INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOL, RIYADH

GRADE: XII WORKSHEET: CHEMISTRY

PORTION: TERM-1 2023-24
UNIT 2,8,10,11
UNIT-2:SOLUTIONS
1. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution
with its vapour pressure?
(i) mole fraction
(ii) parts per million
(iii) mass percentage
(iv) molality

2. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to touch.

Under which of the following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid?
(i) Sugar crystals in cold water.
(ii) Sugar crystals in hot water.
(iii) Powdered sugar in cold water.
(iv) Powdered sugar in hot water.

3. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent

is __________.
(i) less than the rate of crystallisation
(ii) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(iii) equal to the rate of crystallisation
(iv) zero

4. A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’

takes place when small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is
_________.
(i) saturated
(ii) supersaturated
(iii) unsaturated
(iv) concentrated

5. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount

of a given liquid solvent does not depend upon ____________.
(i) Temperature
(ii) Nature of solute
(iii) Pressure
(iv) Nature of solvent

6. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high
altitude is due to ____________.
(i) low temperature
(ii) low atmospheric pressure
(iii) high atmospheric pressure
(iv) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure

7. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict

which of the following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s
law?
(i) Methanol and acetone.
(ii) Chloroform and acetone.
(iii) Nitric acid and water.
(iv) Phenol and aniline.

8. Colligative properties depend on ____________.

(i) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution.
(ii) the number of solute particles in solution.
(iii) the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution.
(iv) the nature of solvent particles.

9. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point?
(i) 1.0 M NaOH
(ii) 1.0 M Na2SO4
(iii) 1.0 M NH4NO3
(iv) 1.0 M KNO3

10. The unit of ebulioscopic constant is _______________.

(i) K kg mol–1 or K (molality)–1
(ii) mol kg K–1 or K–1(molality)
(iii) kg mol–1 K–1 or K–1(molality)–1
(iv) K mol kg–1 or K (molality)

11. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point

of a 0.01 M MgCl2 solution is _____________.
(i) the same
(ii) about twice
(iii) about three times
(iv) about six times

12. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle,

shrivels because _____________.
(i) it gains water due to osmosis.
(ii) it loses water due to reverse osmosis.
(iii) it gains water due to reverse osmosis.
(iv) it loses water due to osmosis.

13. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a

substance _____________.
(i) is higher than that at a dilute solution.
(ii) is lower than that of a dilute solution.
(iii) is same as that of a dilute solution.
(iv) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution.

14. Which of the following statements is false?

(i) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in different
solvents will have the same depression in freezing point.
(ii) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation P = CRT
( where C is the molarity of the solution).
(iii) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of
barium chloride, potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is
BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(iv) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile
component of a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in
the solution.

15. The values of Van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are
_____________.
(i) 2, 2 and 2
(ii) 2, 2 and 3
(iii) 1, 1 and 2
(iv) 1, 1 and 1

16. Which of the following statements is false?

(i) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are the same.
(ii) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable
membrane from a region of lower concentration of solute to a region of
higher concentration.
(iii) The value of molal depression constant depends on nature of solvent.
(iv) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a dimensionless quantity.

17. Value of Henry’s constant KH ____________.

(i) increases with increase in temperature.
(ii) decreases with increase in temperature.
(iii) remains constant.
(iv) first increases then decreases.

18. The value of Henry’s constant KH is _____________.

(i) greater for gases with higher solubility.
(ii) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(iii) constant for all gases.
(iv) not related to the solubility of gases.

19] Mole fraction of glycerine C3H5(OH)3 in solution containing 36 g of water

and 46 g of glycerine is
(a) 0.46
(b) 0.40
(c) 0.20
(d) 0.36

20. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with
concentrations 0.1M, 0.01M and 0.001M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff
factor for these solutions will be in the order______.
(i) iA < iB < iC
(ii) iA > iB > iC
(iii) iA = iB = iC
(iv) iA < iB > iC
21. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option.
Information:
(A) In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture intermolecular interactions
of A–A and B–B type are nearly same as A–B type interactions.
(B) In ethanol and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular
interactions are stronger than A–B type interactions.
(C) In chloroform and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular
interactions are weaker than A–B type interactions.

(i) Solution (B) and (C) will follow Raoult’s law.

(ii) Solution (A) will follow Raoult’s law.
(iii) Solution (B) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(iv) Solution (C) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

22. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids has a boiling point higher than either of
the two
liquids when it
a) shows large negative deviation from Raoult’s law
b) Obeys Raoult’s law
c) Shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
d) None of the above

23. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope at some specific
composition then _______________.
(i) A–B interactions are stronger than those between A–A or B–B.
(ii) vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of
molecules of liquids A and B can escape from the solution.
(iii) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of
molecules of only one of the liquids escape from the solution.
(iv) A–B interactions are weaker than those between A–A or B–B.

24. 4L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was diluted by adding one litre of
water. The molality of the resultant solution is _____________.
(i) 0.004
(ii) 0.008
(iii) 0.012
(iv) 0.016

25. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option.
Information : On adding acetone to methanol some of the hydrogen bonds
between methanol molecules break.
(i) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum
boiling azeotrope and will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(ii) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture forms maximum
boiling azeotrope and will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(iii) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum
boiling azeotrope and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(iv) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum
boiling azeotrope and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

26. KH value for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO (g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67,
1.83×10–5 and 0.413 respectively.
Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
(i) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
(ii) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
(iii) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
(iv) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO

27] Which of the following condition is not satisfied by an ideal solution?

(a) ΔHmixing = 0
(b) ΔVmixing = 0
(c) Raoult’s Law is obeyed
(d) Formation of an azeotropic mixture

28]The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture of water and ethanol is less than that
of water and ethanol. The mixture shows
(a) no deviation from Raoult’s Law.
(b) positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.
(c) negative deviation from Raoult’s Law.
(d) that the solution is unsaturated.

29] Which has the lowest boiling point at 1 atm pressure?

(a) 0.1 M KCl
(b) 0.1 M Urea
(c) 0.1 M CaCl2
(d) 0.1 M A1Cl3

30] Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The

concentration in moles/litre will be
(a) 0.33
(b) 0.666
(c) 0.3 × 10-2
(d) 3

31] People add sodium chloride to water while boiling eggs. This is to
(a) decrease the boiling point.
(b) increase the boiling point.
(c) prevent the breaking of eggs.
(d) make eggs tasty.

32] The van’t Hoff factor (i) accounts for

(a) degree of solubilisation of solute.
(b) the extent of dissociation of solute.
(c) the extent of dissolution of solute.
(d) the degree of decomposition of solution.

33] The molal elevation constant depends upon

(a) nature of solute.
(b) nature of the solvent.
(c) vapour pressure of the solution.
(d) enthalpy change.

34. Components of a binary mixture of two liquids A and B were being separated
by distillation. After some time separation of components stopped and
composition of vapour phase became same as that of liquid phase. Both the
components started coming in the distillate. Explain why this happened.

35. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point
of water increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of
water decreases its boiling point.

36. Explain the solubility rule “like dissolves like” in terms of intermolecular
forces
that exist in solutions.

37. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality
are independent of temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature.
Explain.
38. What is the significance of Henry’s Law constant KH?

39. Why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to
warm water?

40. (a) Explain the following phenomena with the help of Henry’s law.
(i) Painful condition known as bends.
(ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at high altitude.
(b) Why soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening?

41. Why is the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of glucose lower than that
of water?

42. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly
areas? Explain the phenomenon involved in the process.

45. What is “semi permeable membrane”?

46. Give an example of a material used for making semipermeable membrane for
carrying out reverse osmosis.

47]Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution.

48] What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?

.49]What are isotonic solutions?

50]Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’?

51]What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol

and acetone?

52]Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of

change in temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity?

53]Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s

law. What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one
example for each type.
54]Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.

55]What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other

colligative properties for the determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions?

56]A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to

its boiling point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the
van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)

57]Define the following terms :

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution

58]Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in
warm water.

59]State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes?

60]State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications.

Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is
raised?

61]18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of

water in a sauce pan. At what temperature will this solution boil? (K b for water =
0.52 K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water = 373.15 K)

62]An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the
lowering in freezing points of water with the help of a suitable diagram.

63]Derive expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile.

64]Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved in

75 g of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1).
.
65]Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.

66]State Henry’s law. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in
a liquid?

67]State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the
similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law?

68]How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is

dissolved in it?

69]Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How can we change

molality value of a solution into molarity value?

70]What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example.

What is the sign of ∆mixH for positive deviation?

71]Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from

Raoult’s law? Given an example.

72](i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases.
What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What
change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)?
Give reason.

73]Define osmotic pressure of a solution. How is the osmotic pressure related to

the concentration of a solute in a solution?
.
74]Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction (x)
(ii) Molality of a solution (m)
.
75](i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas(B) at the same temperature.
Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant)
and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum
boiling azeotropes?

76]What is osmotic pressure? Why it is a colligative property?

77]Define osmotic pressure. How is osmotic pressure related to the concentration

of a solute in a solution?

78]Define the following terms:

(i) Colligative properties (ii) Molality (m).

79]Define the following terms:

(i) Abnormal molar mass
(ii) van’t Hoff factor (i)

80].Define the following terms:

(i) Ideal solution
(ii) Molarity (M)
.
81]Explain why on addition of 1 mol of glucose to 1 litre of water, the boiling
point of water increases.

82]100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of

solution. If this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is
the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.)

83]Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711 m aqueous

solution of Na2S04. If this solution actually freezes at – 0.320°C, what would be
the value of Van’t Hoff factor? (Ky for water is 1.86°C mol-1)

84]A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl

salicylate) in 99.0 g of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31°C. Determine the
molar mass of this compound. (B.P. of pure benzene = 80.10°C and Kb for benzene
= 2.53°C kg mol-1)
85]A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3; molar mass = 92 g mol-1) in water was prepared
by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of
100.42 °C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make this solution? Kb for
water = 0.512 K kg mol-1.

86]What mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol-1) must be dissolved in 65 g of

water to lower the freezing point by 7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant,
Kf, for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1. Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.

87]What mass of ethylene glycol (molar mass = 62.0 g mol-1) must be added to
5.50 kg of water to lower the freezing point of water from 0° C to -10.0° C?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)?

88]15 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450 g of water. The

resulting solution freezes at -0.34° C. What is the molar mass of the substance?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1).

89]What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65.0 g of water to lower the freezing
point of water by 7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is
1.86°C/m. Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.
(Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g)

90]Calculate the amount of KCl which must beadded to 1 kg of water so that the
freezing point is depressed by 2K. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)

91]A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some

glycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42 °C while
pure water boils at 100 °C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make the
solution?

92]15.0 g of an unknown molecular material was dissolved in 450 g of water. The

resulting solution was found to freeze at -0.34 °C. What is the molar mass of this
material? (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)

93]A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a

vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further 18 g of water is added to this solution.
The new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) the molecular mass of solute and
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.

94]If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293K, how many millimoles of N2 gas
would dissolve in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of
0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293K is 76.48 k bar.

95]The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10-2 g
of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.0 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what will be
the partial pressure of the gas?

96]Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 × 10-

2
g of K2SO4 in 2L of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
(R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1, Molar mass of K2SO4 = 174 g mol-1).

97]The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10-2 g
of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution were to contain 5.0 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what
will be the partial pressure of the gas?

98]Some ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is added to your car’s cooling system

along with 5 kg of water. If the freezing point of a water-glycol solution is -15.0°C,
what is the boiling point of the solution?
(Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1 and Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1 for water)

99]3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in

freezing point of 1.62 K. Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of
solute (associated or dissociated).
(Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol-1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol-
1
)

100]A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of

water. It has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass
of the solute.
101]45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate
(i) the freezing point depression and
(ii) the freezing point of the solution
(Given : Kf of water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)

102]A 5 percent solution (by mass) of cane-sugar (M.W. 342) is isotonic with
0.877% solution of substance X. Find the molecular weight of X.

103]Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of MgSO4 (M =120 g mol-1)

was dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming MgSO4 undergoes complete ionization.
(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1)

104]Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molecular mass 40) which should
be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce the vapour pressure to 80%.

105]An aqueous solution of 2 percent non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004

bar at the boiling point of the solvent. What is the molecular mass of the solute?
[Vapour pressure of water = 1.013 bar]

106]A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure
water is 273.15 K.
Given:
(Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
107]The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B at 400 K are 450 and 700 mmHg
respectively. Find out the composition of liquid mixture if total vapour pressure at
this temperature is 600 mmHg.

108](a) Define the following terms :

(i) Mole fraction (ii) Van’t Hoff factor
(b) 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10.0 mL of a
solution. If this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is
the molar mass of protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)

109](a) What is meant by :

(t) Colligative properties (ii) Molality of a solution (b) What concentration of
nitrogen should be present in a glass of water at room temperature? Assume a
temperature of 25° C, a total pressure of 1 atmosphere and mole fraction of
nitrogen in air of 0.78.
[KH for nitrogen = 8.42 × 10-7 M/mm Hg]

.
110](a) State the following :
(i) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.
(ii) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions.
(b) A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of
water has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25°C. Assuming the gene fragment
is a non-electrolyte, determine its molar mass.

111](a) Define the following terms :

(i) Ideal solution (ii) Azeotrope
(iii) Osmotic pressure
(b) A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What
would be the molality of the solution?
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)

112](a) The vapour pressures of benzene and toluene at 293 K are 75 mm Hg and
22 mm Hg respectively. 23.4 g of benzene and 64.4 g of toluene are mixed. If the
two form an ideal solution, calculate the mole fraction of benzene in the vapour
phase assuming that the vapour pressures are in equilibrium with the liquid mixture
at this temperature.
(b) What is meant by +ve and -ve deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign
of AH solution related to +ve and -ve deviations from Raoult’s law?

.113](a) A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has freezing point of 271
K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in water if the
freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
[Molecular masses : Glucose C6H12O6 : 180 amu; Cane-sugar C12H22C11 : 342 amu]

114](a) What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give
reason.
(b) A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water is labelled as 10%
(by mass). What would be the molality and molarity of the solution?
(Density of solution = 1.2 g mL-1)

115](a) What is van’t Hoff factor? What types of values can it have if in forming
the solution, the solute molecules undergo
(i) Dissociation? (ii) Association?
(b) How many mL of a 0.1 M HCl solution are required to react completely with 1
g of a mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
(Molar mass : Na2CO3 = 106 g, NaHCO3 = 84 g)

116](a) Define
(i) Mole fraction (Hi) Raoult’s law
(b) Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point of a
solution prepared by dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt, Na2SO4.10H2O in 0.100
kg of water.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1, Atomic masses : Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1)

117]Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of MgCl2 (M = 95 g mol-1)

was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes complete ionization.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
(b) (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point
and why?
(ii) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the
osmotic pressure of solution?.

118](a) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS2, the freezing point
lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
(Kf for CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass of Sulphur = 32 g mol-1)
(b) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if
we place blood cells in a solution containing
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?

119](a) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a freezing point of
269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water if the freezing
point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Given:

(Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
(b) Define the following terms:
(i) Molality (m)
(ii) Abnormal molar mass

120](a) 30 g of urea (M = 60 g mol-1) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the

vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K
is 23.8 mm Hg.
(b) Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions.

121](a) Explain why on addition of 1 mol glucose to 1 litre water the boiling point
of water increases.
(b) Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the
number of moles of CO2 in 500 ml of soda water when packed under 2.53 × 105 Pa
at the same temperature.

122] (a) Define the following terms :

(i) Ideal solution (ii) Osmotic pressure
(b) Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g
CaCl2 to 200 g of water, assuming that CaCl2 is completely dissociated.
(Kb) for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1; Molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol-1)
 LESSON -8

The d and f block elements

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘lanthanoid contraction’?

Question 2.
Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?

Question 3.
Write the formula of an oxo-anion of Manganese (Mn) in which it shows the
oxidation state equal to its group number.

Question 4.
What happens when (NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated?
Answer:

Question 5.
Write the formula of an oxo-anion of Chromium (Cr) in which it shows the
oxidation state equal to its group number.)

Question 6.
Explain the following observations :
(i) Generally there is an increase in density of elements from titanium (Z = 22) to
copper (Z = 29) in the first series of transition elements.
(ii) Transition elements and their compounds are generally found to be good
catalysts in chemical reactions.

Question 7.
Explain the following observations :
(i) Transition elements generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) Zinc is not regarded as a transition element.

Question 8.
Assign reasons for the following :
(i) Copper (I) ion is not known in aqueous solution.
(ii) Actinoids exhibit greater range of oxidation states than lanthanoids.

Question 9.
Assign reasons for each of the following :
(i) Transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the 3d series of
transition elements.

Question 10.
How would you account for the following :
(i) Cr2+ is reducing in nature while with the same d-orbital configuration (d4)
Mn3+ is an oxidising agent.
(ii) In a transition series of metals, the metal
which exhibits the greatest number of oxidation states occurs in the middle of the
series.

Question 11.
Complete the following chemical equations :
(i) MnO4 (aq) + S2O32- (aq) + H2O (1) →
(ii) Cr2O72- (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) + H+ (aq) →

Question 12.
State reasons for the following :
(i) Cu (I) ion is not stable in an aqueous solution.
(ii) Unlike Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and the subsequent other M2+ ions of the 3d series of
elements, the 4d and the 5d series metals generally do not form stable cationic
species.
Question 13.
Explain giving a suitable reason for each of the following :
(i) Transition metals and their compounds are generally found to be good catalysts.
(ii) Metal-metal bonding is more frequent for the 4d and the 5d series of transition
metals than that for the 3d series. metals than that for the 3d series as these have
their electrons of outer most shell at greater distance from the nucleus, as
compared to atoms of 3d transition metals.

Question 14.
Explain giving reasons :
(i) Transition metals and their compounds generally exhibit a paramagnetic
behaviour.
(ii) The chemistry of actinoids is not so smooth as that of lanthanoids.

Question 15.
Complete the following chemical equations :

Question 16.
Explain the following :
(a) The enthalpies of atomization of transition metals are quite high.
(b) The transition metals and many of their compounds act as good catalysts.

Question 17.
Complete the following chemical reaction equations :

Question 18.
(a) Which metal in the first transition series (3d series) exhibits +1 oxidation state
most frequency and why?
(b) Which of the following cations are coloured in aqueous solutions and why?
SC3+, V3+, Ti4+, Mn2+.
(At. nos. Sc = 21, V = 23, Ti = 22, Mn = 25
Question 19.
What is Lanthanoid contraction? What are its two consequences?

Question 20.
Assign a reason for each of the following observations:
(i) The transition metals (with the exception of Zn, Cd and Hg) are hard and have
high melting and boiling points.
(ii) The ionization enthalpies (first and second) in the first series of the transition
elements are found to vary irregularly

Question 21.
What is lanthanoid contraction? Write a consequence of lanthanoid contraction.

Question 22.
How would you account for the following?
(i) The highest oxidation state of a transition metal is usually exhibited in its oxide.
(ii) The oxidising power of the following three oxoions in the series follows the
order:
vO+2<Cr2O2−7<MnO−4

Question 24.
Describe the general trends in the following properties of the first series (3d) of the
transition elements :
(i) Number of oxidation states exhibited
(ii) Formation of oxometal ions

Question 25.
Assign reasons for the following :
(i) Copper(I) ion is not known to exist in aqueous solutions.
(ii) Both O2 and F2 stabilize high oxidation states of transition metals but the ability
of oxygen to do so exceeds that of fluorine.

Question 26.
Assign reasons for the following :
(i) Transition metals and many of their compounds act as good catalysts.
(ii) Transition metals generally form coloured compounds
Question 27.
What are the transition elements? Write two characteristics of the transition
elements.

Question 28.
Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoids and
that of actinoids

Question 29.
What is meant by ‘disproportionation’? Give an example of a disproportionation
reaction in aqueous solution

Question 30.
Suggest reasons for the following features of transition metal chemistry :
(i) The transition metals and their compounds are usually paramagnetic.
(ii) The transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states. (i) The transition metals
and their compounds are usually paramagnetic because of the presence of unpaired

Question 31.
Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate. How does the acidified
permanganate solution react with oxalic acid? Write the ionic equations for the
reactions

Question 32.
Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate and write the ionic
equations for its reaction with
(i) iodine (ii) H2S.

Question 33.
When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow
coloured compound (A) is obtained which on acidification with dilute sulphuric
acid gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KC1 forms an orange
coloured crystalline compound (C).
(i) Write the formulae of the compounds (A), (B) and (C).
(ii) Write one use of compound (C).
Question 34.
Complete the following chemical equations:

Question 35.
Give reasons :
(i) Transition metals show variable oxidation, states.
(ii) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.

Question 36.
Give reasons :
(i) Zn is not regarded as a transition element.
(ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.

Question 37.
What happens when (NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated?

Question 38.
Explain the following observations :
(i) Copper atom has completely filled d orbitals (3d10) in its ground state, yet it is
regarded as a transition element.
(ii) Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ in aqueous solutions.

Question 39.
Explain the following observations :
(a) Silver atom has completely filled d-orbitals (4d10) in its ground state, yet it is
regarded as a transition element.
(b) E0 value for Mn3+ /Mn2+ couple is much more positive than Cr3+/Cr2+.

Question 40.
Explain the following observations :
(i) Zn2+ salts are colourless.
(ii) Copper has exceptionally positive E0M2+/M value.
Question 41.
How would you account for the following :
(i) Many of the transition elements and their compounds can act as good catalysts.
(ii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition elements are virtually the
same as those of the corresponding members of the second series.
(iii) There is a greater range of oxidation states among the actinoids than among
the lanthanoids

Question 42.
How would you account for the following?
(i) The atomic radii of the metals of the third (5d) series of transition elements are
virtually the same as those of the corresponding members of the second (4d) series.
(ii) The E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for
Cr3+/Cr2+ couple or Fe2+/Fe2+ couple.
(iii) The highest oxidation state of a metal is exhibited in its oxide or fluoride

Question 43.
Complete the following chemical equations :

Question 44.
How would you account for the following?
(i) Many of the transition elements are known to form interstitial compounds.
(ii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition metals are virtually the
same as those of the corresponding group members of the second (4d) series.
(iii) Lanthanoids form primarily +3 ions, while the actinoids usually have higher
oxidation states in their compounds, +4 or even +6 being typical.

Question 45.
How would you account for the following?
(i) With the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Cr2+ is a reducing agent while Mn3+ is
an oxidizing agent.
(ii) The actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the
corresponding members in the lanthanoid series.
(iii) Most of the transition metal ions exhibit characteristic in colours in aqueous
solutions.

Question 46.
Explain the following observations giving an appropriate reason for each.
(i) The enthalpies of atomization of transition elements are quite high.
(ii) There occurs much more frequent metal- metal bonding in compounds of
heavy transition metals (i.e. 3rd series).
(iii) Mn2+ is much more resistant than Fe2+ towards oxidation.

Question 47.
How would you account for the following :
(i) Among lanthanoids, Ln (III) compounds are predominant. However,
occasionally in solutions or in solid compounds, + 2 and + 4 ions are also obtained.
(ii) The E°M2+/M for copper is positive (0.34 V).
Copper is the only metal in the first series of transition elements showing this
behaviour.
(iii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition metals are nearly the
same as those of the corresponding members of the second series transition metals
are nearly the same as those of the corresponding members of the second series.

Question 48.
Explain the following observations :
(i) Many of the transition elements are known to form interstitial compounds
(ii) There is a general increase in density from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (Z =
29).
(iii) The members of the actinoid series exhibit a larger number of oxidation states
than the corresponding members of the lanthanoid series. atoms such as hydrogen,
carbon, boron and nitrogen occupy the empty spaces in the crystal lattices of
transition metals.
(ii) From titanium to copper the atomic size of elements decreases and mass
increases

Question 49.
Explain each of the following observations :
(i) With the same d-orbital configuration (d4), Cr2+ is a reducing agent while
Mn3+ is an oxidising agent.
(ii) Actinoids exhibit a much larger number of oxidation states than the
lanthanoids.
(iii) There is hardly any increase in atomic size with increasing atomic numbers in
a series of transition metals

Question 50.
Give reasons :
(a) There is a gradual decrease in the size of atoms with increasing atomic number
in the series of lanthanoids.
(b) Sc (21) is a transition element but Ca (20) is not.
(c) The Fe2+ is much more easily oxidised to Fe2+ than Mn2+ to Mn3

Question 51.
(a) What is lanthanoid contraction? Mention its main consequences.
(b) Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction between ferrous sulphate and
acidified potassium permanganate solution

Question 52.
How would you account for the following?
(i) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states.
(ii) Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have almost identical radii.
(iii) Transition metals and their compounds act as catalyst

Question 53.
Complete the following chemical equations:

Question 54.
Write balanced chemical equations for the two reactions showing oxidizing nature
of potassium permanganate

Question 55.
Give reasons for the following :
(i) Transition metals exhibit a wide range of oxidation states.
(ii) Cobalt(II) is very stable in aqueous solutions but gets easily oxidised in the
presence of strong ligands.
(iii) Actinoids exhibit a greater range of oxidation states than lanthanoids

Question 56.
Assign reasons for the following :
(i) Cu(I) ion is not known to exist in aqueous solutions.
(ii) Transition metals are much harder than the alkali metals.
(iii) From element to element actinoid contraction is greater than the lanthanoid
contraction.

Question 57.
(a) How would you account for the following :
(i) Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction.
(ii) Transition metals form coloured compounds.
Complete the following equation :
2MnO4– + 6H+ + 5NO2– →

Question 58.
(a) Account for the following :
(i) Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution.
(ii) Transition metals form complex compounds.
(b) Complete the following equation :
Cr2O72- + 8H+ + 3NO–2 →

Question 59

. In the 3d series (Sc = 21 to Zn = 30) :

(i) Which element shows maximum number of oxidation states?

(ii) Which element shows only +3 oxidation state?

(iii) Which element has the lowest enthalpy of atomization?

Question 60.
What is meant by ‘’disproportionation’? Give one example of disproportionation
reaction in aqueous solutions. changes to Mn (VII) in the product MnO−4 and to
Mn (IV) in the product MnO2.

Question 61.
Give reasons:
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine it
shows the highest oxidation state of +4.
(ii) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configurations

Question 62.
In the 3d series (Sc = 21 to Zn = 30) :
(i) Which element shows maximum number of oxidation states?
(ii) Which element shows only +3 oxidation state?
(iii) Which element has the lowest enthalpy of atomization? Answer:

Question 63.
Describe the preparation of potassium permangnate. How does the acidified
permanganate solution react with oxalic acid?

Question 64.
Define lanthanoid contraction. Write its two consequences. Answer:

Question 65.
A mixed oxide of iron and chromium is fused with sodium carbonate in free access
of air to form a yellow coloured compound (A). On acidification the compound
(A) forms an orange coloured compound (B), which is a strong oxidizing agent.
Identify compound (A) and (B). Write chemical reactions involved.
CHAPTER 10: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

Question 1.
A solution of KOH hydrolyses CH3CHClCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl. Which
one of these is more easily hydrolysed?

Question 2.
Give the IUPAC name of the following compound :

Question 3.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound : (CH3)3 CCH2Br

Question 4.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound : CH2 = CHCH2Br

Question 5.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound :

Question 6.
Give the IUPAC name of the following compound.
Question 7.
What happens when bromine attacks
CH2 = CH – CH2 – C ≡ CH

Question 8.
Write the IUPAC name of the following :

Question 9.
Draw the structure of major monohalogen product formed in the following reaction
:

Question 10.
In the following pair of compounds, which will react faster by SN1 mechanism and

why?

Question 11.
Draw the structure of major monohalogen product in the following reaction :
Question 12.
Predict the order of reactivity of four isomeric bromobutanes in SN1 reaction.

Question 13.
Predict the order of reactivity of the following compounds in SN1 reaction :
C6H5CH2Br, C6H5C(CH3) (C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(CH3)Br

Question 14.
Draw the structure of major monohalogen product in the following reaction :

Question 15.
Give a chemical test to distinguish between C2H5Br and C6H5Br.

Question 16.
Arrange the following in increasing order of boiling point:
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
(ii) (CH3)3.Br
(iii) (CH3)2C.Br

Question 17.
Write the IUPAC name of the following :

Question 18.
Write the IUPAC name of
Question 19.
What happens when CH3 — Br is treated with KCN

Question 20.
Write the IUPAC name of

Question 21.
What happens when ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH?

Question 22.
Write the IUPAC name of (CH3)2CH.CH(Cl)CH3.

Question 23.
Which compound in the following pair undergoes faster SN1 reaction.

Question 24.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

Question 25.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound :
Question 26.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound :

Question 27.
In the following pair of halogen compounds, which compound will react faster by
SN1 mechanism?

Question 28.
A hydrocarbon C5H12 gives only one mono-chlorination product. Identify the
hydrocarbon.

Question 29.
Identify the chiral molecule in the following pair :

Question 30.
Draw the structure of 2-bromopentane.

Question 31.
Which would undergo SN2 reaction faster in the following pair and why?
Question 32.
Which would undergo SN1 reaction faster in the following pair :

Question 33.
Out of

which is more reactive towards SN1 reaction and why?

Question 34.
Write the structure of an isomer of compound C4H9Br which is most reactive
towards SN1 reaction.

Question 35.
Write the structure of l-Bromo-4-chlorobut-2-ene.

Question 36.
Write the structure of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene.

Question 37.
Out of
 which is an example of allylic halide?

Question 38.
Out of

which is an example of vinylic halide?

Question 39.
Out of

which is an example of a benzylic halide?

Question 40.
Which one in the following pairs of substances undergoes SN2 substitution reaction
faster and why?

Question 41.
Which one in the following pairs undergoes SN1 substitution reaction faster and

why?
Question 42.
Complete the following reaction equations :

Question 43.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol,
(ii) Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-methyl- propan-2-ol.

Question 44.
Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution whereas haloarenes undergo
electrophilic substitution. Explain.

Question 45.
Chlorobenzene is extremely less reactive towards a nucleophilic substitution
reaction. Give two reasons for the same

Question 46.
(a) Why does p-dichlorobenzene have a higher m.p. than its o- and m-isomers?
(b) Why is (±)-Butan-2-ol optically inactive?

Question 47.
Account for the following:
(i) The C – Cl bond length in chlorobenzene is shorter than that in CH3 – Cl.
(ii) Chloroform is stored in closed dark brown bottles.

Question 48.
Give chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds :
(a) Benzyl chloride and Chlorobenzene
(b) Chloroform and Carbon tetrachloride phenol and KCl.
Question 49.
Explain why :
(a) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(b) Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water.

Question 50.
(i) Which alkyl halide from the following pair is chiral and undergoes faster S N2
reaction?

(ii) Out of SN1 and SN2, which reaction occurs with

(a) Inversion of configuration
(b) Racemisation

Question 51.
Draw the structure of major monohalo product in each of the following reactions :

Question 52.
Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds :
(i) CH2 = CHCH2Br
(ii) (CCl3)3 CCl (Comptt

Question 53.
What are ambident nucleophiles? Explain with an example.

Question 54.
Write the structures of the following organic halogen compounds :
(i) 4-tert-Butyl-3-iodoheptane
(ii) 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene
Question 55.
Write the structures of the following organic halogen compounds :
(i) p-Bromochlorobenzene
(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane (i) p-Bromochlorobenzene

Question 56.
Write the equations for the preparation of 1-bromobutane from :
(i) 1-butanol (ii) but-l-ene

Question 57.
Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction
with —OH?
(i) CH3Br or CH3I (ii) (CH3)3 CCl or CH3Cl

Question 58.
Which alkyl halide from the following pair is (i) Chiral and (ii) undergoes SN2

reaction faster?

Question 59.
Which alkyl halide from the following pair is (i) Chiral and (ii) undergoes SN1
reaction faster?
(a) (CH3)2CBr
(b) CH3CH2CHBrCH3

Question 60.
How will you carry out the following conversions :
(i) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(ii) Benzene to p-chloronitrobenzene

Question 61.
(i) State one use each of DDT and iodoform.
(ii) Which compound in the following couples will react faster in SN2 displacement
and why?
(a) 1-bromopentane or 2-bromopentane
(b) l-bromo-2-methylbutane or 2-bromo-2-methylbutane.

Question 62.
How would you differentiate between S<subN1 and SN2 mechanisms of
substitution reactions? Give one example of each.

Question 63.
Answer the following :
(i) Haloalkanes easily dissolve in organic solvents, why?
(ii) What is known as a racemic mixture? Give an example.
(iii) Of the two bromoderivatives, C6H5CH (CH3)Br and C6H5CH(C6H5)Br, which
one is more reactive in SN1 substitution reaction and why?

Question 64.
Rearrange the compounds of each of the following sets in order of reactivity
towards SN2 displacement :
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane
(ii) l-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methyl-butane, 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane, l-Bromo-2,2-dimethyl-propane, l-Bromo-2-methylbutane

Question 65.
Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it is ortho-, para-directing
in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Explain why it is so?

Question 66.
Answer the following questions
(i) What is meant by chirality of a compound? Give an example.
(ii) Which one of the following compounds is more easily hydrolyzed by KOH and
why?
CH3CHClCH2CH3 or CH3CH2CH2Cl
(iii) Which one undergoes SN2 substitution reaction faster and why?
Question 67.
Account for the following :
(a) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(b) Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water.
(c) Grignard’s reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions.

Question 68.
Give reasons for the following :
(i) Ethyl iodide undergoes SN2 reaction faster than ethyl bromide.
(ii) (±) 2-Butanol is optically inactive.
(iii) C—X bond length in halobenzene is smaller than C—X bond length in

CH3—X

Question 69.
(a) Draw the structures of major monohalo products in each of the following
reactions :

(b) Which halogen compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2
reaction :
(i) CH3Br or CH3I
(ii) (CH3)3 C – Cl or CH3 – Cl

Question 70.
(a) Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction
with -OH group?
(i) CH3Br or CH3I
(ii) (CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl
(b) Write the product of the following reactions:
Question 71.
Give reasons :
(a) n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than f-butyl bromide.
(b) Racemic mixture is optically inactive.
(c) The presence of nitro group (-NO2) at o/p positions increases the reactivity of
haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. .

Question 72.
How can the following conversions be carried out :
(i) Aniline to bromobenzene
(ii) Chlorobenzene to 2-chloroacetophenone
(iii) Chloroethane to butane

Question 73.
What happens when
(i) Chlorobenzene is treated with Cl2/FeCl3,
(ii) Ethyl chloride is treated with AgNO2,
(iii) 2-bromopentane is treated with alcoholic KOH?
Write the chemical equations in support of your answer.

Question 74.
Name the following according to IUPAC system

Question 75.
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds :
Question 76.
Give reasons:
(i) C—Cl bond length in chlorobenzene is shorter than C—Cl bond length in CH3
—Cl.
(ii) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(iii) SN1 reactions are accompanied by racemization in optically active alkyl
halides.

Question 77.
How do you convert:
(i) Chlorobenzene to biphenyl
(ii) Propene to 1-iodopropane
(iii) 2-bromobutane to but-2-ene

Question 78.
Write the major product(s) in the following:
Question 79.
In the following pairs of the halogen compounds which compound undergoes
faster SN1 reaction.

Question 80.
What happens when
(i) CH3—Cl is treated with aqueous KOH?
(ii) CH3—Cl is treated with KCN?
(iii) CH3—Br is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether?

Question 81.
Following compounds are given to you:
2-Bromopentane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane
(i) Write the compound which is most reactive towards SN2 reaction.
(ii) Write the compound which is optically active.
(iii) Write the compound which is most reactive towards β – elimination reaction.

Question 82.
Write structures of compounds A, B and C in each of the following reactions:

Question 83.
The following compounds are given to you:
2-Bromopentane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane
(i) Write the compound which is most reactive towards SN2 reaction.
(ii) Write the compound which is optically active.
(iii) Write the compound which is most reactive towards P-elimination reaction.
Question 84.
(a) Write the structural formula of A, B, C and D in the following sequence of
reaction:

(b) Illustrate Sandmeyer’s reaction with the help of a suitable example.

Question 85.
(a) Account for the following :
(i) Electrophilic substitution reactions in haloarenes occur slowly.
(ii) Haloalkanes, though polar, are insoluble in water.
(b) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards SN2
displacement:
2-Bromo-2-Methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane
Question 86.
(i) o-nitrophenol has lower b.p. than p-nitro-phenol. Explain.
(ii) Write IUPAC name of the following :

CHAPTER 11 : ALCOHOLS ,PHENOLS & ETHERS

Question 1.
Give the IUPAC name of the following compound :

Question 2.
Give the IUPAC name of the following
Question 3.
Write the structure of the molecule of a compound whose IUPAC name is 1-
phenylpropan-2-ol.

Question 4.
How would you convert ethanol to ethene?

Question 5.
Draw the structure of 2, 6-Dimethylphenol.

Question 6.
Draw the structural formula of 2-methylpropan- 2-ol molecule.

Question 7.
Draw the structure of hex-l-en-3-ol compound.

Question 8

Ortho nitrophenol has lower boiling point than p-nitrophenol. Why ?

Question 9.
Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methoxyphenol. Why?
Question 10.
The C-O bond is much shorter in phenol than in ethanol. Give reason.

Question 11.
Write the IUPAC name of the following :

Question 12.
Of the two hydroxy organic compounds ROH and R’OH, the first one is basic and
other is acidic in behaviour. How is R different from R’?
.

Question 13.
Give a chemical test to distinguish between 2-Pentanol and 3-Pentanol

Question 14.
Write the chemical reaction to explain Kolbe’s reaction

Question 15.
How would you obtain ethane-1, 2-diol from ethanol?

Question 16.
How would you obtain acetophenone from phenol?

Question 17.

Write IUPAC name of the following :

Question 18.
How would you obtain phenol from benzene?
Question 19.
Write IUPAC name of the following

Question 20.
Which of the following isomers is more volatile : o-nitrophenol or p-nitrophenol?

Question 21.
Name the alcohol that is used to make the following ester :

Question 22.
Write the IUPAC name of the given compound

Question 23.
Write the IUPAC name of given compound:

Question 24.
Write the IUPAC name of the given compound:
Question 25.
Write equation of the nitration of anisole.

Question 26.
Out of CH3OH and

, which one is more acidic?

Question 27.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

Question 28.
Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

Question 29.
Write IUPAC name of the following compound :

.
Question 30.
What happens when phenol is oxidized by Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4?

Question 31.
What happens when phenol is heated with zinc dust?

Question 32.
What happens when phenol is treated with bromine water?

Question 33.
Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of
compounds: Benzoic acid and Phenol

Question 34.
Complete the following reaction equations :

Question 35.
Illustrate the following reactions giving a chemical equation for each :
(i) Kolbe’s reaction
(ii) Williamsons synthesis of an ether

Question 36.
Explain the following reactions with an example for each :
(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
(ii) Friedel-Crafts reaction.
(ii) Friedel-Crafts reaction : This reaction is used for introducing an alkyl or an
acyl group into an aromatic compound in presence of Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl 3)

Question 37.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-2-ol
(ii) Ethylmagnesium chloride to propan-1-ol.

Question 38.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol,
(ii) Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-methylpropan-2-ol

Question 39.
Explain the following giving one example for each :
(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
(ii) Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.

Question 40.
How would you obtain
(i) Picric acid (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol) from phenol,
(ii) 2-Methylpropene from 2-methylpropanol?

Question 41.
Explain the mechanism of acid catalysed hydration of an alkene to form
corresponding alcohol.

Question 42.
Explain the following behaviours :
(i) Alcohols are more soluble in water than the hydrocarbons of comparable
molecular masses.
(ii) Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methoxyphenol.

Question 43.
Explain the mechanism of following reaction:
Question 44.
How will you convert:
(i) Propene to propan-2-ol?
(ii) Phenol to 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol?

Question 45.
How will you convert the following?
(i) Propan-2-ol to propanone
(ii) Phenol to 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol

Question 46.
How will you convert:
(i) Propene to Propane-1-ol?
(ii) Ehtanal to Propan-2-ol

Question 47.
Explain the mechanism of the following reaction:

Question 48.
Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
(ii) Williamson’s ether Synthesis

(ii) Williamson’s ether synthesis : The reaction involves the nucleophilic

substitution of the halide ion from the alkyl halide by the alkoxide ion by SN2
mechanism.

Question 49.
Write the equations involved in the following reactions :
(i) Reimer – Tiemann reaction
(ii) Williamson synthesis

Question 50.
Write the mechanism of the following reaction :

Question 51.
Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Williamson ether synthesis
(ii) Kolbe’s reaction

Question 52.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene to Propan-2-ol
(ii) Ethyl chloride to Ethanal

Question 53.
Explain the mechanism of dehydration steps of ethanol :

Question 54.
Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

Question 55.
Write the mechanism of the following reaction:
Answer:

Question 56.
(a) Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their acid strength:
p-cresol, p-nitrophenol, phenol
(b) Write the mechanism (using curved arrow notation) of the following reaction:

Question 57.
Write the structures of the products when Butan-2-ol reacts with the following:
(a) CrO3
(b) SOCl2

Question 58.
Explain the mechanism of the following reactions :
(i) Addition of Grignard’s reagent to the carbonyl group of a compound forming an
adduct followed by hydrolysis.
(ii) Acid catalysed dehydration of an alcohol forming an alkene.
(iii) Acid catalysed hydration of an alkene forming an alcohol.

Question 59.
Explain the following observations :
(i) The boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of methoxymethane.
(ii) Phenol is more acidic than ethanol.
(iii) o- and p-nitrophenols are more acidic than phenol.

Question 60.
How would you convert the following :
(i) Phenol to benzoquinone
(ii) Propanone to 2-methylpropan-2-ol
(iii) Propene to propan-2-ol (All India 2010)
(i) Phenol to benzoquinone
Question 61.
How would you obtain the following ;
(i) Benzoquinone from phenol
(ii) 2-Methylpropan-2-ol from ethylmagnesium chloride
(iii) Propan-2-ol from propene (i) Benzoquinone from phenol

Question 62.
(a) Write the mechanism of the following reaction :

(b) Write the equation involved in the acetylation of Salicylic acid

Question 63.
Give reasons for the following :
(i) Phenol is more acidic than methanol.
(ii) The C—O—H bond angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle
(190°28′).
(iii) (CH3)3C—O—CH3 on reaction with HI gives (CH3)3C—I and CH3—OH as the
main products and not (CH3)3C—OH and CH3—I.

Question 64.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride to Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Anisole to p-Bromoanisole

Question 65.
Write the major product in the following equations :
Question 66.
Write the main product(s) in each of the following reactions:

Question 67.
Write the final product(s) in each of the following reactions:

Question 68.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene → Propan-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol

Question 69.
Explain the following with an example in each :
(i) Kolbe’s reaction
(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
(iii) Williamson ether synthesis
Question 70.
(a) What happens when CH3—O—CH<sub3 is heated with HI?
(b) Explain mechanism for hydration of acid catalyzed ethene :

Question 71.
(a) Why phenol is more acidic than ethanol?
(b) Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ether:

Question 72.
(i) Write Reimer-Timann reaction.
(ii) Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene :

Question 73.
(a) Write the product(s) in the following reactions:

(b) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of
compounds:
(i) Ethanol and Phenol
(ii) Propanol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol

Question 74.
Write the formula of reagents used in the following reactions:
(i) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol
(ii) Hydroboration of propene and then oxidation to propanol.
(b) Arrange the following compound groups in the increasing order of their
property indicated:
(i) p-nitrophenol, ethanol, phenol (acidic character)
(ii) Propanol, Propane, Propanal (boiling point)
(c) Write the mechanism (using curved arrow notation) of the following reaction: