B1.
1 Carbohydrates and lipids
Theme B: Form and function
Level of Organization: Molecules
Mark scheme
Multiple choice questions (4 marks)
1. Carbon is the basis of biological polymers because:
I It can form chains by bonding to other carbon atoms.
II It is found in carbohydrates.
III It can form four covalent bonds.
IV It can form branched and ring structures.
A I only
B I and II only
C I, III and IV only
D I and III only
2. Which of the following is the best description of the formation of a triglyceride from glycerol
and 3 fatty acids?
A. Hydrolysis.
B. Condensation.
C. Lysis.
D. Catabolism.
3. Which type of structure are the ABO antigens that define human blood groups?
A. Glycoprotein.
B. Phospholipid.
C. Fatty acid.
D. Glycophosphate.
4. Which of the following terms would be appropriate in describing the molecule illustrated?
I. Hexose.
II. Polysaccharide.
III. Glucose.
IV. Pentose.
A. All of the above.
B. I and III only.
C. III and IV only.
D. I, II and III only.
B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids
Theme B: Form and function
Level of Organization: Molecules
Structured answer questions (13 marks)
5. The chart and graph below show the results of an experiment where carbon dioxide
evolution of a suspension of Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was measured. The
yeast was grown several times, using different carbohydrate sources.
1g of the yeast was placed in a conical flask and
50cm3 of a 1% solution of the carbohydrate solution was added.
The flask was fitted to a gas syringe to collect the carbon dioxide produced.
Time minutes Volume of CO2 evolved from carbohydrate respiratory source as 1% solution
± 0.5 Glucose Starch Sucrose No No
carbohydrate Yeast
12 10 0 0 0 0
24 23 1 2 0 0
36 31 1 8 0 0
48 38 1 18 1 1
60 44 1 25 1 1
72 47 1 29 1 1
84 48 1 33 1 1
96 48 1 37 1 1
Graph of carbon dioxide evolution by Yeast in the three different
carbohydrate solutions
60
50
Glucose
CO2 evolved / cm3
40
Sucrose
30
20
10
Starch
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time / minutes ± 0.5
B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids
Theme B: Form and function
Level of Organization: Molecules
Questions
a. Suggest one variable that should be controlled other than those given in the question.
(1 mark)
Temperature of the solution
pH of the solution
Accept any other valid suggestion (only one answer needed for 1 mark)
b. What types of carbohydrate were used as the nutrient source? (3 marks)
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
(All three correct for 2 marks, one or two correct for one mark)
c. Explain the shape of the curve for the use of glucose as a respiratory substrate. (3 marks)
The concentration of glucose gradually decreases as glusoce is is used by respiration.
The curve is steep at the start (rapid rate of reaction) because there is the highest
concentration of glucose at the start.
As glucose is a monosaccharide it is quickly absorbed by the yeast to use in respiration.
The slope reaches a plateau (the rate of production of carbon dioxide falls after 70
minutes, as the concentration of glucose decreases.
At the Plateau there is no more carbon dioxide produced/respiration stops (after 90
minutes) as glucose has been used.
d. Describe the differences between the results for glucose and starch. (2 marks)
With starch almost zero carbon dioxide is produced, whereas with glucose 50cm3 is
produced. The rate of respiration is constant with starch, but the rate with glucose begins
quickly and slows down, it is not constant.
e. After 60 minutes yeast produced 44 cm3 of CO2. What percentage of this volume did the
yeast produce after 60 minutes using sucrose? (Show your working) (2 marks)
3 3
44cm is produced using glucose but only 25cm with sucrose.
25 as a percentage of 44 = 25/44x100% = 56.8% (accept answers in the range 53 to 62%)
f. Which trial was a control experiment and why was it necessary? (2 marks)
“No yeast” is the control experiment. (1 mark)
This experiment shows that it the the presence of Yeast which is needed for respiration. (1
mark)
Or:
“No carbohydrate” is a control experiment (1 mark)
This shows the need for a carbohydrate source before carbon dioxide is produced. (1 mark)
B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids
Theme B: Form and function
Level of Organization: Molecules
Extended response (6 marks)
6. Compare and contrast the use of lipids and carbohydrates as energy storing materials in
plants and animals. (6 marks)
Both molecules are insoluble or not very soluble.
Both molecules yield high quantities of energy when hydrolysed/broken down.
Both molecules can be hydrolysed to form respiratory substrates/be used in respiration.
Both can be used for long term energy storage.
Starch is hydrolysed to glucose and lipids are hydrolysed to fatty acids.
Carbohydrates are more easily hydrolysed than lipids.
Carbohydrates are generally used for short term storage and lipids for longer term storage.
Example of lipid storage in animals or plants e.g., subcutaneous fat layers/seed oil (cotyledon).
Example of carbohydrate storage in animals or plants e.g., glycogen in liver or muscle, starch in seed
(cotyledon).
Lipids can store more energy per gram than carbohydrates.
7. Outline the differences between the structure of saturated, monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fatty acids? (3 marks)
Fatty acid structure is a carboxylic acid group attached to a hydrocarbon chain.
The difference between each is the number of C=C
double bonds.
Saturated fatty acids have no C=C double bonds, (they
are saturated with Hydrogen)
Monounsaturated fatty acids have one C=C.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one C=C.
The shape of the hydrocarbon is changed by the
presence of the double bonds (C=C)
(and so is the melting point)
