PROBLEM 8.

14
KNOWN: Geometry and coolant flow conditions associated with a nuclear fuel rod. Axial
variation of heat generation within the rod.
FIND: (a) Axial variation of local heat flux and total heat transfer rate, (b) Axial variation of
mean coolant temperature, (c) Axial variation of rod surface temperature and location of
maximum temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant fluid properties, (3) Uniform
surface convection coefficient, (4) Negligible axial conduction in rod and fluid, (5)
Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (6) Outer surface is adiabatic.
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the rod,
E in − E out + E=
g 0 − dq + E=
g 0
or
( )
−q′′ (π D dx ) + q o sin (π x/L ) π D 2 / 4 dx=0 q o ( D/4 ) sin (π x/L ) .
q′′ = <
The total heat transfer rate is then

( )
L L
π D2 / 4 q o ∫
∫ q′′ π D dx =
q= sin (π x/L ) dx
0 0

π D2
 L π x  L D2q o L

q = q o  − cos  = (1 + 1)
4  π L  0 4

D2L
q= q o . (1) <
2
(b) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the coolant,
 cp Tm=
m  cp ( Tm +=
+ dq m dTm ) 0.

Hence
 cp d Tm
m = dq
= (p D dx ) q′′

d Tm pp D q o D  x
= sin  .
dx  cp 4
m  L 
Continued …
 PROBLEM 8.14 (Cont.)
Integrating,

D 2 q o
pp x x
Tm ( x )=
− Tm,i ∫ sin dx
4  cp
m 0 L

L D 2 q o  p x
Tm ( x ) =
Tm,i + 1 − cos (2) <
4  cp 
m L 

(c) From Newton’s law of cooling,

q′′ h ( Ts − Tm ) .
=

Hence
q′′
T=
s + Tm
h

q o D pp
x LD2 q o  x
=Ts sin + Tm,i + 1 − cos . <
4h L 4 m cp  L 

To determine the location of the maximum surface temperature, evaluate

d Ts q Dp x LD2 q o
ppp x
= 0= o cos + sin
dx 4hL L 4 m cp L L

or
1 pp
x D x
cos + sin =
0.
hL L m  cp L

Hence
p x  cp
m
tan = −
L DhL
 m  cp 
tan −1  −
L
x= =
 x max . <
p  D h L 
COMMENTS: Note from Eq. (2) that

L D 2q o
Tm,o ( L ) Tm,i +
= Tm =
 cp
2m

which is equivalent to the result obtained by combining Eq. (1) and Eq. 8.34.
 PROBLEM 8.32
KNOWN: Inner and outer diameter of a steel pipe insulated on the outside and experiencing
uniform heat generation. Flow rate and inlet temperature of water flowing through the pipe.
FIND: (a) Pipe length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b) Location and value
of maximum pipe temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Incompressible

liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (4) One-dimensional radial conduction in pipe wall,
(5) Outer surface is adiabatic.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Stainless steel 316 (T ≈ 400K): k = 15 W/m⋅K; Table A-6,
Water ( Tm = 303K ) : c p = 4178 J/kg⋅K, k = 0.617 W/m⋅K, m = 803 × 10 N⋅s/m , Pr = 5.45.
-6 2

ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the inner tube, it
follows that

(
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i =
m q= ) (
q (p /4 ) Do2 − Di2 L )
=
m (
 cp Tm,o − Tm,i
=
) ( 0.1 kg/s ) 4178 ( J/kg ⋅ K ) 20 C
( )
L
q (p /4 ) Do2 − Di2 106 W/m3 (p / 4 ) ( 0.04m ) − ( 0.02m ) 
2 2
 

L = 8.87m. <
(b) The maximum wall temperature exists at the pipe exit (x = L) and the insulated surface (r
= r o ). From Eq. 3.56, the radial temperature distribution in the wall is of the form
q
T (r) =
− r 2 + C1n r + C2 .
4k
Considering the boundary conditions;

dT  q C  o2
qr
r=
ro :  =
0=
− ro + 1 C1 =
dr r = r 2k ro 2k
o

Continued …
 PROBLEM 8.32 (Cont.)

q q r 2 q 2 q ro2
ri : T ( ri ) =
r= − ri2 + o n ri + C2
Ts = C2 = r − n ri + Ts .
4k 2k 4k i 2k
The temperature distribution and the maximum wall temperature (r = r o ) are

T (r) =
−
4k (
q 2 2 q ro2
r − ri +
2k
r
)
n + Ts
ri

T ( ro ) =
Tw,max = −
q 2 2 q ro2
4k
ro − ri + (
2k
n ) ro
ri
+ Ts

where T s , the inner surface temperature of the wall at the exit, follows from

q′′s
=
( =
)
q (π /4 ) Do2 − Di2 L q Do2 − Di2 (
= h Ts − Tm,o
) ( )
π Di L 4 Di
where h is the local convection coefficient at the exit. With
4m  4 × 0.1 kg/s
=ReD = = 7928
π Di m π ( 0.02m ) 803 ×10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2
the flow is turbulent and, with (L/D i ) = (8.87 m/0.02m) = 444 >> (x fd /D) ≈ 10, it is also fully
developed. Hence, from the Gnielinski correlation, Eq. 8.62,

k  (f / 8)(ReD - 1000) Pr 
h=  
Di 1 + 12.7(f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr 2 / 3 - 1) 
 
0.617 W/m ⋅ K  (0.033618)(7928 - 1000)5.45  2
=   = 1796 W/m ⋅ K
1/2 2/3
0.02 m 1 + 12.7(0.033618) (5.45 - 1) 
where from Eq. 8.21, f = (0.790 ln Re D -1.64)-2 = 0.0336. Hence, the inner surface
temperature of the wall at the exit is

= Ts
(
q Do2 − Di2
+= Tm,o
) 106 W/m3 ( 0.04m ) − ( 0.02m ) 

2 2

40 C 48.4C
+=
4 h Di 4 ×1796 W/m ⋅ K ( 0.02m )
2

106 W/m3 
( 0.02m ) − ( 0.01m ) 
2 2
and Tw,max =
−
4 ×15 W/m ⋅ K  

106 W/m3 ( 0.02m )

2
+ 48.4 C =52.6C.
0.02
+ n <
2 ×15 W/m ⋅ K 0.01
COMMENTS: The physical situation corresponds to a uniform surface heat flux, and T m
increases linearly with x. In the fully developed region, T s also increases linearly with x.
 PROBLEM 8.42
KNOWN: Gas-cooled nuclear reactor tube of 20 mm diameter and 780 mm length with helium
-3
heated from 600 K to 1000 K at 8 × 10 kg/s.
FIND: (a) Uniform tube wall temperature required to heat the helium, (b) Outlet temperature and
required flow rate to achieve same removal rate and wall temperature if the coolant gas is air.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and
pressure variation, (3) Fully developed conditions.

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Helium ( Tm = 800K, 1 atm ) : ρ = 0.06272 kg/m , c p = 5193 J/kg⋅K, k
3

= 0.304 W/m⋅K, m = 382 × 10 N⋅s/m , ν = 6.39 × 10 m /s, Pr = 0.654; Air ( Tm = 800K, 1 atm ) :
-7 2 -4 2

3 -3 -6 2
ρ = 0.4354 kg/m , c p = 1099 J/kg⋅K, k = 57.3 × 10 W/m⋅K, ν = 84.93 × 10 m /s, Pr = 0.709.
ANALYSIS: (a) For helium and a constant wall temperature, from Eq. 8.41b,

Ts − Tm,o  PLh 
= exp  − 
Ts − Tm,i  m  cp 
 
where P = πD. For the circular tube,


4m 4 × 8 ×10-3 kg/s
=
Re D = = 1.333 × 104
π Dm π × 0.020 m × 382 ×10 N ⋅ s/m 2
-7

and using the Dittus-Boelter correlation for turbulent, fully developed flow,

( )
4/5
0.023 Re4/5
Nu = D Pr
0.4 =
0.023 1.333 × 104 ( 0.654 )0.4 =
38.7

h = Nu ⋅ k/D =38.7 × 0.304 W/m ⋅ K/0.02 m =588 W/m2 ⋅ K.

Hence, the surface temperature is

Ts - 1000 K  p ( 0.020 m ) × 0.780 m × 588 W/m2 ⋅ K 

exp  -
= =0.500
Ts - 600 K  8 × 10-3 kg/s × 5193 J/kg ⋅ K 

Ts = 1400 K. <
The heat rate with helium coolant is

(
 c p Tm,o − Tm,i =
q=
m )
8 × 10−3 kg/s × 5193 J/kg ⋅ K (1000 − 600 ) K =
16.62 kW.

Continued …
 PROBLEM 8.42 (Cont.)
(b) For the same heat removal rate (q) and wall temperature (T s ) with air supplied at T m,i , the
relevant relations are

= =
q 16,620  a cp Tm,o − Tm,i
W m ( ) (1)

Ts − Tm,o  PLh 
= exp  − a  (2)
Ts − Tm,i  
m a p 
c

a
4m hD
=Re = 0.023 Re4/5
D Pr
0.4 (3,4)
π Dm k

 are unknown. An iterative solution is required: assume a value of T m,o and find
where T m,o and m
 from Eq. (1); use m
m  in Eqs. (3) and (4) to find h and then Eq. (2) to evaluate T m,o ; compare
results and iterate. Using thermophysical properties of air evaluated at Tm = 800K, the above
relations, written in the order they would be used in the iteration, become
15.1
a =
m (5)
Tm,o − 600

 a4/5
ha = 5600m (6)

Tm,o= 1400 K - 800 K × exp  -4.459 × 10-5 ( ha / m

 a ) (7)
 
Results of the iterative solution are

Trial T m,o (K)  (kg/s)

m ha ( W/m2 ⋅ K ) T m,o (K)
(Assumed) Eq. (5) Eq. (6) Eq. (7)
-2
1 1000 3.781 × 10 407 905
-2
2 950 4.321 × 10 453 899
-2
3 900 5.041 × 10 513 891
-2
4 890 5.215 × 10 527 890
Hence, we find

m 5.22 ×10−2 kg/s

a = Tm,o =
890 K. <
COMMENTS: To achieve the same cooling rate with air, the required mass rate is 6.5 times that
obtained with helium.
 PROBLEM 8.56
KNOWN: Flow conditions associated with water passing through a pipe and air flowing over the
pipe.
FIND: (a) Differential equation which determines the variation of the mixed-mean temperature of the
water, (b) Heat transfer rate per unit length of pipe at the inlet and outlet temperature of the water.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature drop across the pipe wall, (2) Negligible radiation
exchange between outer surface of insulation and surroundings, (3) Fully developed flow throughout
pipe, (4) Water is incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (T m,i = 200°C): c p,w = 4500 J/kg⋅K, m w = 134 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
-6 2
k w = 0.665 W/m⋅K, Pr w = 0.91; Table A-4, Air (T ∞ = -10°C): ν a = 12.6 × 10 m /s, k a = 0.023
W/m⋅K, Pr a = 0.71, Pr s ≈ 0.7.
ANALYSIS: (a) Following the development of Section 8.3.1 and applying Eq. 1.12e to a differential
element in the water, we obtain

 cp,w dTm
dq = −m

where dq Ui dAi ( Tm −=
= T∞ ) Uiπ D dx ( Tm − T∞ ) .
Substituting into the energy balance, it follows that
d Tm Up D
− i
=
 cp
( Tm − T∞ ) . (1) <
dx m
The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area may be evaluated from Eq. 3.36
which, for the present conditions, reduces to
1
Ui = . (2)
1 D  D + 2t  D 1
+ n  +
h i 2k  D  D + 2t h o
For the inner water flow, Eq. 8.6 gives

4m 4 × 2 kg/s
=
ReD = = 19, 004.
π Dm w π (1 m ) ×134 ×10−6 kg/s ⋅ m
Continued …
 PROBLEM 8.56 (Cont.)
Hence, the flow is turbulent. With the assumption of fully developed conditions, it follows from Eq.
8.60 that
kw
=hi × 0.023 Re4/5 0.3
D Prw . (3)
D
For the external air flow
V ( D+2t ) 4 m/s (1.3m )
Re=
D = = 4.13 ×105.
ν −6 2
12.6 ×10 m / s
Using Eq. 7.53 to obtain the outside convection coefficient,
ka
Pra0.37 ( Pra / Prs ) .
1/ 4
=ho × 0.076 Re0.7 (4)
( D + 2t ) D

(b) The heat transfer rate per unit length of pipe at the inlet is

=q′ π D Ui Tm,i − T∞ . ( ) (5)

From Eqs. (3 and 4),
0.665 W/m ⋅ K
× 0.023 (19, 004 ) ( 0.91)0.3 =
4/5
hi = 39.4 W/m 2 ⋅ K
1m
0.023 W/m ⋅ K
( )
0.7
ho = × 0.076 4.13 ×105 ( 0.71)0.37 (1)1/ 4 = 10.1 W/m2 ⋅ K.
(1.3 m )
Hence, from Eq. (2)
−1
 1 1m  1.3  1 1 
=Ui  + n   + × =  0.37 W/m 2 ⋅ K
 39.4 W/m ⋅ K 0.1 W/m ⋅ K  1  1.3 10.1 W/m ⋅ K 
2 2

and from Eq. (5)

=q′ π (1 m ) 0.37 W/m 2 ⋅ K ( ) (= 

200 + 10 ) C 244 W/m. <
Since U i is a constant, independent of x, Eq. (1) may be integrated from x = 0 to x = L. The result is
Eq. 8.45a.

T∞ − Tm,o  pp DL   × 1m × 500m 
=exp  − Ui  =
exp  − × 0.37 W/m 2 ⋅ K 
T∞ − Tm,i     2 kg/s × 4500 J/kg ⋅ K 
 m cp,w 
T∞ − Tm,o
Hence = 0.937.
T∞ − Tm,i

(
Tm,o =T∞ + 0.937 Tm,i − T∞ =187 C. ) <
COMMENTS: The largest contribution to the denominator on the right-hand side of Eq. (2) is made
by the conduction term (the insulation provides 96% of the total resistance to heat transfer). For this
reason the assumption of fully developed conditions throughout the pipe has a negligible effect on the
calculations. Since the reduction in T m is small (13°C), little error is incurred by evaluating all
properties of water at T m,i .
 PROBLEM 8.58
KNOWN: Temperature recorded by a thermocouple inserted in a stack containing flue gases with a
prescribed flow rate. Diameters and emissivities of thermocouple tube and gas stack. Conditions
associated with stack surroundings.
FIND: Equations for predicting thermocouple error and error associated with prescribed conditions.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Flue gas has properties of air at T g ≈ 327°C, (3)
Stack forms a large enclosure about the thermocouple tube and surroundings form a large enclosure
around the stack, (4) Stack surface energy balance is unaffected by heat loss to tube, (5) Gas flow is
fully developed, (6) Negligible conduction along thermocouple tube, (7) Stack wall is thin.
3 -7 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T g ≈ 600K, p g = 1 atm): ρ = 0.58 kg/m , m = 305.8 × 10 N⋅s/m ,
-6 2
ν = 52.7× 10 m /s, k = 0.0469 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.685.
ANALYSIS: Determination of the thermocouple error necessitates determining the gas temperature
T g and relating it to the thermocouple temperature T t . From an energy balance applied to a control
surface about the thermocouple,
q=
conv q rad or ( ) (
− Tt ε ts A t Tt4 − Ts4 .
h t A t Tg= )
Hence Tg =
ht
εs
(
Tt + t Tt4 − Ts4 . ) (1) <

However, T s is unknown and must be determined from an energy balance on the stack wall.
q=
conv,i q conv,o + q rad

(
h i As Tg −= ) (
Ts h o As ( Ts − T∞ ) + ε ss As Ts4 − Tsur
4
)
or
h
hi
εs
hi (
Tg =Ts + o ( Ts − T∞ ) + s Ts4 − Tsur
4 .
) (2) <

T g and T s may be determined by simultaneously solving Eqs. (1) and (2). For the prescribed
conditions

=
ReDt =
ρ VD t ρ m ( =
)
 g / ρπ Ds2 / 4 D t 4 m
 g Dt
=
4 ×1 kg/s × 0.01 m
= 1157.
m m πm Ds2 π × 305.8 ×10-7 N ⋅ s/m 2 ( 0.6 m )2
Continued …
 PROBLEM 8.58 (Cont.)
Assuming (Pr/Pr s ) = 1, it follows from the Zukauskus correlation

Nu D = 0.26Re0.6
Dt Pr
0.37

where C = 0.26 and m = 0.6 from Table 7.4. Hence

0.0469 W/m ⋅ K
=
ht (1157 )0.6 ( 0.685)0.37 × 0.26
= 73 W/m2 ⋅ K.
0.01 m
0.8 × 5.67 ×10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4
Hence, from Eq. (1) Tg =
573 K +
2
73 W/m ⋅ K
(
5734 − Ts4 K 4 )
Tg =573 K + 67 K − 6.214 ×10−10Ts4 =640 − 6.214 ×10−10 Ts4 . (1a)

4mg 4 ×1 kg/s
Also, Re=
Ds = = 6.94 ×104
−
π Ds m π ( 0.6 m ) 305.8 ×10 N ⋅ s/m 2
7

and the gas flow is turbulent. Hence from the Dittus-Boelter correlation,

hi =
k
Ds
0.023Re4/5
Ds Pr
0.6 m ( )
0.3 = 0.0469 W/m ⋅ K × 0.023 6.94 × 104 4 / 5 × 0.685 0.3 = 12 W/m 2 ⋅ K.
( )
Hence from Eq. (2)
0.8 × 5.67 ×10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4  4
Ts − 3004  K 4
25
Tg =
Ts + ( Ts − 300 K ) + 2 
 
12 12 W/m ⋅ K
Ts + 2.083Ts − 625 K + 3.78 × 10−9Ts4 − 30.6 K =
Tg = −655.6 K + 3.083Ts + 3.78 × 10−9 Ts4 . (2a)

Solve Eqs. (1a) and (2a) by trial-and-error. Assume values for T s and determine T g from (1a) and
(2a). Continue until values of T g agree.

T s (K) T g (K) → (1a) T g (K) → (2a)

400 624 674
375 628 575
387 626 622
388 626 626
Hence = =
Ts 388 K, Tg 626 K

and the thermocouple error is Tg − T= K 53C.

t 626 K − 573 = <
COMMENTS: The thermocouple error results from radiation exchange between the thermocouple
tube and the cooler stack wall. Anything done to ↑ T s would ↓ this error (e.g., ↓ h o or ↑ T ∞ and
T sur ). The error also ↓ with ↑ h t . The error could be reduced by installing a radiation shield around
the tube.
 PROBLEM 8.63
KNOWN: Dimensions, surface temperature and thermal conductivity of a cold plate. Velocity, inlet
temperature, and properties of coolant.
FIND: (a) Model for determining the heat rate q and outlet temperature, T m,o , (b) Values of q and T m,o
for prescribed conditions.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous
dissipation, (3) Constant properties, (4) Symmetry about the midplane (horizontal) of the cold plate and
the midplane (vertical) of each cooling channel, (5) Negligible heat transfer at sidewalls of cold plate, (6)
One-dimensional conduction from outer surface of cold plate to base surface of channel and within the
channel side walls, which act as extended surfaces.
PROPERTIES: Water (prescribed): ρ = 984 kg/m3, c p = 4184 J/kg⋅K, m = 489 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.65
W/m⋅K, Pr = 3.15.
ANALYSIS: (a) The outlet temperature, T m,o , may be determined from the energy balance prescribed by
Eq. 8.45b,

Ts − Tm,o  1 
= exp  − 
Ts − Tm,i  m  1cp R tot 
 
where m  1 = ρu m A c is the flowrate for a single channel and R tot is the total resistance to heat transfer
between the cold plate surface and the coolant for a particular channel. This resistance may be
determined from the symmetrical section shown schematically, which represents one-half of the cell
associated with a full channel. With the number of channels (and cells) corresponding to N = W/S, there
are 2N = 2(W/S) symmetrical sections, and the total resistance R tot of a cell is one-half that of a
symmetrical section. Hence, R tot = R ss /2, where the resistance of the symmetrical section includes the
effect of conduction through the outer wall of the cold plate and convection from the inner surfaces.
Hence,

=R ss
(H − h) 2 + 1
k cp ( SW ) ho hA t

where A t = A f + A b = 2(h/2 × W) + (w × W), h is the average convection coefficient for the channel
flow, and h o is the overall surface efficiency.
A
1 − f (1 − f )
ηη
o=
At
Continued...
 PROBLEM 8.63 (Cont.)
The efficiency h f corresponds to that of a straight, rectangular fin with an adiabatic tip, Eq. 3.92, and L c
= w/2. With D h= 4A c P= 4w 2 4w= w= 0.006 m , Re D = ρ u m D h m = 984 kg/m3 × 2 m/s × 0.006
h
m/489 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 = 24,150 and the channel flow is turbulent. Assuming fully-developed flow
throughout the channel, the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, may therefore be used to evaluate h ,
where
Nu D ≈ Nu D,fd = 0.023Re4D/ 5 Pr 0.4
The total heat rate for the cold plate may be expressed as
= =
q Nq  1cp Tm,o − Tm,i
1 Nm ( )
(b) For the prescribed conditions,

u m A c 984 kg m3 ( 2 m s )( 0.006 m)
 1 ρ= 2
=m = 0.0708 kg s

= =
Nu D 0.023 ( 24,150 ) ( 3.15 ) 116.8
4/5 0.4

h= 116.8 ( 0.65 W m ⋅ K ) ( 0.006 m ) =

116.8 k D h = 12, 650 W m 2 ⋅ K
Af =2(h 2× W) = 6 10−4 m 2
2 ( 0.003 m × 0.1m ) =×

At = 6 10−4 m 2 + ( 0.006 m × 0.1m ) =

A f + A b =× 1.2 × 10−3 m 2

( )1/ 2
With m = hPf k cp A cf=  h ( 2δ + 2W ) k cp ( δ W ) 
1/ 2
= [12,650 W/m2⋅K(0.008 + 0.200)m/400
W/m⋅K(0.004 × 0.100)m2]1/2 = 128.2 m-1.
tanh m ( h 2 ) tanh (128.2 × 0.003) 0.366
= hf = = = 0.952
m ( h 2) 128.2 × 0.003 0.385
1 − 0.5 (1 − 0.952 ) =
ηo = 0.976
( 0.010 − 0.006 ) m 2 1
= +
(12650 W m2 ⋅ K )1.2 ×10−3 m2
R ss
400 W m ⋅ K ( 0.01m × 0.1m ) 0.976

R ss = ( 0.005 + 0.0675 ) K W = 0.0725 K W

With R tot = R ss /2 = 0.0362 K/W,
Ts − Tm,o  1 
= exp  − =0.911
Ts − Tm,i  0.0708 kg s × 4184 J kg ⋅ K × 0.0362 K W 

Tm,o =− (
Ts 0.911 Ts − Tm,i = )
360 K − 0.911( 360 − 300 ) K =
305.3 K <
The total heat rate is
q= (
 1c p Tm,o − Tm,i =×
Nm )
10 0.0708 kg s × 4184 J kg ⋅ K ( 305.3 − 300 ) K =
15, 700 W <
COMMENTS: (1) The prescribed properties correspond to a value of Tm which significantly exceeds
that obtained from the foregoing solution ( Tm = 302.6 K). Hence, the calculations should be repeated
using more appropriate thermophysical properties. (2) From Eq. 3.90, the effectiveness of the extended
surface is

=ε R=
t,b R t,f ( hδ W )−1 ( hA
= f hf )
−1
( A f hf (
δ W ) = 6 × 10
−4 2
m × 0.954 ) ( 0.004 m × 0.10 m ) = 1.43.
Hence, the ribs are only marginally effective in enhancing heat transfer to the coolant.
 PROBLEM 8.65
KNOWN: Dimensions of semi-circular copper tubes in contact at plane surfaces. Thermal contact
resistance. Tube flow conditions.
FIND: (a) Heat rate per unit tube length, and (b) The effect on the heat rate when the fluids are ethylene
glycol, the exchanger tube is fabricated from an aluminum alloy, or the exchanger tube thickness is
increased.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Adiabatic outer surface, (4)
Fully developed flow, (5) Negligible heat loss to surroundings.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Copper (T ≈ 300 K): k = 400 W/m⋅K; Water (given): m = 800 × 10-6
kg/s⋅m, k = 0.625 W/m⋅K, Pr = 5.35.
ANALYSIS: (a,b) Heat transfer from the hot to cold fluids is enhanced by conduction through the semi-
circular portions of the tube walls. The walls may be approximated as straight fins with an insulated tip,
and the thermal circuit is shown below.

Note that, since each semi-circular surface is insulated on one side, surfaces may be combined to yield a
single fin of thickness 2t with convection on both sides. Also, due to the equivalent geometry and the
assumption of constant properties, there is symmetry on opposite sides of the contact resistance. From
the thermal circuit, the heat rate is
Th,m − Tc,m
q′ = (1)
R ′tot
For flow through the semi-circular tube,
r u m Dh mD
 h 4mA c 4m  4m
Re= = = = = (2)
D
m A c m A c Pm Pm ( 2ri + π ri ) m
4 × 0.2 kg s
ReD = 9725
( 2 + π ) 0.02 m × 800 ×10−6 kg s ⋅ m
the flow is turbulent. Using the Gnielinski correlation, since Re D < 10,000
(f / 8)(ReD − 1000) Pr
=Nu D = 69.9 (3)
1 + 12.7(f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr 2 / 3 − 1)

Continued...
 PROBLEM 8.65 (Cont.)

where f = (0.79ln(Re D )-1.64)-2 = 0.0317

=Dh =
4A c 4 π ri 2
2
(
=
2π ) =
0.02 m 0.0244 m (4)
P (π + 2 ) ri π + 2
k 0.625
= =
h Nu D 69.9= 1790 W m 2 ⋅ K . (5)
Dh 0.0244
Find now values for the thermal resistance of the circuit.
1 1
R ′conv
= = = 0.0140 m ⋅ K W (6)
2ri h ( 0.04 m ) 1790 W m 2 ⋅K

qb 1
R ′fin
= = (7)
q′f ( hP′kA′c )1/ 2 tanh ( hP kAc ) L
= ri 2 π ( 0.01m
L π= = ) 0.0314 m A c =2t ⋅1m =0.006 m 2 P ≈ 2.1 m (8,9,10)

( )
1/ 2
( hP′kA=
′c )1/ 2 1790 W m 2 ⋅ K × 2 m m × 400 W m ⋅ K × 0.006 m 2=
s 92.7 W K ⋅ m

( )
1/ 2
( hP kA
= c)
1/ 2
L 1790 W m 2 ⋅ K × 2 m 400 W m ⋅ K × 0.006 m 2 =
0.0314 m 1.21
1
R ′fin
= = 0.0129 m ⋅ K W (11)
92.7 W m ⋅ K ( 0.838 )

1.875 ×10−4 m ⋅ K W
t 0.003m
R ′cond = = = (12)
2kri 2 ( 400 W m ⋅ K )( 0.02 m )
R ′′t,c 10−5 m 2 ⋅ K W
R ′t,c = = 2.5 10−4 m ⋅ K W
=× (13)
2ri 2 ( 0.02 m )
The equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit is

(
R ′eq= R ′fin conv ()
−1 + R ′−1 −1= 77.6 W m ⋅ K + 71.5 W m ⋅ K −1= 6.70 × 10−3 m ⋅ K W (14)
)
Hence
(
R ′tot =2 R ′eq + R ′cond + R ′t,c ) (15)

R ′tot
 ( )
=  2 6.70 ×10−3 + 1.875 ×10−4 + 2.50 ×10−4  m ⋅ K W

= 0.0140 m ⋅ K W

=q′
( 330 − 290 ) K
= 2850 W m . <
0.0140 m ⋅ K W
(c) Using the IHT Workspace with the foregoing equations, analyses were performed and the results
summarized in the table below. The “Conditions” are described below; the “Change” is relative to the
base case condition.
Continued …
 PROBLEM 8.65 (Cont.)

Condition* R ′conv × 10
4
R ′fin × 104 R ′cond × 104 R ′tot × 104 R ′eq × 104 q′ Change
(m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (m⋅K/W) (W/m) (%)
Base case 140 129 1.88 140 67.0 2850 --
Ethylene glycol 6550 4210 1.88 5130 2560 77.9 -97
Aluminum alloy 140 171 4.24 165 76.9 2430 -15
Thicker tube 140 120 2.50 136 64.4 2930 +2.8

*Conditions: change from base case

Base case - water, copper (k = 400 W/m⋅K), t = 3 mm
Ethylene glycol - ethylene glycol instead of water, Re D = 727, laminar, Nu D = 3.66 estimated
Aluminum alloy - alloy (k = 177 W/m⋅K) instead of copper
Thicker tube - t = 4 mm instead of 3 mm

As expected, using ethylene glycol as the working fluid would decrease the heat rate, especially because
the flow becomes laminar. Note that R ′conv is the dominate resistance since the convection coefficient
is considerably reduced compared to that with water. Using aluminum alloy, rather than copper, as the
tube material reduces the heat rate by 14%. Conduction-convection (fin) in the tube wall is important as
can be seen by examining the change in R ′fin relative to the base condition. Increasing the tube wall
thickness for the copper tube exchanger from 3 to 4 mm had only a marginal positive effect on the heat
rate.

COMMENTS: A more accurate calculation would account for the absence of symmetry about the
contact plane. Evaluation of water properties at T h,m = 330 K and T c,m = 290 K yields h h = 1930 W/m2⋅K
and h c = 1470 W/m2⋅K.
 PROBLEM 8.101
KNOWN: Air flow rate through trachea of diameter D and length L.
FIND: (a) Average mass transfer convection coefficient, h m , and (b) Rate of water loss per day
(liter/day).
SCHEMATIC:
Tm = 310 K
VB = 10 liter/min
rA,m,i = 0 Trachea
D = 20 mm
L = 125 mm Water (A)
rA,s (Ts)
Ts = 37oC

rA,m,o

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Trachea can be approximated as a smooth tube with uniform surface
temperature, (2) Laminar, fully developed flow, (3) Trachea inner surface is saturated with water at
body temperature, T s = 37°C, (4) Negligible water vapor in air at 310 K during inhalation, and (5)
Heat-mass analogy is applicable.
3 -5 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (310 K, 1 atm): r B = 1.128 kg/m , m = 1.893 × 10 N⋅s/m ; Table
3 3
A-6, Water (T s = 37°C = 310 K): r A,f = 993 kg/m , r A,g = 0.04361 kg/m ; Table A-8, Water-vapor
-4 3/2 -5 2
air (310 K, 1 atm): D AB = 0.26 × 10 (310/298) = 2.76 × 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: (a) Begin by characterizing the air (B) flow in the trachea modeled as a smooth tube,
4m ∀ 4∀∀ρ
=
Re = B
D
π Dm π Dm
4 × 10 liter / min× 10−3 m3 / liter × 1min/ 60s × 1.128 kg / m3
Re D = 632
π × 0.020 m × 1.893 × 10−5 N ⋅ s / m 2
Hence, the flow is laminar, and for fully developed conditions and invoking the heat-mass analogy
=
Nu D Sh = D 3.66 =Sh h m D / D AB

h m = 3.66 D AB / D = 3.66 × 2.76 × 10−5 m 2 / s / 0.020 m = 0.0050 m / s <

(b) The species (A) transfer rate equation, Eq. 8.83, has the form
= n A h m As ∆ρ A, m

∆ρ A, m =
(
ρρρρ ) (
A,s − A,m,o − A,s − A,m,i )
(
m  ρρρρ )(
A,s − A,m,o / A,s − A,m,i )
where the mean outlet species density, r A,m,o , can be determined from Eq. 8.86
ρρA,s − A,m,o  h ρ PL 
= exp  − m 
ρρA,s − A,m,i  m 
∀ / ρ = u m A c = ∀B . Substituting numerical values with P = πD, find
where m
−6
ρ A,m,o
= 0.009233 n=A 1.54 × 10 kg / s
The volumetric rate of water loss on a daily basis, assuming a 12 hour inhalation period, is
 =
VA ( )
1.54 × 10−6 kg / s / 993 kg / m3 × 103 liter / m3 × ( 3600 s / h × 24 h / day )

 = 0.134 liter / day

V <
A