.1199 −
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Solve Numerically
Close-Open/Open-Close vessel
(ECO, EOC)
𝜕𝐸 𝐃𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= −
𝜕𝜃 𝑢𝐿 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
- Do not have the
analytical expression of
E curve.
- Numerical expression
𝑉
𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ ≠ 𝑡̅
𝑣
𝐃
𝑡̅ ̅ +
= 𝑡(1 )

𝐃
𝜃̅ =1+

𝐃
σ =2 +3
E-Curve
σ ≅ 0.211
If boundary conditions are C-O, O-C

𝐃 𝐃
σ , =2 +3
= 0.211

Solve for D/uL

𝐃
= 0.0926
which is > 0.01

𝜕𝐸 𝜕 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= 0.0926 −
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Solve Numerically
 RTD, When D/uL >0.01

Calculate 𝑡̅ = from Compare 𝑡̅ and 𝑡̅ , if

Calculate 𝑡̅ from RTD
the experimental not equal, assume
E-curve.
parameters boundary condition

Specify the boundary Use variance 𝜎 to

conditions (EOO, EOC 𝐃
calculate
or ECO, ECC)

Choose one that gives the best fit

𝑡̅ ≈ 𝑡̅
 Using the Model
• If the flow deviates greatly from the plug flow (large D/uL), the real vessel may not
meet the assumption of the model. Be cautious when D/uL >1
• To evaluate whether D/uL from the measured tracer curve or the measured 2
matches the theory.
• Matching 2 is the simplest, though not necessarily the best; however, it is often used.
But be sure to use the right boundary conditions, especially large D/uL.
• Anyway, if the shape looks wrong like below, do not use the model.

• Be very careful in using the dispersion model where back mixing is large (D/uL >>0.1) ,
particularly if the system is not closed.

31
Dispersion Coefficient
Estimation

32
Dispersion Number Determination

𝜇 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑆𝑐 = =
𝜌𝐷 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝜌𝑑 𝑢 𝜌𝑑 𝑢
𝑅𝑒 = Tubular Reactor 𝑅𝑒 = Fixed bed Reactor
𝜇 𝜇
Dispersion Number for Tubular reactor
Dispersion Number for Tubular reactor
Laminar flow in pipe

Dispersion mainly from axial

convection with radial
diffusion

Dispersion mainly from mass

diffusion
 Dispersion Number for Fixed Bed reactor

u = uo/ε

From the flow condition of the reactor, the D could be specified.

Tank in Series Model

37
 RTD Models
Mixed flow
Plug flow

Dispersion model
Area =1
1
Area =1 𝑡̅
E (s-1)

E(s-1)
Tank in series 1
Width=0 model 𝐸= 𝑒
𝑡̅
̅

time time
𝑡̅ 𝑡̅
Sharp, symmetric peak Asymmetric decay
 Tank in Series Model
Can be used whenever the dispersion model is used
Simple, can be used with any kinetics
Can be extended to any arrangement of compartments, with or without recycle

𝜃𝑖 = ̅ = dimensionless time based on the mean residence time per tank 𝑡̅𝑖

𝜃 = ̅ = dimensionless time based on the mean residence time in all N tanks 𝑡̅

𝑁𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃
39
 Tanks in series model

...

Small V, large N  approaching PFR

The exact PFR model is the model for an infinite number of CSTRs
reactors in series.
40
 For the 1st Tank
Injection at t = 0

𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ … = 𝑡̅
V1

𝑡 ̅ = 𝑁 𝑡 ̅ = Σ𝑡 ̅

Material Balance

Rate of disappearance of tracer = Input Rate – Output Rate

𝑑𝐶1
At any time, t, after the pulse 𝑉1 = 0 − 𝑣𝐶1
𝑑𝑡
𝐶1
V1/v = 𝑡̅1 =𝑒 ̅ 𝑡̅1𝑬1 = 𝑒 ̅
𝐶0 1
𝐸= 𝑒 ̅ 41
𝑡̅
For 2nd Tank

𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ … = 𝑡̅

𝑡 ̅ = 𝑁 𝑡 ̅ = Σ𝑡 ̅

Material Balance
𝑑𝐶2
𝑉2 = 𝑣𝐶0𝑒 ̅ − 𝑣𝐶2
𝑑𝑡
𝐶 t
𝐶 = 𝑒 ̅
𝑡̅
1𝐶 𝑡
𝐸 = 𝑡̅2𝑬2 = 𝑒 ̅
𝑡̅ 𝐶 𝑡 ̅2
42
For nth Tank

Material Balance
𝑑𝐶
𝑉 = 𝑣𝐶 − 𝑣𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝐶 t ̅ 1𝐶
𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐸 =
𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅ 𝑡̅ 𝐶
𝑡 ̅
𝑡̅ 𝐸 = 𝐸 = 𝑒
𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅
 Tank-in-Series Model
𝑡 𝜃
̅ 𝐸 = 𝑒
𝑡̅ 𝐸 = 𝐸 = 𝑒 𝑁−1 !
𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅

𝐶 t ̅
𝐸 = = 𝑒
𝐶 𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅

Individual tank All tanks as One

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ = 𝑡̅ … = 𝑡̅ 𝜃 = 𝑡 ̅ = 𝑁 𝑡 ̅ = Σ𝑡 ̅ 𝜃= = = 𝑁𝜃
𝑡̅ ̅𝑡 𝑁𝑡̅
𝐸 = 𝑡̅ 𝐸 ̅
𝐸 = 𝑡𝐸 𝐸=𝐸
 Tank-in-Series Model
Individual tank All tanks as One
t t ̅
𝑡
𝐸 = 𝑒 ̅ ̅ = 𝑡̅
𝐸 = 𝑡𝐸 𝑒 𝑡̅ =
𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅ 𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅ 𝑁

𝑡 1 t
𝑡̅ 𝐸 = 𝑒 ̅ ̅ = 𝑡̅
𝑡𝐸 𝑒 ̅
𝑡̅ 𝑁−1 ! 𝑡̅
𝑁−1 !
𝑁
𝜎 = 𝑁 𝑡̅
𝑡 𝑁
̅ =
𝑡𝐸 𝑒 ̅
𝑡̅ 𝑁−1 !
𝑡̅
𝜎 =
𝑁
𝜃 𝑁(𝑁𝜃)
𝐸 = 𝑒 𝐸 = 𝑒
𝑁−1 ! 𝑁−1 !
1
𝜎 =𝑁 𝜎 =
𝑁
 For nth Tank

𝑑𝐶
𝑉 = 𝑣𝐶 − 𝑣𝐶
𝑑𝑡

𝐶 t ̅
𝐶 = 𝑒
𝑁 − 1 ! 𝑡̅

All tanks

Individual tank

Individual tank

All tanks
46
 Tank in Series
Each tank
N>50 RTD becomes just about
symmetrical and Gaussian

47
 Tanks in series model
For N>50 (small deviation from plug flow), the RTD becomes symmetrical and gaussian

1
𝐸 = 𝑒
2𝜋𝜎
Gaussian
2𝐃
𝜎 =
𝑢𝐿
By comparison

1 2𝐃
=
𝑁 𝑢𝐿
𝑁 / ̅
𝐸 = 𝑒 /
𝑁(𝑁𝜃) Large N 2𝜋
𝐸 = 𝑒
𝑁−1 ! 1
𝜎 =
𝑁
RTD curve for the tanks-in-series model
Large N (>50)

𝜃=1
 Tanks in series model

How to find N that fits an experimental curve?

Decreasing reliability

• Draw RTD curves for various N and see which matches the
experimental curve
• Calculate 𝜎 from experiment and compare with theory
• Evaluate the width of the curve at 61%of maximum height
• Match the maximum height
• Other ways

Before deciding to use this model be sure to check the shape of the experimental
curve to see if the model really applies. Do not use the model indiscriminately.
E-Curve
Method 1
σ ≅ 0.211 =
𝑁 = 4.73 ≅ 5
Method 2
𝜃 = = 0.85

𝑁 = 6.66 ≅ 7
Method 3
Δ𝜃 2
=
𝜃 𝑁−1
𝑁 = 3.22 ≅ 4
𝑁(𝑁)
𝐸 = 0.75 = 𝑒
𝑁−1 !
Method 4
𝑁≅5
 E-Curve
1.0

𝑛=5
0.8
𝑛=4

0.6
E(-)

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5


 The Independence of Stages

M tanks N tanks
𝑡 ̅𝑀 , 𝜎
𝑡̅𝑀N = 𝑡̅𝑀+ 𝑡̅N 𝑡 ̅𝑁 , 𝜎
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎
One-shot Tracer Input

∆ ̅
∆𝜎 = 𝜎 - 𝜎 =
53
Closed Recirculation System

Superposition of tracer passing through N tanks, 2N tanks, and so on

For 5 tanks in series:

54
Closed Recirculation System

Superposition of tracer passing through N tanks, 2N tanks, and so on

55
 Recirculation with Throughflow
Rapid recirculation compared to throughflow
The system as a whole acts as one large stirred tank

C0 is the
concentration
of tracer if it
is evenly
distributed in
the system.

Superposition of the recirculation pattern and the exponential decay of an ideal stirred56tank
Tanks in series VS dispersion model

• This model can be used whenever the dispersion model is

used.
• For a deviation not too large from the plug flow, both models
give identical results.
• The dispersion model has the advantage that all correlations
for flow in real reactors invariably use this model.
• Tanks in series model is simple, can be used with any kinetics,
and can be extended without too much difficulty to any
arrangement of compartments with or without recycling.
Activities

58
Problem I
Problem I
Solution 1.2
 Solution 1.1/1.2
4.000 0.035

3.500 0.030
3.000
0.025
2.500
C (mg/cm3)

0.020
2.000

E
0.015
1.500
0.010
1.000

0.500 0.005

0.000 0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
t=Time-t0 t=Time-t0

1.2000

1.0000

E 0.8000

0.6000

0.4000

0.2000

0.0000
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000

 Solution 1.3
(8 points) If we use the tanks-in-series model to model this reactor, determine the model parameter N.

x=0.21
𝑁(𝑁𝜃) x=1/N
𝐸 = 𝑒
𝑁−1 !

1
𝜎 = << results >>
𝑁
x = 0.21
N = 4.761905
 Solution 1.4
If we use the axial-dispersion model to model this reactor, determine the model parameter for dispersion number

If D/uL <0.01
𝐃
σ ≅ 0.211 = 2
𝐃
= 0.1055
𝑢𝐿

For D/uL >0.01 Close-Close system

𝐃
𝑡̅ ≅ 𝑡̅ =
𝐃 ( )
σ =2 −2 1−𝑒 = 0.211

0.211=2*x-2*(x^2)*(1-EXP(-1/x)) 𝐃
= 0.1199
x= 0.1199 𝑢𝐿
Problem II
Problem II
Solution 1.1/1.2
𝐶 𝐶 𝑣
𝐹= = 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡̅ = 𝑡𝑑𝐹 = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶 𝑚̇
V 5 m3 5000 L
time (min) cstep F(t) dF tdF dt E=dF/dt  E
0 0.00 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0.50 0.065 0.065 0.649351 10 0.006494 0.217207 0.298954
20 1.00 0.130 0.065 1.298701 10 0.006494 0.434415 0.298954
30 2.00 0.260 0.130 3.896104 10 0.012987 0.651622 0.597909
40 4.00 0.519 0.260 10.38961 10 0.025974 0.868829 1.195817
50 5.50 0.714 0.195 9.74026 10 0.019481 1.086037 0.896863
60 6.50 0.844 0.130 7.792208 10 0.012987 1.303244 0.597909
70 7.00 0.909 0.065 4.545455 10 0.006494 1.520451 0.298954
85 7.70 1.000 0.091 7.727273 15 0.006061 1.846262 0.279024
100 7.70
mean t 46.03896
volumetric
flow 108.6037 L/min
𝑡̅ = 𝑠 1.810061 L/s

𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
𝐶 = [ ]
𝑣 𝑚
Solution 1.1/1.2

E theta F curve
1.4 1.200

1.2 1.000

1
0.800
0.8
0.600
0.6
0.400
0.4

0.2 0.200

0 0.000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
 Solution 1.5
 E del Theta //Model
0 0 0 0.00000
0.217207 0.298954 0.217207 0.00306
sigma=0.1769
0.434415 0.298954 0.217207 0.01225 sigma=1/N (tank in series)
0.651622 0.597909 0.217207 0.05514 sigma=2*Ndis (Dispersion with small D/uL)
0.868829 1.195817 0.217207 0.19607 sigma=2*x-2*(x^2)*(1-EXP(-1/x))
1.086037 0.896863 0.217207 0.22977 𝐃 (
𝐃
)
σ =2 −2 1−𝑒
1.303244 0.597909 0.217207 0.22058 << results >>
1.520451 0.298954 0.217207 0.15012 sigma = 0.1769
1.846262 0.279024 0.325811 0.30988
2.172073 0 0.325811 0.00000
N = 5.652911
σ ≅ Σ𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃 − 1 1.17687 NDis = 0.08845
Variance 0.17687 x = 0.09806672 (D/uL for close-close)
Both dispersion and tank series models can be used to fit the model of the RTD curve.
Tank in series model might be preferred due to its ease of use and application to determine the
conversion.
Considering the shape of the RTD curve, the dispersion model might be preferred to determine the
dispersion number and use in the calculation for the axial dispersion term. When the dispersion model is
applied; since the dispersion number is higher than 0.01 the boundary of the reactor must be specified
(close/close).
𝑡̅ ≅ 𝑡̅ =
 Solution 1.5
 E del Theta //Model
0 0 0 0.00000
0.217207 0.298954 0.217207 0.00306
sigma=0.1769
0.434415 0.298954 0.217207 0.01225 sigma=1/N (tank in series)
0.651622 0.597909 0.217207 0.05514 sigma=2*Ndis (Dispersion with small D/uL)
0.868829 1.195817 0.217207 0.19607 sigma=2*x-2*(x^2)*(1-EXP(-1/x))
1.086037 0.896863 0.217207 0.22977 𝐃 (
𝐃
)
σ =2 −2 1−𝑒
1.303244 0.597909 0.217207 0.22058 << results >>
1.520451 0.298954 0.217207 0.15012 sigma = 0.1769
1.846262 0.279024 0.325811 0.30988
2.172073 0 0.325811 0.00000
N = 5.652911
σ ≅ Σ𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃 − 1 1.17687 NDis = 0.08845
Variance 0.17687 x = 0.09806672 (D/uL for close-close)
Both dispersion and tank series models can be used to fit the model of the RTD curve.
Tank in series model might be preferred due to its ease of use and application to determine the
conversion.
Considering the shape of the RTD curve, the dispersion model might be preferred to determine the
dispersion number and use in the calculation for the axial dispersion term. When the dispersion model is
applied; since the dispersion number is higher than 0.01 the boundary of the reactor must be specified
(close/close).
𝑡̅ ≅ 𝑡̅ =
 Solution 1.5
 E del Theta //Model
0 0 0 0.00000
0.217207 0.298954 0.217207 0.00306
sigma=0.1769
0.434415 0.298954 0.217207 0.01225 sigma=1/N (tank in series)
0.651622 0.597909 0.217207 0.05514 sigma=2*Ndis (Dispersion with small D/uL)
0.868829 1.195817 0.217207 0.19607 sigma=2*x-2*(x^2)*(1-EXP(-1/x))
1.086037 0.896863 0.217207 0.22977 𝐃 (
𝐃
)
σ =2 −2 1−𝑒
1.303244 0.597909 0.217207 0.22058 << results >>
1.520451 0.298954 0.217207 0.15012 sigma = 0.1769
1.846262 0.279024 0.325811 0.30988
2.172073 0 0.325811 0.00000
N = 5.652911
σ ≅ Σ𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃 − 1 1.17687 NDis = 0.08845
Variance 0.17687 x = 0.09806672 (D/uL for close-close)
Both dispersion and tank series models can be used to fit the model of the RTD curve.
Tank in series model might be preferred due to its ease of use and application to determine the
conversion.
Considering the shape of the RTD curve, the dispersion model might be preferred to determine the
dispersion number and use in the calculation for the axial dispersion term. When the dispersion model is
applied; since the dispersion number is higher than 0.01 the boundary of the reactor must be specified
(close/close).
𝑡̅ ≅ 𝑡̅ =
 Solution 1.5
 E del Theta //Model
0 0 0 0.00000
0.217207 0.298954 0.217207 0.00306
sigma=0.1769
0.434415 0.298954 0.217207 0.01225 sigma=1/N (tank in series)
0.651622 0.597909 0.217207 0.05514 sigma=2*Ndis (Dispersion with small D/uL)
0.868829 1.195817 0.217207 0.19607 sigma=2*x-2*(x^2)*(1-EXP(-1/x))
1.086037 0.896863 0.217207 0.22977 𝐃 (
𝐃
)
σ =2 −2 1−𝑒
1.303244 0.597909 0.217207 0.22058 << results >>
1.520451 0.298954 0.217207 0.15012 sigma = 0.1769
1.846262 0.279024 0.325811 0.30988
2.172073 0 0.325811 0.00000
N = 5.652911
σ ≅ Σ𝜃 𝐸 ∆𝜃 − 1 1.17687 NDis = 0.08845
Variance 0.17687 x = 0.09806672 (D/uL for close-close)
Both dispersion and tank series models can be used to fit the model of the RTD curve.
Tank in series model might be preferred due to its ease of use and application to determine the
conversion.
Considering the shape of the RTD curve, the dispersion model might be preferred to determine the
dispersion number and use in the calculation for the axial dispersion term. When the dispersion model is
applied; since the dispersion number is higher than 0.01 the boundary of the reactor must be specified
(close/close).
𝑡̅ ≅ 𝑡̅ =