SR NEET STAR SUPER CHAINA (SERIES-1) DATE: 09.01.

2025
Time: 3.00 Hrs NEET GRAND TEST-02 Max.Marks: 720

KEY
PHYSICS
1) 3 2) 3 3) 3 4) 4 5) 3 6) 3 7) 2 8) 4 9) 4 10) 2
11) 3 12) 2 13) 4 14) 1 15) 3 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2
21) 4 22) 3 23) 1 24) 4 25) 2 26) 4 27) 2 28) 2 29) 1 30) 2
31) 1 32) 3 33) 3 34) 2 35) 3 36) 1 37) 4 38) 2 39) 4 40) 4
41) 3 42) 4 43) 1 44) 2 45) 1
CHEMISTRY
46) 4 47) 2 48) 1 49) 2 50) 1 51) 1 52) 2 53) 2 54) 3 55) 3
56) 3 57) 2 58) 2 59) 3 60) 4 61) 2 62) 2 63) 1 64) 3 65) 1
66) 1 67) 2 68) 1 69) 1 70) 1 71) 3 72) 3 73) 2 74) 3 75) 2
76) 3 77) 4 78) 1 79) 1 80) 2 81) 1 82) 1 83) 4 84) 4 85) 3
86) 3 87) 3 88) 2 89) 1 90) 1
BOTANY
91) 1 92) 4 93) 4 94) 1 95) 1 96) 2 97) 4 98) 3 99) 1 100) 3
101) 2 102) 3 103) 2 104) 2 105) 1 106) 4 107) 1 108) 2 109) 2 110) 2
111) 4 112) 2 113) 2 114) 3 115) 4 116) 3 117) 1 118) 2 119) 2 120) 2
121) 2 122) 1 123) 1 124) 2 125) 3 126) 4 127) 2 128) 3 129) 2 130) 4
131) 3 132) 3 133) 1 134) 3 135) 2
ZOOLOGY
136) 4 137) 1 138) 1 139) 2 140) 3 141) 1 142) 3 143) 1 144) 1 145) 2
146) 1 147) 4 148) 4 149) 2 150) 4 151) 1 152) 4 153) 1 154) 2 155) 1
156) 2 157) 2 158) 4 159) 4 160) 4 161) 2 162) 1 163) 3 164) 3 165) 2
166) 3 167) 2 168) 3 169) 1 170) 2 171) 4 172) 1 173) 2 174) 1 175) 4
176) 3 177) 1 178) 2 179) 1 180) 1

Pg. 1
 HINTS & SOLUTIONS
PHYSICS
1. 2 f  20
Freq. of variation of KE = 2f = 20Hz
2. F1 : F2 = 1:1
105 10
3. E 5
NC 1  10 NC 1 downward
10
Q2 Q2
4. Ui   0.4 J  U f   0.1J
2C 2 KC
5. Electric field is always direct from high potential to low potential. For the given situation the electric
potential is decreasing from left to right therefore, potential energy of the dipole will also decrease.
Thus dipole will move from left towards the right
B0
6. BA  3/2
 x2 
1  r 2 
 
3/ 2
 25 
1
B1  x 2  27
 3/ 2

B2  1 1
1  2 
 r 
r  2m
7. Magnetic susceptibility of super conductor is= -1
8. S-I: Curie temperature is the temperature above which a ferromagnetic material becomes
paramagnetic is correct
S-II: If a charged body is moved within the field work must be done by electric field is false
9. Given options all are correct
R V 2 2 1
10. cos    R   
Z E 22   6  4 
2
2 2 2
11. 5m  2.50
5 
5m  0  0    2
2 m
12. n  2  KE  3.4eV
13. Positron is same mass as that of electron but with one unit positive charge
f
14. m
f u
1 2.5
  u  2.5
2 2.5  u
15. For metals, resistivity versus temp. graph is
16. A  B  A.B
17.   
Boolean expression for the combination of logic gates Y  A.B . A.B
The truth table of the circuit is
A B A B A.B A.B   
Y  A.B . A.B
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Pg. 2
 e ˆ
18. F  eE0 ˆj a E0 j
m
e
V  u  at  v0iˆ  E0tjˆ
m
2e 2 E0 2t 2 h
V v 0 2

m mv
h

 e 2 E 2t 2 
m v02  1  2 0 2 
 m v0 
h 0
 
2 2 2
eEt 0 e 2 E02t 2
mv0 1  2 2
1 2 2
mv 0 m v0
1  qA q 
19. VA    0
4 0  r 2r 
q qA q
qA    
2  0 2 0
20. The formula of drift velocity is
eE
vd  
m
I neAvd
Current density j    nevd
A A
m m
Resistivity is   2    2
ne  ne 
V
Resistance is R 
l
l El EA E
   
A I I J
Where, E= electric field, A = area of cross section
E = electron charge, n=number of density of electrons,  = relaxation time
21. All options are correct
1
22. V  Bw  l22  l12 
2
1
  0.5  4 16  4   12V
2
23. Magnetic average energy density is = Electric average energy density
24. For 1st excited state, n = 2
For 2nd excited slate, n = 3
T1 n22 32 9
  
T2 n12 22 4
di
25. VA  IR  E  L  VB  0
dt
VB  VA  4  12  5 103 103  3V
1
26. S1  u1t  gt 2
2
1
 30  2   10  22
2
= 40 m, upwards
Pg. 3
 1 2
S 2  u 2t  gt
2
1
 10  2  10  22
2
= 40 downwards
= separation = 80m
Alternate
vr  30   10   40ms 1
ar  10   10   0
Distance  vr t  40  2  80m
dm
27. ma  v  mg
dt
400  5  100 10
a  10ms 2
100
 m   m2  g 30  0.1 5 10
28. a 1 
m1  m2 3 5
25
 ms 2
8
T  m1  g  a 
 25 
 3  10   N
 8 
 20.625N
1
29. S  ut  at 2
2
1  8  2
x  10  5   5
2  0.4 
  50  250  m  200m
30. Internal forces don’t change state of C.O.M
31. V  2 gl 1  cos  
 2 10  0.8ms 1  4ms 1
h 2cm
32. l   4cm
cos  cos 600
33. Average kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas is independent of temperature is wrong
34. mg 10  5 g  20  28 
48  5
m  24 gram
10
ML2 4ML2
35. I  ML2 
3 3
1 9.8  84
36. ms   mgH    
2 2  4200
37. I  B, II  D; III  A, IV  C
1 1
38. P  m  v  u 
 
 P  0.05  6  6   0.6kg ms 1
1
39. mg   V22  V12  A
2
Pg. 4
 1
   902  60 2   20
2
10  4500
m kg
10

40. T ; g surface  g d  g k
g
 T3  T2  T1
4
5
41. u cos   V cos  u  5  8ms 1
1
2
1
KE   2  82 J  64 J
2
42. A: Rate of change of momentum is proportional to external force acting on system
R: Internal force can change only kinetic energy
mv 2
43. T  mg cos and v 2  u 2  2 gr cos 
r
Where u  5 gr
44. PE : TE : KE = -2:-1:1
 2
45.     6cm
3 
 3
Nodes at x  ,
4 4
i.e x  1.5cm, 4.5cm
    radian
CHEMISTRY
46. Oxides of Bromine are unstable (middle row anamoly)
47. I) Ketones do not give positive Tollen‟s and Fehling‟s test.
II) Aromatic aldehydes do not give positive Fehling‟s test
III) HCHO does not give positive haloform test
0
48. ECr 3
/ Cr 2
is most negative in 3d series
49. CH4 and SO3
50. Both statements are correct.
51. Both statements are correct
52.

53. X=3(Cis +1trans);Y = 3

(Cis isomer has dextro and laevo whereas trans isomer is a meso compound)
54. Total nodes = (n-1) = 5-1 = 4
55. Br > S > H = P

Pg. 5
56.

57. Only Ea
58.

1 1
59. pH  7   4.82    4.78  ; pH  7.02
2 2
60. Down the group stability of higher oxidation states increases in transition elements.
H 2O
61. CH 3CHO  RMgX   CH 3  CH  OH   R
62. Density of water = 1 g/ml
 18 g (18 ml) contain NA molecules
63.

64.

65. (C) is incorrect …….. r1  0.529 A0

66. R3 N has no hydrogen atom to condense with Hinsberg reagent.
67.

Conc .HI
68.  CH 3 3 C  O  CH 2  CH 3  
   CH 3 3 C  I  C2 H 5OH
S N 1 mechanism
69. (B) …….Cl > F > Br > I
70.

71. ‘C’ gives immdediate turbidity with Lucas reagent.

Pg. 6
72. 3) CO………neutral
73.

74.

75. O2 ……Bond order …..2.5

O2 ……..Bond order …….1.5
76.

77. There is no chiral centre in methyl alcohol form hence there is no meaning for inversion in
configuration
78.

79.

80. A = B = picric acid

81. t87.5%  3t1/2

82. In aqueous solution, “+3” state is most stable for all lanthanoids.
83. Boiling point - B  Al  Ga  In  Tl
Melting point - B  Al  Tl  In  Ga
Density – B  Al  Gl  In  Tl
Ionization potential - B  Tl  Ga  Al  In
84. 4>3>1>2
85.

Pg. 7
86. CONHCH 3 group on benzene ring is an m-directing towards electrophilic substitution
reactions.
87. I-C, II-D, III-A, IV-B
3
88. All Co3 octa hedral complexes except  CoF3  are diamagnetic, inner orbital complexes
0 0 0
89. Ecell  Ecath  Eanode  0.34   0.76   1.1V
90.

ZOOLOGY
136. Statements (ii), (iii) and (v) are correct.
One of the effective and popular methods of contraception is the use of Intra Uterine Devices
(IUDs).
These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina. These Intra
Uterine Devices are presently available as the non-medicated IUDs (e.g., Lippes loop), copper
releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and the hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20).
IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm
motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms. The hormone releasing IUDs, in addition make the
uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
IUDs are ideal contraceptives for the females who want to delay pregnancy and/or space children. It
is one of most widely accepted methods of contraception in India.
137. Both statements I and II are correct.
Collecting duct extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla. Large
amounts of water could be reabsorbed from this region to produce a concentrated urine. This
segment allows passage of small amounts of urea into the medullary interstitium to keep up the
osmolarity.
The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them help in
maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from 300
mOsmolL–1 in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla. This gradient is mainly
caused by NaCl and urea.
NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with the descending
limb of vasa recta. NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of vasa recta.
Similarly, small amounts of urea enter the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which
is transported back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.
138. Cross-bridge formed by binding of myosin head to exposed active sites on actin pulls the attached
actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band. The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled
inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction.
Hence, during shortening of the muscle, i.e., contraction, the ‘I’ bands get reduced, whereas the ‘A’
bands retain the length.
139. 1) Pila is a Mollusc. The mouth contains a file - like rasping organ for feeding called radula.
2) Bombyx is an Arthropod. In Bombyx, excretion takes place through malpighan tubules.
3) Pleurobrachia is Ctenophore. The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which
help in locomotion.
4) Taenia is a Platyhelminth with specialised cells called flame cells for excretion and
osmoregulation.

Pg. 8
140. The plant shown in the diagram is opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) from which opioids are
obtained. Opioidsare the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in central nervous
system and gastrointestinal tract.
Heroin, commonly called smack, is chemically diacetylmorphine, which is a white, odourless, bitter
crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from the latex
of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a
depressant and slows down body functions. Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and
is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery.
141. Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic
development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and those animals which
do not form this structure are called non-chordates. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or
bony vertebral column in the adult vertebrates. Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates
are not vertebrates.
142. The correct sequence of events during life cycle of Plsmodium from human host to mosquito host is:
IV → II → III → I → VII → VI → V
Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the bite of infected
female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites initially multiply within the liver cells in the form of
sporozoites and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in their rupture. The rupture of
RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill
and high fever recurring every three to four days. The pathogen reproduces asexually in the RBCs to
increase in number. Later the sexual stages also develop in the RBCs. Gametocytes are sexual
precursor cells of the malaria parasite that mediate the transmission of the parasite from its
mammalian host (man) to the Anopheles mosquito.
When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito’s
body and undergo further development. Fertilization takes place in the intestine of mosquito. The
parasites multiply within the cells of mosquito gut to form sporozoites that later migrate and are
stored in the mosquito salivary glands. When these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are
introduced into his/her body, thereby initiating the events mentioned above.
143.
List-I List-II
A. Expiratory capacity ii. TLC – (IRV + RV)
B. Functional residual capacity iv) VC + RV - IC
C. Vital capacity i) EC + IRV
D. Inspiratory capacity iii) IRV + EC + RV – FRC

144. Statement A is incorrect.

The female reproductive sysytem consists of two large ovaries, lying laterally in the 2nd – 6th
abdominal segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of eight SOLUTIONS ZOOLOGY GT
ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova. Oviducts of each ovary unite into
a single median oviduct (also called vagina) which opens into the genital chamber. A pair of
spermatheca is present in the 6 th segment which opens into the genital chamber. In male
cockroaches, a characteristic mushroomshaped gland is present in the 6th-7th abdominal segments
which functions as an accessory reproductive gland. Each eye of cockroach consists of about 2000
hexagonal ommatidia. With the help of several ommatidia, a cockroach can receive several images of
an object. This kind of vision is known as mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less resolution,
being common during night (hence called nocturnal vision).
145. The A-band shortens.
146. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A. Humans have an ability to maintain and
moderate the respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of the body tissues. This is done by the neural
system. A specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called respiratory rhythm
centre is primarily responsible for this regulation. Another centre present in the pons region of the
brain called pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre. Neural
signal from this centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate.
Pg. 9
147. Chordae tendinae are the special fibrous cords that are attached to the flaps of the bicuspid and
tricuspid valves at one end and their other ends are attached to the ventricular wall with the special
muscles known as papillary muscle. Chordae tendinae prevent reverting of the valves during
contraction of ventricles. The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by
a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps, the tricuspid valve. If the chordae tendinae attached
to the tricuspid valve are injured and malfunction, the blood will flow back to right atrium during
ventricular systole leading to reduced blood flow to pulmonary artery.
148. Statements (a), (c), (d) and (e) are not related to genetically engineered Insulin.
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs. Insulin
from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to
the foreign protein. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are
linked together by disulphide bridges. In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a
pro-hormone (like a pro-enzyme, the prohormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a
fully mature and functional hormone) which contains an extra stretch called the C peptide. This C
peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin.
The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled
into a mature form. In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences
corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to
produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by
creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.
149. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in Asia’s
agricultural history. There are an estimated 200,000 varieties of rice in India alone. The diversity of
rice in India is one of the richest in the world. Basmati rice is distinct for its unique aroma and
flavour and 27 documented varieties of Basmati are grown in India. There is reference to Basmati in
ancient texts, folklore and poetry, as it has been grown for centuries.
In 1997, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the US Patent and
Trademark Office. This allowed the company to sell a ‘new’ variety of Basmati, in the US and
abroad. This ‘new’ variety of Basmati had actually been derived from Indian farmer’s varieties.
Indian Basmati was crossed with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty.
150. When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively
more permeable to potassium ions (K+) and nearly impermeable to sodium ions (Na+). Similarly, the
membrane is impermeable to negatively charged proteins present in the axoplasm. Consequently, the
axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of K+ and negatively charged proteins and low
concentration of Na+. In contrast, the fluid outside the axon contains a low concentration of K+, a
high concentration of Na+ and thus form a concentration gradient.
These ionic gradients across the resting membrane are maintained by the active transport of ions by
the sodiumpotassium pump which transports 3 Na+ outwards for 2 K+ into the cell. Since this
transport is against concentration gradient for both sodium and potassium ions, it requires ATP and
hence is an active transport.
151. The reasons for biodiversity conservation can be grouped into three categories: narrowly utilitarian,
broadly utilitarian, and ethical.
The narrowly utilitarian arguments mainly look at the direct economic benefits derived from nature
like food (cereals, pulses, fruits), firewood, fibre, construction material, industrial products (tannins,
lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes ) and products of medicinal importance.
More than 25% of the drugs currently sold in the market worldwide are derived from plants and
25,000 species of plants contribute to the traditional medicines used by native peoples around the
world.
Pollination, production of oxygen, the aesthetic pleasures of walking through thick woods, watching
spring flowers in full bloom or waking up to a bulbul’s song in the morning are broadly utilitarian
argument for conservation of biodiversity. Conserving plant and animal diversity which is a form of
biological legacy should be conserved and passed on to the future generations in a good order. This
is one of the ethical arguments for conservation of biodiversity.

Pg. 10
152. The smooth muscle fibres taper at both ends (fusiform) and do not show striations. The wall of
internal organs such as the blood vessels, stomach and intestine contains this type of muscle tissue.
The cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells. This is commonly found in
ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys and its main functions are secretion and
absorption.
Loose connective tissue has cells and fibres loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance, for
example, areolar tissue present beneath the skin. Often it serves as a support framework for
epithelium. In the dense regular connective tissues, the collagen fibres are present in rows between
many parallel bundles of fibres. Tendons, which attach skeletal muscles to bones and ligaments
which attach one bone to another are examples of this tissue.
Transitional epithelium has multiple layers of cells with an ability to contract and expand for
distension. It is found lining the organs of urinary system and hence is also called as urothelium.
153.

154. In the last century an all-round development in various fields significantly improved the quality of
life of the people. However, increased health facilities along with better living conditions had an
explosive impact on the growth of population.
A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) as well
as an increase in number of people in reproducible age are probable reasons for this.
155. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A. During pregnancy all events of the
menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation. The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
progesterone which is essential for maintenance of the endometrium. Such an endometrium is
necessary for implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy. High levels of
progesterone and estrogen secreted by the placenta prevent the secretion of gonadotropins from
pituitary and hence there is no further development of ovarian follicles. Due to failure of maturation
of follicles and lack of ovulation by the inhibitory effect of luteal hormones, a pregnant woman
cannot concieve again during pregnancy.
156. Statement I is correct and II is incorrect.
For a long time it was believed that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc.
This was the theory of spontaneous generation. Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation
demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life. He showed that in pre-sterilised flasks, life
did not come from killed yeast while in another flask open to air, new living organisms arose from
‘killed yeast’. Spontaneous generation theory was thus dismissed once and for all. Oparin of Russia
and Haldane of England proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-
living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by
chemical evolution, i.e., formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents.
157. The corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids. In our
body, cortisol is the main glucocorticoid. Corticoids, which regulate the balance of water and
electrolytes in our body are called mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid in
our body. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis; and inhibit cellular
uptake and utilisation of amino acids.
Due to action of insulin, there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and
adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, and plays an important role in maintaining the normal blood glucose
levels. Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells (hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis resulting
in an increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
Pg. 11
158. From a study of the history of life on earth through fossil records, it is clear that large-scale loss of
species being currently witnessed has also happened earlier, even before humans appeared on the
scene. During the long period (> 3 billion years) since the origin and diversification of life on earth,
there were five episodes of mass extinction of species.
The ‘Sixth Extinction’ presently in progress is different from the previous episodes in the rates. The
current species extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster than in the pre-human
times and human activities are responsible for the faster rates.
159. Statement II is false, all other statements are true.
Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate
foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells.
The use of vaccines and immunisation programmes have enabled us to completely eradicate a
deadly disease like smallpox. A large number of other infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria,
pneumonia and tetanus have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines.
Due to decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes, the AIDS patient starts suffering from
infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those due to bacteria especially
Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and even parasites like Toxoplasma. The patient becomes so
immuno-deficient that he/she is unable to protect himself/herself against these infections.
160. Statement D is incorrect. In uterine fertilization, either through natural or by IUI, the baby grows
from the zygote stage itself within the uterus and hence it is not a test tube baby.
In vitro fertilisation (IVF–fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the
body) followed by embryo transfer (ET) is one of the methods of assisted reproductive technologies.
In this method, popularly known as test tube baby programme, ova from the wife/donor (female) and
sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated
conditions in the laboratory.
The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian
tube (ZIFT– zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the
uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development. Embryos formed by in-vivo
fertilisation (fusion of gametes within the female) also could be used for such transfer to assist those
females who cannot conceive.
Hence, in test tube baby program, the test tube baby begins growth outside the mother's body but
completes the growth till fully developed foetal stage inside the uterus.
161. The extinct early reptiles about 350 mya during carboniferous period evolved into Synapsids which
further evolved into Pelycosaurs → Therapsids → Mammals. Some of the extinct early reptiles
evolved into Sauropsids which further evolved into Thecodonts late Permian and early Triassic
period. Thecodonts evolved into giant reptiles which dominated the land duirng Triassic and Jurassic
periods. The reptiles and birds evolved from the dinosaus. During the Cretaceous period, the
dinosaurs became extinct. Hence, Sauropsids are the common ancestors of all the dinosaurs, modern
reptiles and birds.
162. The diagram shows the structure of a juxta-medullary nephron of a mammalian kidney.
“A” is the glomerulus where ultrafiltration takes place. “B” is Henle’s loop where concentration of
glomerular filtrate occurs. “C” shows PCT, which is the main site of tubular reabsorption of essential
nutrients and 70-80% of water. “D” shows DCT where selective secretion of hydrogen and
potassium ions and NH3 occurs to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood. Large
amounts of water could be reabsorbed from collecting duct indicated by “E” to produce a
concentrated urine and is sensitive to ADH.
163. An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate these receptors which stimulate the
hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin from the neurohypophysis. In
addition to water reabsorption from nephrons, ADH can also affect the kidney function by its
constrictory effects on blood vessels.
Angiotensin II also activates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone. Aldosterone causes
reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of the tubule. This also leads to an increase in
blood pressure and GFR.
An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor
(ANF). ANF can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood

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 pressure. ANF causes excretion of Na+ and water in the glomerular filtrate. Hence its effect is
antagonistic to renin-angiotensin mechanism.
164. Figure shows the developing foetus in the uterine cavity.
'IV' in the figure is umbillical cord through which placenta is connected to the embryo. It helps in
transporting the substances to and from the embryo ('III; in the figure). 'I' in the figure indicates
placental villi which are finger-like projections seen in the placenta.
Enbryo develops in the uterine cavity. 'II' indicates the yolk sac which is a membranous sac attached
to the embryo and is devoid of yolk in humans.
165. Nearly 20-25% of CO2 is transported by RBCs whereas 70% of it is carried as bicarbonate. About
7% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma. RBCs contain a very high concentration of
the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase and minute quantities of the same is present in the plasma too. This
enzymes catalyses the dissolution of carbon dioxide in plasma and formation of carbonic acid as well
as the reverse of this reaction. The enzyme is also involved in dissociation of carbonic acid into
biocarbonate ion and H+.
At the tissue site where partial pressure of CO2 is high due to catabolism, CO2 diffuses into blood
(RBCs and plasma) and forms HCO3 – and H+. Therefore, if there is increase in CO2 concentration in
blood, it causes a drop in pH leading to increase in the rate of breathing to remove the excess carbon
dioxide by exchange at the alveolar surface and expiration.
166. The diagram shows Macferlane's cascade for the process of blood clotting.
The injured platelates release thromboplastin (A) which converts prothrombin (D) to thrombin (B) in
presence of Ca2+ ions. Thrombin then converts soluble fibrinogen (C) to insoluble fibrin fibers. The
insoluble fibrin fibers form a network in which formed elements of the blood are trapped and
coagulation or clotting of blood takes place.
167. When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively
more permeable to potassium ions (K+) and nearly impermeable to sodium ions (Na+).
When a stimulus is applied, the membrane at the site becomes freely permeable to Na+. This leads to
a rapid influx of Na+ followed by the reversal of the polarity at that site, i.e., the outer surface of the
membrane becomes negatively charged and the inner side becomes positively charged.
The polarity of the membrane at the site is thus reversed and hence the membrane is depolarised.
168. Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract secrete four major peptide
hormones, namely gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions. CCK
acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile
juice, respectively.
GIP inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
169. The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is natural selection. The rate of appearance of new
forms is linked to the life cycle or the life span. Microbes that divide fast have the ability to multiply
and become millions of individuals within hours. A colony of bacteria (say A) growing on a given
medium has built-in variation in terms of ability to utilise a feed component. A change in the
medium composition would bring out only that part of the population (say B) that can survive under
the new conditions. In due course of time this variant population outgrows the others and appears as
new species. This would happen within days.
For the same thing to happen in a fish or fowl would take million of years as life spans of these
animals are in years. Here we say that fitness of B is better than that of A under the new conditions.
Nature selects for fitness. The above mentioned fitness is based on characteristics which are
inherited.
170. Secretory phase or luteal phase of menstrual cycle is postovulatory phase and remains fairly constant
for 14 days post-ovulation. If the released egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates leading
to fall in progesterone levels and breakdown of endometrium.
171. All statements are correct.
Pyramid of energy is always upright, can never be inverted, because when energy flows from a
particular trophic level to the next trophic level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step. Each
bar in the energy pyramid indicates the amount of energy present at each trophic level in a given time
or annually per unit area. Pyramid of energy, hence is as per the laws of thermodynamics.
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 The pyramid of biomass in sea is generally inverted because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of
phytoplankton.
There are certain limitations of ecological pyramids such as it does not take into account the same
species belonging to two or more trophic levels. It assumes a simple food chain, something that
almost never exists in nature; it does not accommodate a food web. Moreover, saprophytes are not
given any place in ecological pyramids even though they play a vital role in the ecosystem.
172. Since the DNA fingerprint/banding pattern of DNA collected from the crime site matches with the
DNA fingerprint of suspect 'II', the suspect 'II' is a criminal.
173. Colour blindness is X-linked recessive disorder. If the Xchromosomes with allele for colour
blindness is indicated as X' and that with allele for normal vision as X, then the genotype of affected
father would be X'Y and that of the carrier mother would be X'X.
In the above mentioned case, the 50% of the sperms would have X' while 50% would have Y and
50% of the eggs would have X' and 50% would have X. If completerandom events of fertilization are
considered, then the possibilities of genotype of offspring are X'X', X'X, X'Y and XY. Hence, the
probability of the child from the above marriage being colour blind is 50%; since X'X' would be
colour blind daughter and X'Y would be colour blind son. X'X would be a carrier daughter with
normal colour vision while XY would be a normal son with normal colour vision.
174. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as the standing
crop. The standing crop is measured as the mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a
unit area. The biomass of a species is expressed in terms of fresh or dry weight..
The base of each pyramid represents the producers or the first trophic level while the apex represents
tertiary or top level consumer. The three types of ecological pyramids that are usually studied
are pyramid of numbers; pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy. Since the pyramid of biomass
represents the biomass of organisms at different trophic levels, it represents the standing crop.
The amount of nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, etc., present in the soil at
any given time, is referred to as the standing state. It varies in different kinds of ecosystems and also
on a seasonal basis.
175.

176. In aneuploidy, one or more chromosomes are added or are less in the set of chromosomes. In
euploidy, entire set of chromosomes is added to make a cell polyploid.
Aneuploidy leads to variation in the number of chromosomes. If a chromosome is lost during mitotic
division or due to failure of splitting of the centromere during anaphase, a cell with one less
chromosome may be formed. The cell will have 19 chromosomes with monosomic condtion.
The other cell may have one additional chromosome to normal set of chromosomes. This cell will
have 21 chromosomes with trisomic condition.
177. Since the pedigree chart shows that phenotypically healthy parents have affected children, the
disorder in autsomal recessive. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal (recessive) disorder. Let 'a' be the
disease causing recessive allele and 'A' be the normal dominant allele.

Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disorder, Haemophilia is a recessive X-linked

disorder and Hairy pinna is a Y-linked trait.
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178. A, C and D are examples of commensalism while algae and fungi in lichens show mutualism or
symbiosis.
Commensalism is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor
benefited. An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a Mango branch, and barnacles growing on the back
of a whale benefit while neither the Mango tree nor the whale derives any apparent benefit.
The cattle egret and grazing cattle in close association is also an example of commensalism. The
egrets always forage close to where the cattle are grazing because the cattle, as they move, stir up
and flush out insects from the vegetation that otherwise might be difficult for the egrets to find and
catch.
Another example of commensalism is the interaction between sea anemone that has stinging
tentacles and the clown fish that lives among them. The fish gets protection from predators which
stay away from the stinging tentacles. The anemone does not appear to derive any benefit by hosting
the clown fish.
179. Gel electrophoresis, which is performed after digestion of DNA with restriction enzymes, separates
the DNA segments.
The technique of DNA Fingerprinting was initially developed by Alec Jeffreys. He used a satellite
DNA as probe that shows very high degree of polymorphism. It was called as Variable Number of
Tandem Repeats (VNTR). The technique, as used earlier, involved Southern blot hybridisation using
radiolabelled VNTR as a probe. It included the following sequential steps:
(i) Isolation of DNA,
(ii) Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases,
(iii) Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis,
(iv) Transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as
nitrocellulose or nylon,
(v) Hybridisation using labelled VNTR probe, and
(vi) Detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography.
180. Statements (i) and (ii) correctly identify the interaction. Statement (iii) is an example of competition
where one interacting species derives benefit while the other is harmed. In some shallow South
American lakes, visiting flamingoes and resident fishes compete for their common food, the
zooplankton in the lake. Statement (i) is an example of parasitism where one of the species derives
benefits and the other interacting species is harmed. Brood parasitism in birds is one of the examples
of parasitism in which the parasitic bird lays its eggs in the nest of its host and lets the host incubate
them. During the course of evolution, the eggs of the parasitic bird have evolved to resemble the
host’s egg in size and colour to reduce the chances of the host bird detecting the foreign eggs and
ejecting them from the nest. The cukoo (koel) laying eggs during the breeding season (spring to
summer) in the crow's nest is an example of brood parastitism.
Statement (ii) is an example of commensalism where one of the interacting species derives benefit
while the other interacting species is neither benefited nor harmed. An orchid growing as an
epiphyte on a mango branch, and barnacles growing on the back of a whale benefit while neither the
mango tree nor the whale derives any apparent benefit. These are the examples of commensalism.

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