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1d Functional Groups

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15 views9 pages

1d Functional Groups

Uploaded by

aisha anwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Functional Groups

Chapter 3.1
Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition
J. McMurry

1
Functional Groups
A functional group is an atom or a group of
atoms all or in part # than C with specific and
well defined physico-chemical properties.

2
Functional Groups

R-X Functional Group


Organic Residue
(Radical)
(heteroatom or group of atoms
containing one ore or more heteroatoms)
(from a hydrocarbon)
Functional Groups

• Only C−C and C−H bonds • OH functional groups


• No functional groups

 Does not posses polar bond or p  Polar C-O and O-H bonds
bonds: very unreactive.
 Lone pair on O
 Insoluble in water
 Reacts with electrophiles
 Reacts with strong bases
 Soluble in water
Functional Groups

1. Defines a class of compounds


– Compounds belonging to the same class have similar properties and
reactivity.
2. Is frequently the reaction site
– Defines the reactivity of a molecule
3. Determines the name
– For example all chetones have the suffix –one:
» acetone
» cyclopropanone
» cortisone
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons possess only C−C e C−H bonds.
aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and aromatic.

Hydrocarbon General structure Example Functional Group


Alkanes -----

Alkenes Double bond

Alkynes Triple bond

Aromatics Aromatic ring

6
Functional Groups Containing C–Y s bonds
Class Name Structure Example 3D Structure Functional Group

–X
halo
Alkyl Halide
–OH
hydroxy
Alcohol
–OR
alcoxy
Ether
–NH2
amino
Amine
–SH
mercapto
Thiol
–SR
alkylthio
Sulfide
7
Functional Groups Containing The C=O Bond
Class Name Structure Example 3D Structure Functional Group

Aldehyde H–C=O
formyl

C=O
Ketone
carbonyl

Carboxylic Acid –COOH


carboxylate

Ester –COOR

–CONH2
Amide –CONHR
–CONR2

Acid Chloride –COCl 8


Polyfunctional Molecules
aromatic

amino groups alkene


alcohol

nicotine cholesterol

amide
O C H3
aromatic
C H3 N
N amine
O N N ether
amine
C H3
amide imine

caffein mescalin

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