9/24/2023

Electromagnetic Field

Lecture 1: Introduction, History, Basic concept

Jamal A. Hassan
[email protected]

Course contents -syllabus

Recommended Textbook:

1- David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics.

2- Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt

3- Engineering Electromagnetics U.A Bakshi

1
 9/24/2023

How to do It

Definition

2
 9/24/2023

History of Electromagnetics

What will we learn?

• Coordinate systems , Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical

• Vector Algebra: Dot product ( )

Cross Product ( × )
Del Operation ( 𝛻 )

Divergence theorem (𝛻 )
Stockes’s theorem (𝛻× )

3
 9/24/2023

What will we learn?

1- Electrostatics:

• Coulomb’s Law: E ( E-Fiels Intensity= F/q )

• Gauss’s Law : D (electric flux density =ɛE)

2- Magnetostatics:
• Biot-Savart’s Law: H ( Magnetic field intensity)
• Ampere’s Law : B (Magnetic flux density =µH)

3- Time-Varying (Dynamic) Fields:

• Current continuity equation: 𝛻 𝑱= -

𝑩
• Faraday’s Law :𝛻 × 𝑬= -

What will we learn?

4
 9/24/2023

What will we learn?

Electromagnetics

5
 9/24/2023

Electromagnetics spectrum

6
 9/24/2023

Electromagnetics spectrum

Electromagnetics

7
 9/24/2023

Units

Units

8
 9/24/2023

Vector Analysis

Vector Algebra

9
 9/24/2023

Vector Algebra

Vector Algebra-Example

10
 9/24/2023

Vector Algebra

• Vectors addition, subtraction,…

Vector Algebra

11
 9/24/2023

Vector Algebra

Vector Algebra

12
 9/24/2023

Vector Algebra

Vector Algebra

13
 9/24/2023

Vector Algebra

Vector Algebra

14
 9/24/2023

Vector Algebra

Coordinate systems

15
 9/24/2023

Properties of coordinate systems

Cartesian coordinate systems

16
 9/24/2023

Cylindrical coordinate system

Spherical coordinate system

17
 9/24/2023

Spherical coordinate system

Week #2

18
 9/24/2023

Del Operator

Gradient of scalar field

19
 9/24/2023

Divergence

Divergence

20
 9/24/2023

Curl

Curl

21
 9/24/2023

Divergence Theorem

Stokes’s theorem

22
 9/24/2023

Laplacian of Scalar

Null Identity: Curl of the Gradient

23
 9/24/2023

Null Identity: Divergence of the Curl

The electric charge

24
 9/24/2023

Coulomb’s law

Coulomb’s law

25
 9/24/2023

continuous distribution of charges

The electric field

26
 9/24/2023

Electric field lines

HW #2
• Point charges Q1 and Q2 are, respectively, located at (4,0, -3) and
• (2,0, 1). If Q2 = 4 nC, find Q1 such that The force on a test charge at (5,
0, 6) has no x-component. K =9×109 N·m2/C2

27
 9/24/2023

The concept of flux

The concept of flux

28
 9/24/2023

Direction of surface

Flux of Electric Field

29
 9/24/2023

Electric Flux through closed 3D surface

Electric Flux through closed empty surface

30
 9/24/2023

Electric Flux through surface contain Q

Gauss’s law

31
 9/24/2023

Gauss’s law

Q #1 5/11/2019

32
 9/24/2023

Q #1 7/11/2019

Applications of Gauss’s law

33
 9/24/2023

Postulates of Electrstatics

Examples

1- Electric Field due to point charge

2- Electric field due to infinite line charge.
3- electric field due to infinite surface charge.
4- electric field due to sphere of charge

34
 9/24/2023

Electric Potential
Definition: Work done against the field in moving a unit charge from point P1 to point P2 in an
electric field is equal to

Electric Potential

35
 9/24/2023

Electric Potential

Differential form of Gauss’s Law

36
 9/24/2023

Electric flux density and dielectric constant

Boundary condition for Electrostatic fields

37
 9/24/2023

Boundary condition for Electrostatic fields

Some Examples

38
 9/24/2023

Steady Magnetic Field

77

Objective
To understand:
• Biot-Savart law
• Ampere’s law of force
• magnetic flux density
• applications of Ampere’s law

78

39
 9/24/2023

Magnetostatics
• Magnetostatics is the branch of electromagnetics
dealing with the effects of electric charges in
steady motion (i.e, steady current or DC).
• The fundamental law of magnetostatics is
Ampere’s law of force.
• Ampere’s law of force is analogous to Coulomb’s
law in electrostatics.
• In magnetostatics, the magnetic field is produced
by steady currents.

79

Ampere’s Law of Force

• Ampere’s law of force is the “law of action” between current
carrying circuits.
• Ampere’s law of force gives the magnetic force between two
current carrying circuits in an otherwise empty universe.
• Ampere’s law of force involves complete circuits since
current must flow in closed loops.

80

40
 9/24/2023

Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)

• Experimental facts: F21 F12
• Two parallel wires  
carrying current in
the same direction I1 I2
attract.
• Two parallel wires
carrying current in F21 F12
the opposite  
directions repel. I1 I2

81

Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)

• Experimental facts:
• The magnitude of the force is inversely proportional to the distance squared.
• The magnitude of the force is proportional to the product of the currents
carried by the two wires.

82

41
 9/24/2023

Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)

• The force acting on a current element I2 dl2 by a current
element I1 dl1 is given by

F 12 

 0 I 2 d l 2  I 1d l 1  a R
12

4 R122

Permeability of free space

0 = 4  10-7 H/m

83

Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)

• The total force acting on a circuit C2 having a current I2 by a
circuit C1 having current I1 is given by

 0 I1 I 2 
d l 2  d l1  a R 
4 C C
F 12  12

2 1
R122

84

42
 9/24/2023

Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)

• The force on C1 due to C2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force on C2 due to C1.

F 21   F 12

85

E&B

43
 9/24/2023

Force on a Moving Charge

• A moving point charge placed in a magnetic
field experiences a force given by
F m  Qv  B Id l  Q v

The force experienced

by the point charge is
v B in the direction into the
Q
paper.

87

Lorentz Force
• If a point charge is moving in a region where both
electric and magnetic fields exist, then it
experiences a total force given by

F  Fe  Fm  q E  v B  
• The Lorentz force equation is useful for
determining the equation of motion for electrons
in electromagnetic deflection systems such as
CRTs.

88

44
 9/24/2023

The Biot-Savart Law

• The Biot-Savart law gives us the B-field arising at a specified point P
from a given current distribution.
• It is a fundamental law of magnetostatics.

89

The Biot-Savart Law (Cont’d)

• The contribution to the B-field at a point P from a
differential current element Idl’ is given by

0 I d l '  R
d B(r ) 
4 R 3

90

45
 9/24/2023

The Biot-Savart Law (Cont’d)

• The total magnetic flux at the point P due to the entire
circuit C is given by

0 I d l '  R
B (r )  
C
4 R 3

91

Types of Current Distributions

• Line current density (current) - occurs for
infinitesimally thin filamentary bodies (i.e.,
wires of negligible diameter).
• Surface current density (current per unit
width) - occurs when body is perfectly
conducting.
• Volume current density (current per unit
cross sectional area) - most general.

92

46
 9/24/2023

The Biot-Savart Law (Cont’d)

• For a surface distribution of current, the B-S law
becomes

B(r )  

0 J s r '  R
ds
S
4 R 3

• For a volume distribution of current, the B-S law

becomes

B(r )  

0 J r '  R
dv
V
4  R 3

93

Ampere’s Circuital Law in Integral Form

• Ampere’s Circuital Law in integral form states
that “the circulation of the magnetic flux
density in free space is proportional to the total
current through the surface bounding the path
over which the circulation is computed.”

 B  dl   I
C
0 encl

94

47
 9/24/2023

Ampere’s Law and Gauss’s Law

• Just as Gauss’s law follows from Coulomb’s law, so Ampere’s
circuital law follows from Ampere’s force law.
• Just as Gauss’s law can be used to derive the electrostatic
field from symmetric charge distributions, so Ampere’s law
can be used to derive the magnetostatic field from
symmetric current distributions.

95

Applications of Ampere’s Law

• Ampere’s law in integral form is an integral
equation for the unknown magnetic flux
density resulting from a given current
distribution.

known

 B  dl   I
C
0 encl
unknown

96

48
 9/24/2023

Applications of Ampere’s Law (Cont’d)

• In general, solutions to integral equations must be obtained using
numerical techniques.
• However, for certain symmetric current distributions closed form
solutions to Ampere’s law can be obtained.

97

Applications of Ampere’s Law (Cont’d)

• Closed form solution to Ampere’s law relies on our ability to construct
a suitable family of Amperian paths.
• An Amperian path is a closed contour to which the magnetic flux
density is tangential and over which equal to a constant value.

98

49
 9/24/2023

Examples on Ampere’s Law

Applying Stokes’s Theorem to

Ampere’s Law

 B dl    Bd s
C S

  0 I encl  0  J  d s
S
 Because the above must hold for any
surface S, we must have
Differential form
  B  0 J of Ampere’s Law
100

50
 9/24/2023

Ampere’s Law in Differential Form

• Ampere’s law in differential form implies that the B-field is
conservative outside of regions where current is flowing.

101

Fundamental Postulates of Magnetostatics

• Ampere’s law in differential form
  B  0 J
• No isolated magnetic charges
B is solenoidal
B  0

102

51
 9/24/2023

Divergence of B-Field
• The B-field is solenoidal, i.e. the divergence of the B-field is identically
equal to zero:

B  0
• Physically, this means that magnetic charges (monopoles) do not
exist.
• A magnetic charge can be viewed as an isolated magnetic pole.

103

Divergence of B-Field (Cont’d)

• No matter how small
the magnetic is N
N
divided, it always has S
a north pole and a N
south pole. S S
• The elementary N
source of magnetic
field is a magnetic
dipole. I
S

104

52
 9/24/2023

Magnetic Flux
• The magnetic flux
crossing an open
surface S is given by
B

S C
   Bds
S
Wb Wb/m2

105

Magnetic Flux (Cont’d)

• From the divergence theorem, we have

  B  0     B dv  0   B  d s  0
V S
• Hence, the net magnetic flux leaving any closed
surface is zero. This is another manifestation of the
fact that there are no magnetic charges.

106

53
 9/24/2023

Fundamental Postulates of Magnetostatics in Free Space

Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatic Fields

54
 9/24/2023

Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatic Fields

Examples

55
 9/24/2023

Maxwell’s Equations
Lecture 6

Introduction

56
 9/24/2023

Faraday’s Law
• Faraday discovered that the induced emf. Vemf(in
volts), in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit.

• where N is the number of turns in the circuit and V is

the flux through each turn. The negative sign shows
that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to
oppose the flux producing it. This is known as Lenz's
law.

Faraday’s Law ( Con,d)

By applying Stokes's theorem to the middle term in eq.

It shows that the time varying

E field is not conservative

57
 9/24/2023

DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

58
 9/24/2023

DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

Maxwell’s Equations

59
 9/24/2023

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
PROPAGATION
• In general, waves are means of transporting energy or information.
• All forms of EM energy share three fundamental characteristics:
• they all travel at high velocity;
• in traveling, they assume the properties of waves;
• and they radiate outward from a source

Solution of Maxwell’s Equations

• goal is to solve Maxwell's equations and derive EM wave motion in
the following media:

where w is the angular frequency of the wave

60
 9/24/2023

Solution of Maxwell’s Equations

Solution of Maxwell’s Equations

61
9/24/2023

62
9/24/2023

63
9/24/2023

64
 9/24/2023

PLANE WAVES IN LOSSLESS DIELECTRICS

PLANE WAVES IN FREE SPACE

65
 9/24/2023

PLANE WAVES IN GOOD CONDUCTORS

66
 9/24/2023

Gauss’s Law

The net electric flux through any closed

( Gaussian) surface is proportional to the net charge inside the surface.

67
 9/24/2023

Nonexistence of Isolated Magnetic Field (

Gauss’s Law in Magnetism)

The net Magnetic flux through any closed surface is equal to zero,
means there is no Magnetism Monopole.

Faraday’s Law

The line integral of the electric field vector around any closed path
equals the rate of change in the magnetic flux through any surface
bounded by that path.

68
 9/24/2023

Ampere’s Circuit Law

The circulation of the magnetic field vector around any amperian loop
is proportional to the sum of the total conduction and displacement
current through any surface bounded by the path.

69