ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ

ΑΚΑΔΗΜΙΩΝ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΥ ΝΑΥΤΙΚΟΥ

XΡΥΣΟΥΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΙΟΝ
ΑΚΑΔΗΜΙΑΣ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ

MARITIME ENGLISH
for engine officers volume 1

ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ
PARASKEVI L. PAPALEONIDA

2nd edition
 Ι Δ ΡΥ Μ Α Ε Υ Γ Ε Ν Ι ΔΟΥ
Β Ι Β Λ Ι Ο Θ Η Κ Η ΤΟΥ Ν ΑΥ Τ Ι Κ ΟΥ

MARITIME ENGLISH
FO R E N G I N E O F F I C E R S

VOLUME I

PARASKEVI L. PAPALEONIDA
Maritime English Instructor
Merchant Marine Academy of Macedonia (AEN MAKEDONIAS)

2 n d edition

ΑΘΗΝΑ
2024
 PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION
The Publications Committee of the Eugenides Foundation, taking into account feedback from the
teachers at the Merchant Marine Academies, has decided to restructure the books Maritime English
Volume I & Volume II and create two new textbooks, titled:
• Maritime English for Deck Officers (Vol. I and Vol. II) and
• Maritime English for Engine Officers (Vol. I and Vol. II)
These new books are tailored to the two different fields of expertise, catering to the needs of Deck
Officers and Marine Engineers respectively.
Each book comprises two volumes, with one volume covering semesters 1, 2, 3 and the other vol-
ume covering semesters 4, 5, 6. This restructuring aims to enhance the usability of the books for stu-
dents at the Academies.
The content of the books aligns completely with the current syllabus of the Maritime English course,
covering the entire course syllabus as per the curriculum. The primary objective is to assist students in
comprehensively understanding and applying the subject matter, based on the specifications of the In-
ternational Maritime Organisation (IMO Model Course 3.17 Maritime English). The length of the books
corresponds to the teaching hours specified in the curricula and adheres to the recommendations of
the Publications Committee of the Eugenides Foundation.
At the same time, the books have been enriched with theoretical texts as well as revision exercises,
to meet the modern requirements of shipping and aid the learning process. The new elements incorpo-
rated into the books include:
• An introductory overview outlining the learning objectives of each unit.
• Summarised versions of the relevant theory presented in each unit, providing concise explana-
tions of key topics.
• Comprehensive revision exercises, featured in the Review Units.
• An appendix containing useful abbreviations to aid students in understanding maritime termi-
nology.
The present volume, Maritime English for Engine Officers Vol. I, serves as a teaching aid for the Mari-
time English course designed for Engine Officers, covering semesters 1, 2 and 3. The teaching material
is structured as follows: six units for semester 1; eight units for semester 2; seven units for semester 3.
Additionally, three Review Units are included, featuring integrated activities to consolidate the relevant
terminology and expand on specific topics.
The Standard Marine Communication Phrases (IMO SMCP) are practised throughout the individual
units, depending on the topic being covered.
The books in the Maritime English series are designed to equip students with the language skills
necessary to communicate confidently and fluently in their professional roles as Merchant Marine Of-
ficers. Emphasis is placed on developing the communicative competence of Watchkeeping Officers in
English (a requirement of STCW 78/95, as amended) in the context of teaching English for Specific Pur-
poses. Throughout the series, there is an emphasis on engaging students in interactive activities that
simulate communicative situations encountered in the maritime industry, based on contemporary ma-
terial of maritime interest.
All units of the books feature numerous listening comprehension activities. The corresponding au-
dio material can be downloaded from the Eugenides Foundation website, specifically from the section
titled “The Seafarer’s Library” (1967 to date) - Textbooks for students (https://www.eef.edu.gr/el).
The books are aimed at mixed-ability classes and for this reason an effort has been made to offer
 the instructor the flexibility to choose, depending on the level of the class, from a variety of teaching
material. The language skills practised in each exercise, as well as its central focus, are indicated by
special symbols, as follows: a) Speaking, b) Reading, c) Writing, d) Class discussion, e) Self-assessment
f) Pair work, g) Group work, h) Information and i) Listening comprehension.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

After each text, a ‘Glossary’ is provided, listing synonyms or definitions related to the vocabulary
used in the text. This serves as a reference point for vocabulary practice and review, encouraging stu-
dents to keep their own English-English vocabulary notes.
In addition, grammatical structures found in the individual topics are presented in Appendix III:
Grammar. A reference to this appendix is made whenever a particular grammatical phenomenon is
introduced in exercises, allowing students to refer to it if needed.
I would like to thank the Publications Committee of the Eugenides Foundation for their support
throughout the update of the books. It has been a pleasure to continue collaborating with the highly-
skilled staff of the Foundation’s Publishing Department, whose dedicated efforts ensured the presenta-
tion of the updated version of the work is more comprehensive and refined. I am also grateful to the
scientific consultant of the book, Mr. Georgios Dounavis, Maritime English Instructor at the Merchant
Marine Academy of Syros (AEN Syrou), for our fruitful cooperation.
Special mention is due to Piraeus Traffic VTS Centre for kindly providing recorded material concern-
ing communications during routine marine traffic.
I would like to express my gratitude to those colleagues, English teachers, as well as Captains and
Engineers working in Maritime Education, who have provided invaluable advice and assistance during
the research and collection of necessary material for the project.
Finally, I extend special thanks to all the students of AEN Makedonias whose enthusiastic participa-
tion and contributions, including providing photographs from their private collections and assisting in
the creation of audio material, have greatly enriched the project.

The author

A few words about the author

Paraskevi Papaleonida has been teaching Maritime English at the Merchant Marine Academy of Macedo-
nia (AEN Makedonias) since 1995. Trained at the IMO World Maritime University in creating teaching materials,
she holds membership in IMLA (International Maritime Lecturers' Association) and her research focuses on the
communicative competence of seafarers. She actively contributes, as a text creator, editor and proofreader, to
the development of e-learning maritime content and Maritime English Language Assessment products.
She earned with distinction her PhD in English Studies from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
(Greece) and also holds an interdisciplinary MA in English and Women’s Studies from the University of York
(UK). She has served as a Contract Lecturer at the English Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
taught English for Specific Purposes in vocational training institutes and worked as an Oral Examiner in
English Language Certification Examinations.

x
 CONTENTS

UNIT 1
Workshop Tools

1.1 Machining & hand tools used in metal work......................................................................................................................4

1.1.1 Measuring.............................................................................................................................................................................8
1.1.2 Cutting...................................................................................................................................................................................9
1.1.3 Machining and hammering...........................................................................................................................................9
1.1.4 Drilling................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
1.1.5 Reaming............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.1.6 Finishing: filing, scraping, rasping............................................................................................................................. 12
1.1.7 Spanners / wrenches..................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.8 Nuts and bolts.................................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.1.9 Screws................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.2 Round-up..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

UNIT 2
Marine Diesel Engine Components
2.1 Diesel engines and their parts.............................................................................................................................................. 22
2.1.1 Diesel Engines.................................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.2 Types of marine diesel engine.............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.3 Round-up..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

UNIT 3
The Seafarer
3.1 Welcome on board. What is your seaman’s book number?....................................................................................... 34
3.2 Personal Information / Cadet Application Form ........................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Merchant marine engine officer: Job profile................................................................................................................... 38
3.4 Ranks and roles: Officers......................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.5 Ranks and roles: Duties of engineer/deck cadets.......................................................................................................... 46
3.6 Ranks and roles: Ratings......................................................................................................................................................... 50
3.7 Round-up..................................................................................................................................................................................... 51

UNIT 4
Ship Familiarisation
4.1 Identifying parts of the vessel on diagrams.................................................................................................................... 54
4.1.1 Introduction: a multi-purpose dry cargo ship...................................................................................................... 54
4.1.2 Terminology development.......................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2 Shipboard positions................................................................................................................................................................. 59
4.3 Terminology practice on parts of the ship....................................................................................................................... 60
4.4 The Superstructure / Facilities in the accommodation................................................................................................ 63
4.5 Recognising Ships..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
4.6 Merchant Vessels....................................................................................................................................................................... 70
 4.6.1 Types of merchant vessels........................................................................................................................................... 70
4.7 Special Duty Vessels................................................................................................................................................................. 76
4.8 Round-up..................................................................................................................................................................................... 80

UNIT 5
Safety Equipment On Board
5.1 Safety of Life at Sea: The Convention................................................................................................................................. 85
5.1.1 SOLAS and the LSA Code............................................................................................................................................. 85
5.1.2 Amendments to SOLAS '74 – the “Carriage of Immersion Suits” example................................................. 86
5.2 IMO Safety Signs........................................................................................................................................................................ 88
5.3 Safety On Board: Oral Commands....................................................................................................................................... 90
5.4 Location and Purpose of Safety Equipment.................................................................................................................... 90
5.4.1 Where is the safety equipment? – checklists, inventories and safety plans ............................................. 90
5.4.2 When do you require life-saving equipment?...................................................................................................... 95
5.5 SOLAS requirements: Surviving Disaster.......................................................................................................................... 96
5.5.1 The Titanic and SOLAS................................................................................................................................................... 96
5.5.2 Describing survival equipment in writing............................................................................................................. 98
5.6 Round-up..................................................................................................................................................................................... 99

UNIT 6
Work Activities On Board
6.1 What is happening on board now?...................................................................................................................................102
6.1.1 Work routines / activities taking place on board...............................................................................................103
6.2 Daily Routines...........................................................................................................................................................................107
6.3 Standard Engine Orders........................................................................................................................................................109
6.4 Round-up...................................................................................................................................................................................114

REVIEW 1
Units 1-6
1. The building of a two-stroke Diesel Engine.....................................................................................................................116
2. Electric Propulsion.....................................................................................................................................................................118
3. Announcement: The vessel....................................................................................................................................................118
4. Crew Ranks ................................................................................................................................................................................119
5. Terminology Work......................................................................................................................................................................119

UNIT 7
Diesel Engine Operation
7.1 The engine room.....................................................................................................................................................................130
7.2 Diesel engine components revision.................................................................................................................................132
7.3 The 4-stroke and 2-stroke cycles........................................................................................................................................137
7.4 The turbocharger.....................................................................................................................................................................142
7.5 Round-up...................................................................................................................................................................................143

xii
 UNIT 8
Boilers
8.1 Boiler components.................................................................................................................................................................148
8.2 Types of boilers........................................................................................................................................................................150
8.3 Boiler mountings.....................................................................................................................................................................153
8.4 Round-up...................................................................................................................................................................................155

UNIT 9
Steam Engines
9.1 Marine steam power plants.................................................................................................................................................158
9.2 Steam turbines.........................................................................................................................................................................159
9.3 Round-up...................................................................................................................................................................................163

UNIT 10
Auxiliary Machinery
10.1 Auxiliary machinery and its uses on board.................................................................................................................166
10.2 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................171

UNIT 11
Pumps
11.1 Types of pumps and their uses on board.....................................................................................................................174
11.2 Displacement pumps..........................................................................................................................................................176
11.3 Centrifugal pumps................................................................................................................................................................178
11.4 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................181

UNIT 12
Visitors on Βoard
12.1 People's physical appearance..........................................................................................................................................184
12.2 Clothing for work and casual wear.................................................................................................................................186
12.3 People's character.................................................................................................................................................................188
12.4 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................191

UNIT 13
Emergency Οn Βoard
13.1 Types of emergency & distress communications......................................................................................................194
13.2 Emergency and Rescue procedures / situations.......................................................................................................197
13.2.1 Person Overboard....................................................................................................................................................197
13.2.2 Urgent commands and “must”............................................................................................................................200
13.2.3 Hypothermia.............................................................................................................................................................202
13.2.4 Enclosed space entry..............................................................................................................................................203
13.2.5 Oil pollution...............................................................................................................................................................206
13.3 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................207

xiii
 UNIT 14
Vessel Particulars and Specifications
14.1 Comparing vessels...............................................................................................................................................................210
14.1.1 Vessel particulars and technical specifications.............................................................................................210
14.1.2 What are the world’s largest ships?....................................................................................................................212
14.1.3 Ship dimensions.......................................................................................................................................................214
14.2 Function and operation of equipment on board......................................................................................................215
14.2.1 Communication safety equipment....................................................................................................................215
14.2.2 What do you use this for?......................................................................................................................................216
14.2.3 Describing shapes and dimensions...................................................................................................................217
14.3 Navigation and nautical equipment on the bridge.................................................................................................219
14.3.1 Radar controls...........................................................................................................................................................219
14.3.2 NAVTEX........................................................................................................................................................................220
14.3.3 Operation manuals: SART, Radar........................................................................................................................221
14.3.4 Multi-word verbs for mechanical operations.................................................................................................221
14.3.5 SMCP multi-word verbs for various operations............................................................................................222
14.4 Round-up ................................................................................................................................................................................223

REVIEW 2
Units 7-14
1. Emergency situation: Fire.......................................................................................................................................................226
2. Where are two-stroke slow-speed engines manufactured?.......................................................................................226
3. Boiler mountings and accessories.......................................................................................................................................227
4. Terminology Work......................................................................................................................................................................229

UNIT 15
Fuels
15.1 Marine fuel oil standards....................................................................................................................................................234
15.2 Fuel oil system........................................................................................................................................................................240
15.3 Fuel injection..........................................................................................................................................................................246
15.4 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................248

UNIT 16
Lubrication
16.1 Lubricating oils......................................................................................................................................................................252
16.2 Lubrication of Diesel Engine / Lubricating oil system.............................................................................................254
16.3 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................261

UNIT 17
Maintenance of Diesel Engines (I)
17.1 Maintenance work................................................................................................................................................................264
17.2 Maintenance and Safety.....................................................................................................................................................269
17.3 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................274

xiv
 UNIT 18
Safety in the Engine Room
18.1 Housekeeping guidelines..................................................................................................................................................276
18.2 Instructions to the Engineer of the Watch...................................................................................................................280
18.3 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................282

UNIT 19
I Require Medical Assistance
19.1 Personal Injury.......................................................................................................................................................................286
19.1.1 Types of injury / Parts of the body........................................................................................................................286
19.1.2 Describing injury........................................................................................................................................................289
19.2 First Aid.....................................................................................................................................................................................292
19.2.1 First aid advice.............................................................................................................................................................292
19.2.2 First aid kit ....................................................................................................................................................................294
19.2.3 The ABC of Resuscitation.........................................................................................................................................296
19.3 Personal Protective Equipment.......................................................................................................................................299
19.4 Occupational Accidents.....................................................................................................................................................305
19.4.1 Slips, trips and falls: causes and prevention.....................................................................................................305
19.4.2 SMCP: Occupational Safety [B2/2]........................................................................................................................308
19.5 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................309

UNIT 20
Call the Watch Engineer
20.1 Bunkering procedures and responsibilities.................................................................................................................312
20.2 Checklists – Controls – Οil spill prevention.................................................................................................................318
20.3 SMCP on handling bunkers...............................................................................................................................................323
20.4 Permit-to-Work......................................................................................................................................................................326
20.5 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................327

UNIT 21
PLS ADV ASAP
21.1 Maritime communication systems.................................................................................................................................330
21.2 Understanding telex messages ......................................................................................................................................331
21.2.1 Telex abbreviations / format...................................................................................................................................331
21.3 Requesting and giving advice..........................................................................................................................................335
21.4 Future events and plans.....................................................................................................................................................336
21.4.1 What is going to happen?.......................................................................................................................................336
21.4.2 Future plans..................................................................................................................................................................338
21.5 Round-up.................................................................................................................................................................................339

REVIEW 3
Units 15-21
1. Onboard Communications / SMCP.....................................................................................................................................342
2. What are the causes of auxiliary engine damage?........................................................................................................343
3. Case study: Engine room fire.................................................................................................................................................345

xv
 4. Required PPE during maintenance.....................................................................................................................................346
5. Terminology Work......................................................................................................................................................................348

APPENDIX I Pair work: Student B material.............................................................................................................................353

APPENDIX II Audio material transcripts.................................................................................................................................355
Part One ..........................................................................................................................................................................................355
Part Two ..........................................................................................................................................................................................362
Part Three ................................................................................................................................................................................366
APPENDIX III Grammar...........................................................................................................................................................................370
APPENDIX IV Useful Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................................................381
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................................................................................384

xvi
 Part 1
1 st SEMESTER

Unit 1
Workshop Tools

Unit 2
Marine Diesel Engine
Components

Unit 3
The Seafarer

Unit 4
Ship Familiarisation

Unit 5
Safety Equipment on Board

Unit 6
Work Activities οn Board UNIT 4
Safety Equipment On Board

Review 1
Units 1 - 6
Here are some examples of marine workshop equipment: UNIT
1

PART 1
feeler
gauges

pipe
Vernier
wrenches
calipers

pinchers

pliers

combination adjustable
spanners wrenches

double open - end

wrenches

5
 UNIT
2

PART 1

Two-stroke Diesel engine

27
 UNIT
Glossary 4

bow the front part of a vessel

PART 1
stern the rear of a vessel
hatch the opening on the deck of a vessel that provides access to the cargo hold
cargo hold space where cargo is loaded
forward towards the bow, at or near the bow
aft towards the stern, at or near the stern

4.1.2 Terminology development

A. The diagram below gives you a profile view sketching different parts of a vessel. Look
at the diagram and read the text to learn the main parts of the vessel.
On the forecastle [2] deck superstructure we find the windlass for the anchor. Below the forecastle,
inside the bulbous bow [1], there is a forepeak tank, where we store water for ballasting or for trimming
the ship.
On the open main deck [3] we find large hatch covers [14] over the hatches that lead down to the
cargo holds [11] below. These hatch covers are watertight and protect the hold.
Below the main deck are the cargo holds. Strong vertical bulkheads [12] separate the holds from
each other. In addition to this, the holds can have removable between decks (’tween decks [13]) with
their own hatches and tween deck hatch covers. This increases the number of cargo holds. Tween-
decks separate the hold into a lower hold and an upper hold to store different (kinds of ) cargoes. A
geared vessel has its own cranes [4] that lift and move the cargo and assist in loading and discharging.
On most modern merchant vessels, towards the stern [7] of the ship we find the superstructure [10]
and on it the accommodation and the navigation bridge [5].
On top of the superstructure and aft of the main mast are the funnels [6] from where the exhaust
gases from the engine room go into the air. The engine room is usually at the stern of the ship below
the main deck and aft of the cargo holds. Aft of the funnels is the poop deck [9] with a second set of
mooring winches. The rudder [8] is a tool for changing course, changing the direction or the heading
of the ship when she moves through the water.

6 4
1
7 5

3 2

9 10 11 12 13 14

55
 E. Look at the plan of D Deck of an LNG ship2. Answer the following questions.
1) Where is the elevator?
2) Where is the Chief Officer’s cabin?
3) Where is the Chief Engineer’s cabin?
Use prepositions/expressions like opposite, next to, between, at the end of the corridor…

D Deck

2. The plans are from “SOLAS and Fire Fighting Manual”, Methane Jane Elizabeth, Ceres LNG Services Ltd.

66
 Glossary

supersede to take the place of

under the auspices of with the support or protection of
intend(ed) to designed for a particular purpose, having as an aim to
ensure to make certain that something will occur or be so
contribute to to help to cause, bring about, help to achieve or provide something
substitute by to replace with another, use in place of
via by means of, by way of, through
misinterpret to understand wrongly
evacuation chute a long slide or inclined passage used to evacuate passengers
limited range restricted distance within which (the radio) is able to operate or be
effective

5.5.2 Describing survival equipment in writing

– Choose one of the following appliances to describe in writing. Write about its shape,
colour, construction material and any other characteristics. Where do you find it? What
is its purpose? How do you use it?
…it is inflatable… …it keeps you afloat…
…it gives you buoyancy… …it is red and round…
…it has a whistle and a light… …it has a carrying capacity of 25 people…

98
 Part 2
2 nd SEMESTER
Unit 7
Diesel Engine Operation

Unit 8
Boilers

Unit 9
Steam Engines

Unit 10
Auxiliary Machinery

Unit 11
Pumps

Unit 12
Visitors on Board

Unit 13
Emergency on Board

Unit 14
Vessel Particulars
and Specifications

Review 2
Units 7 - 14
128
 UNIT
1) 9) 7

2) 10) Tail shaft

PART 2
3) Shaft generator (2) 11)
4) 12)
5) 13) Intermediate shaft bearing
6) Auxiliary exhaust lines 14)
7) Silencer 15) Stern thruster
8) 16)

(a)

(b)

131
 6) Pumps / cranes are used for loading and unloading liquid cargo.
7) The economizer of a boiler is a cooler / heater of the feeding water.
8) To remove water from the machinery space we use a bilge pump / service pump.
9) Motors / generators supply electricity on board.
10) Evaporators produce water which can be used for drinking / boilers.
11) We use the windlass / capstan for pulling in mooring lines.
12) Electric fans / generators provide forced ventilation to holds.
13) A lot of trash (waste) can be burnt in the incinerator / evaporator.
14) To manoeuvre the ship we use the turning gear / steering gear.
15) Fin-stabilisers improve the ship’s stability / instability.

2) Fill in the gaps with the words given.

handling separators steering non-propulsive propulsion winches

The term “auxiliaries” is applied collectively to all machinery and apparatus forming the
(1)___________________________ equipment of a ship.
Deck auxiliaries (deck equipment) is all the machinery used for working the vessel and
(2)___________________________ the cargo: (3)_____________________________, windlass,
(4)___________________________ gear, cranes, etc.
Engine room auxiliaries is all the machinery in the engine room which assists in the
working of the (5)___________________________ plant: coolers, heaters, pumps,
(6)___________________________, etc.

3) I dentify what is shown in the following pictures of the Engine Room of a tanker. What is the cor-
rect caption for each picture?

Purifier room [1] Steam turbine cargo pumps [3] Diesel generators [5]

Air compressors [2] Main boiler [4] Bilge pump [6]

172
 Entry procedures
Everyone has the right to refuse to enter a space they consider unsafe. The correct entry procedures
include the following steps:
1) Authorization for entry by the master (obtaining a valid Enclosed Space Entry Permit)
2) Proper ventilation
3) Testing the atmosphere (steady readings of 21% oxygen, and special limits of flammable and
toxic gases or vapours)
A person entering an enclosed space is responsible for:
1) Not entering alone
2) Only entering if fit and well
3) Using the appropriate PPE
A designated responsible person must ensure good communication exists between all parties.

What is the appropriate safety and rescue equipment? The equipment may vary depending upon
the space, ship type and work involved. As a minimum, it will usually include:
1) SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) with a spare cylinder
2) Lifeline and rescue harness
3) Lighting, including torches
4) Stretcher
5) Means of raising stretcher (tripod type arrangement)
6) Communication equipment
7) Appropriate atmosphere testing equipment and personal gas meters

Safety and rescue equipment for entering an enclosed space.

(from A Master’s Guide to Enclosed Space Entry, The Standard Club, August 2021)

204
 Part 3
3 rd SEMESTER

Unit 15
Fuels

Unit 16
Lubrication

Unit 17
Maintenance
of Diesel Engines (I)

Unit 18
Safety in the Engine Room

Unit 19
I Require Medical Assistance

Unit 20
Call the Watch Engineer
UNIT 4
Safety Equipment On Board
Unit 21
PLS ADV ASAP

Review 3
Units 15 - 21

232
 15.1 Marine fuel oil standards

Lead-in:
A. What is going on in this tower (column)?

Fractioning column
Gases
Liquefied
20oC petroleum
gas
Fractions decreasing in
density and boiling point
Naphtha
Chemicals
70oC

Petrol
(gasoline)
Petrol for
120oC vehicles

Kerosene
(paraffin oil) Aviation fuel

170oC

Ships
Diesel oils
270oC

Lubricating Oils
Crude Oil oil
400oC

Ships
Fuel oil
Fractions 600oC
increasing in
density and
boiling point
Bitumen for
Residue roads

234
 F. Tick the proper maintenance work for each defect.

Maintenance work

G
NIN

NT
ING

T
EN
ME
IO

NG

EN

EM
G
ST
DIT
G

ING

ING
INI

NIN
PIN

HT

JU

AC
N

IND

IGN
CH

TIG

AD
CO
RA

EA

PL
MA

GR

AL
SC

RE

RE

RE

RE
CL
Defects
Incorrect clearances
Carbon deposits
Worn surfaces
Scale – sludge
Deflection
Surfaces out of roundness
Scored – scratched surfaces
Slack tie bolts or screwed connections
Incorrect injection pressure
Wear down failure
Cracks, fractures

G. Circle the odd word out.

1) disconnect, disassemble, restore, dismantle
2) deposits, residues, score, sediment
3) crack, crank, fracture, break
4) flange, washer, sailing, gasket

268
 Some verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in –ed.

The ship left the port on 5 April and was at sea for three days.

These verbs are irregular: leave – left, be – was

Note: the verb “to be” has two past forms:
I / he / she / it was
we / you / they were
Here are some important irregular verbs:

begin – began
give – gave meet – met
come – came
go – went pay – paid
do – did
have – had say – said
drink – drank
hear – heard see – saw
eat – ate
leave – left sell – sold
fall – fell
lose – lost take – took
find – found
make – made understand – understood
get – got

7) Past Simple (questions and negatives)

Did you notify the authorities? What did they do to contain the spill?
The leak did not cause dangerous pollution.

We use did in past simple negatives and questions:

infinitive positive negative question

watch I watched I watch I watch?

clean we cleaned we clean we clean?
play you played you play you play?
do they did they did not do did they do?
go he went he (didn’t) go he go?
have she had she have she have?
begin it began it begin it begin?

BUT:
I was I I?
he was he was not Was he?
she was she (wasn’t) she?
be it was it it?
we were we were not Were we?
you were you (weren’t) you?
they were they they?

Note the most usual mistakes: I watched but I didn’t watch (not I didn’t watched)
He went but Did he go? (not Did he went?)

376
The present volume serves as a teaching aid for the
Maritime English course tailored for Engine Officers (1st,
2nd and 3rd semester) conducted at Merchant Maritime
Academies in Greece. Its primary objective is to support
students in acquiring the essential language skills required
to communicate confidently within the demanding profes-
sional environment of the maritime sector. The content
of the book is aligned with the guidelines outlined in IMO
Model Course 3.17 (Maritime English), adhering to the
criteria set forth by the International Convention STCW
78/95 (as amended) for the communicative competence
of Watchkeeping Officers in English.

ISBN (SET) 978-960-337-217-2

ISBN 978-960-337-216-5