1.

Computer Networking Design

2.Network Protocols
3.Network Models
4.Network Performance
5.Design and Calculations
6.Cables and Cabling
7.Satellite and VSAT installation
1. Computer Networking

➢ A computer network is an interconnection of two

or more computers or computing devices that
allow sharing of data and resources.
➢ The Internet is a computer network that
interconnects billions of computing devices
throughout the world.
➢ Apart from computers, networks include
networking devices like switches, routers,
modems, etc. to connect multiple computers in
different setting.
1. Computer Networking
1. Computer Networking

➢ While computer and telecommunication networks are

closely related and often overlap, they have distinct
characteristics and focuses.
➢ While computer networks: are primarily designed for
data communication between devices, such as file
sharing, email, and web browsing,
➢ Telecommunications networks are designed for a broader
range of communication, including voice, video, and
data.
➢ The former commonly use Ethernet cables, fiber-optic
cables, or Wi-Fi, while the latter uses a wider range of
media, including copper cables, fiber-optic cables.
2. Network Protocols

➢ Network protocols are the set of rules that

govern communication between devices on a
network.
➢ They ensure that data is transmitted, received,
and understood correctly.
➢ All activity in the Internet that involves two
or more remotely communicating entities is
governed by a protocol
2. Network Protocols
➢ Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) ensures reliable
data delivery by breaking data into packets,
numbering them, and reassembling them in the
correct order.
➢ The Internet Protocol (IP) protocol handles the
addressing and routing of data packets across
networks.
➢ Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) is used for
transferring data on the World Wide Web.
➢ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring
files between computers.
➢ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used for
sending email.
3. Network Models

➢ Computer network models are structured

representations of how devices and systems
interact and communicate within a network.
➢ They help with data flow organisation and
streamlining, and ensure efficient communication
and resource sharing
➢ The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model
➢ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
3. Network Models

➢ OSI is a set of rules that explains how different

computer systems communicate over a network.
➢ This layered approach makes it easier for
different devices and technologies to work
together.
➢ The OSI Model provides a clear structure for
data transmission and managing network issues.
3. Network Models
3. Network Models

The TCP/IP model is a practical implementation of the OSI

model, focusing on the key layers:
➢Application Layer: includes protocols like HTTP, FTP,
SMTP, and DNS.
➢Transport Layer: provides communication services directly
to the application processes running on different hosts.
Uses TCP and UDP protocols.
➢Internet/Network layer: handles IP addressing, routing,
and packet switching.
➢Network Access Layer: deals with the physical
transmission of data, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and other
technologies.
4. Network Models
4. Network Performance

➢ Network performance refers to the overall

quality and effectiveness of a network as
perceived by the user.
➢ It includes factors like speed, reliability, and
responsiveness.
➢ Metrics for measuring network performance
include bandwidth, latency, jitter, and
throughput.
➢ Factors affecting network performance include
congestion, and errors.
4. Network Performance

➢ Bandwidth is characterized as the measure of

data or information that can be transmitted in a
fixed measure of time.
➢ The bandwidth of a network is given by the
number of bits ( data volume ) that can be
transmitted over the network in a certain period.
➢ It is literally a measure of the width of a
frequency band
➢ It is measured in Hertz or in bits/seconds
4. Network Performance

➢ Latency(also known as delay) is the total time

taken while data is being transferred from one
point to another.
➢ High latency leads to the creation of bottlenecks
in any network communication.
➢ It is impacted by factors like distance and
network congestion, and measured in
milliseconds (ms).
4. Network Performance

➢ Throughput is the rate at which data is

successfully transmitted per unit time.
➢ It is controlled by available bandwidth, the
available signal-to-noise ratio, and hardware
limitations.
➢ Throughput may be affected by numerous
factors, such as the hindrance of the underlying
analog physical medium, the available processing
power of the system components, and end-user
behaviour.
5. Design Considerations

➢ Determine the types of applications (e.g., email,

web browsing, video conferencing) and their
associated bandwidth requirements.
➢ Determine the network topology, protocol, and
security based on the application.
➢ Identify the specific performance requirements
of different applications.
5. Design and Calculations

1. Network Requirements
➢ Number of users per room
➢ Bandwidth
▪ Determine the bandwidth requirements for each
application (websurfing- 500 kbps, zoom-at least
1.5Mbps).
▪ Multiply each application's bandwidth requirement
by the expected number of simultaneous users.
▪ Add all the bandwidths together.

▪ Multiply the bandwidth by a peak usage factor (e.g.,

1.5) to account for peak demand.
5. Design and Calculations
5. Design and Calculations

2. Network Devices
➢ Access points (1 AP recommended for every 5
rooms)
➢ Switches
➢ Router
➢ Firewall
3. Network topology
➢ Select the best topology, consider cost,
scalability and reliability
➢ Measure the physical distance between devices
to determine the appropriate cable length and
type.
 5. Design and Calculations

4. Internet Access
➢ Router connects to the internet service
provider(ISP) -provided modem.
➢ The ISP then routes internet protocol (IP) packets
between the user's device and the internet
5. Design and Calculations
6. Cable and Cabling

➢ Ethernet cables are most used in computer

networks.
➢ A typical Ethernet cable is available in several
categories, ranging from the ancient Cat1 to the
latest, Cat8.
➢ Each category adds the ability for increased data
rate and better efficiency in harsh environments.
➢ In most commercial and industrial applications,
Cat5e and above.
➢ Cat6 is starting to become the standard, adding
additional protection and higher data rates than its
predecessor.
 6. Cable and Cabling

➢ An Ethernet cable consists of 8 twisted cables, in

four pairs.
➢ The categories help define cable protection and
ensure integrity between different manufacturers.
➢ Shielding offers additional protection against
electrical interference, reducing the risk of data
loss on networks.
➢ Cables can be either unshielded, shielded, or
screen-shielded twisted pairs.
➢ As the category increases, the more likely it is that
they are shielded, or both shielded and screened.
6. Cable and Cabling

➢ There are two common wiring standards used by

RJ45 connectors: T568A and T568B (also known
as TIA/EIA568A and TIA/EIA568B).
➢ The main difference between T568A and T568B is
the color order of green and orange pairs.
➢ Ethernet cables also come in two forms according
to different wiring standards.
➢ Crossover cable has T568A at one end and T568B
at the other end, while straight-through cable has
a single wiring standard with T568A or T568B on
both ends.
6. Cable and Cabling
6. Cable and Cabling

➢ Know the maximum transmission speed of your

Internet. It can be affected by many factors, including
network hardware.
➢ Choose cable for maximum data transfer speeds
required for your network applications.
➢ Ethernet cables have maximum length limitations.
Exceeding these limits can result in signal attenuation
and reduced performance.
➢ If the network is in an environment that is full of
electromagnetic interference use a shielded Ethernet
cable.
➢ Proper grounding techniques are essential to protect
the network from electrical surges and interference.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

➢ Satellite communication, in telecommunications,

is the use of artificial satellites to
provide communication links between various
points on Earth.
➢ Satellites orbit around the Earth. Depending on the
application, these orbits can be circular or elliptical.
➢ One of the first applications of satellites for
communication was the establishment of
international telephone backbones.
➢ Climate satellites are specifically designed to monitor
the climatic conditions of the Earth.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

➢ Broadcast satellites are responsible for making

100s of channels across the globe available for
everyone.
➢ Military satellites are often used for gathering
intelligence, as a communications satellite used
for military purposes, or as a military weapon.
➢ Navigation satellites are precise localization
world-wide, and with some additional
techniques, the precision is in the range of some
meters.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

➢ Satellite broadcasting is a method of delivering

television and radio content to audiences by
transmitting signals from geostationary satellites
orbiting the Earth.
➢ This technology enables wide coverage,
reaching remote and urban areas globally, by
overcoming geographic barriers that limit
traditional broadcast methods.
➢ Key components include the satellite
transmitter, the receiving dish, and a set-top box
or integrated receiver/decoder for converting
signals into audio and visual formats.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

➢ A VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) is a type of

satellite ground station that uses a small dish antenna
to transmit and receive data, voice, and video signals
via a satellite network.
➢ They have found applications in business space,
backward and remote areas.
➢ A VSAT system usually consists of:
▪ the outdoor unit which includes a dish antenna, block
up-converter (BUC), low noise block downconverter
(LNB), Ortho Mode Transducer (OMT) is placed in
direct line of sight to the satellite outdoors
▪ the indoor unit consists of a satellite modem and IP
routers that connect to the device of the end user.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

➢ VSAT works on the principle of satellite

communication.
➢ There is a Central Office also called the HUB
station. The HUB station is connected to all
the End Users via satellite.
➢ The HUB station controls the
communication between all the End Users.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

Advantages
➢ VSAT's biggest advantage is its ease of
deployment, allowing installation in remote
locations without structural issues.
➢ It provides independent operation to local
telecom networks without a backup system,
serving as a backup for wired networks in
case of failure.
7. Satellite and VSAT Installations

When installing a satellite, you should consider the

following:
➢ clear line of sight to the satellite, avoiding
obstructions
➢ Ensure a stable mounting surface
➢ Environmental factors and potential
interference.
➢ Higher elevations generally offer better
reception due to reduced atmospheric
interference
Recommended Texts
1. Data Communications and Networking by
Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-HilI
2. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach
by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross