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Chapter 1 – Number Systems and Codes Chapter 1 Objectives

• Selected areas covered in this chapter:

– Converting between number systems.
• Decimal, binary, hexadecimal.
– Advantages of the hexadecimal number system.
• Counting in hexadecimal.
– Representing decimal numbers using the BCD code.
• Pros and cons of using BCD.
• Differences between BCD and straight binary.
– Parity method for error detection.
• Determine the parity bit to be attached to a digital data
string.

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1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion 1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion

• The double-dabble method avoids addition of • Binary numbers verify the double-dabble method:
large numbers:
– Write down the left-most 1 in the binary number.
– Double it and add the next bit to the right.
– Write down the result under the next bit.
– Continue with steps 2 and 3 until finished with
the binary number.

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1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion 1-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion

• Reverse process described in 2-1.

– Note that all positions must be accounted for. Repeated
Division
Divide the decimal
number by 2.
Write the remainder
after each division
• Another example: until a quotient of
zero is obtained.
The first remainder
is the LSB.
The last is the MSB.

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1-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion

Repeated Problems
Division
This flowchart
describes the
process and can
be used to convert
from decimal to
any other number
system.

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1-3 Hexadecimal Number System 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System

• Hexadecimal allows convenient handling of long

binary strings, using groups of 4 bits—Base 16
– 16 possible symbols: 0-9 and A-F

Relationships between
hexadecimal, decimal,
and binary numbers.

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1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Decimal 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex

• Convert from hex to decimal by multiplying • Convert from decimal to hex by using the
each hex digit by its positional weight. repeated division method used for decimal
to binary conversion.
• Divide the decimal number by 16
– The first remainder is the LSB—the last is the MSB.

• In a 2nd example, the value 10 was substituted

for A and 15 substituted for F.

For practice, verify that 1BC216 is equal to 710610

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1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex

• Convert 42310 to hex: • Convert 21410 to hex:

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1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Binary 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Binary to Hex

• Leading zeros can be added to the left of the MSB • Convert from binary to hex by grouping bits in four
to fill out the last group. starting with the LSB.
– Each group is then converted to the hex equivalent
• The binary number is grouped into groups of four
bits & each is converted to its equivalent hex digit.

For practice, verify that BA616 = 1011101001102

For practice, verify that 101011111 2 = 15F16

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1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex to Binary 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System

• Convert decimal 378 to a 16-bit binary number

by first converting to hexadecimal.

To perform conversions
between hex & binary, it
is necessary to know the
four-bit binary numbers
(0000 - 1111), and their
equivalent hex digits.

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1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Counting in Hex Problems

• When counting in hex, each digit position can

be incremented (increased by 1) from 0 to F.
– On reaching value F, it is reset to 0, and the
next digit position is incremented.

Example:
38,39,3A,3B,3C,3D,3E,3F,40,41,42
When there is a 9 in a digit position, it
becomes an A when it is incremented.

With three hex digits, we can count from 00016 to FFF16

which is 010 to 409510 — a total of 4096 = 163 values.

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Problems Problems

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Problems 1-6 BCD Code

• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a widely used

way to present decimal numbers in binary form.
– Combines features of both decimal and binary
systems.
• Each digit is converted to a binary equivalent.
• BCD is not a number system.
– It is a decimal number with each digit encoded
to its binary equivalent.
• A BCD number is not the same as a straight
binary number.
– The primary advantage of BCD is the relative
ease of converting to and from decimal.
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1-6 BCD Code 1-6 BCD Code

• Convert the number 87410 to BCD:

– Each decimal digit is represented using 4 bits.
• Each 4-bit group can never be greater than 9.
• Reverse the process to convert BCD to decimal.

• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

decimal equivalent.

Divide the BCD number into four-bit

groups and convert each to decimal.

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1-6 BCD Code

• Convert BCD 011111000001 to its decimal

equivalent. Problems

The forbidden group represents

an error in the BCD number.

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1-7 The Gray Code 1-7 The Gray Code

• The Gray code is used in applications where

numbers change rapidly.
– Only one bit changes from each value to the next.

Three bit binary

and Gray code
equivalents.

Binary to Gray Gray to Binary

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1-7 The Gray Code 1-8 Putting It All Together

Decimal numbers 1 – 15 in binary, hex, BCD, Gray

An eight-position,
three-bit shaft
encoder

These devices produce a binary

value that represents the position
of a rotating mechanical shaft.
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1-9 The Byte, Nibble, and Word

• Most microcomputers handle and store binary

data and information in groups of eight bits. Problems
– 8 bits = 1 byte.
• A byte can represent numerous types of data/information.
• Binary numbers are often broken into groups
of four bits.
– Because a group of four bits is half as big as a
byte, it was named a nibble.
• A word is a group of bits that represents a
certain unit of information.
– Word size can be defined as the number of bits
in the binary word a digital system operates on.
• PC word size is eight bytes (64 bits).
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1-10 Parity Method for Error Detection 1-10 Parity Method for Error Detection

• Binary data and codes are frequently moved • Electrical noise can cause errors during
between locations: transmission.
– Digitized voice over a microwave link. – Spurious fluctuations in voltage or current present
– Storage/retrieval of data from magnetic/optical disks. in all electronic systems.
– Communication between computer systems
over telephone lines, using a modem.

• Many digital systems employ methods for error

detection—and sometimes correction.
– One of the simplest and most widely used schemes
for error detection is the parity method.
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1-10 Parity Method for Error Detection 1-10 Parity Method for Error Detection

• The parity method of error detection requires the • Even parity method—the total number of 1s in
addition of an extra bit to a code group. a group including the parity bit must add up to
– Called the parity bit, it can be either a 0 or 1, an even number.
depending on the number of 1s in the code group. – The binary group 1 0 1 1 would require the addition
• There are two parity methods, even and odd. of a parity bit 1, making the group 1 1 0 1 1.
• The parity bit may be added at either end of a group.
– The transmitter and receiver must “agree” on
the type of parity checking used.
• Even seems to be used more often.

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1-10 Parity Method for Error Detection 1-4 Representing signed numbers

• Odd parity method—the total number of 1s in a

group including the parity bit must add up to an Sign-magnitude system
odd number.
– The binary group 1 1 1 1 would require the addition
of a parity bit 1, making the group 1 1 1 1 1.

The parity bit becomes a part of the code word.

Adding a parity bit to the seven-bit ASCII
code produces an eight-bit code.

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1-4 Representing signed numbers 1-4 Representing signed numbers

2’s-complement system: taking the 1’s comple ment of

1’s-complement system: changing each 0 to a 1 and the number and adding 1 to the least-significant-bit
each 1 to a 0 position

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1-4 Representing signed numbers 1-4 Representing signed numbers

Representing Signed Numbers Using 2’s Complement: Representing Signed Numbers Using 2’s Complement:
- the number is positive, the magnitude is represented
in its true binary form, and a sign bit of 0 is placed
in front of the MSB
- the number is negative, the magnitude is
represented in its 2’s complement form, and a sign
bit of 1 is placed in front of the MSB

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1-5 Addition in the 2’s complement system 1-5 Addition in the 2’s complement system

Two Positive Numbers Two Positive Numbers

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1-5 Addition in the 2’s complement system 1-5 Addition in the 2’s complement system

Positive Number and Smaller Negative Number

Two Negative Numbers

Positive Number and Larger Negative Number Equal and Opposite Numbers

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1-5 Subtraction in the 2’s complement system 1-5 Subtraction in the 2’s complement system

- Negate the subtrahend: change the subtrahend to its

equivalent value of opposite sign.
- Add this to the minuend: The result of this addition
will represent the difference between the subtrahend
and the minuend.

Both numbers have the same number of bits in their

representations

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1-5 Multiplication of binary numbers 1-5 Binary division

The same manner as the multiplication of decimal The same as that followed for decimal numbers
numbers

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