AI Notes for Class-10

What is Intelligence?
Humans have been creating machines that can simplify their lives. The purpose of
machines is to complete jobs that are either too time-consuming or tedious for
people to complete. Therefore, by doing our work for us, machines lighten our weight
and assist us in achieving our objectives.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial is something which is man-made, which does not occur naturally.
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information,
and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an
environment or context.’
Artificial Intelligence can be defined:
1. Ability to interact with the real world
a. To perceive, understand and act
i. Example: Speech Recognition – Understanding and synthesis
ii. Example: Image Recognition
iii. Example: Ability to take action: to have an effect
2. Reasoning and planning
a. Modelling the external world, given input
i. Solving new problems, planning and making decisions
ii. Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
3. Learning and adaptation
a. Continuous learning and adapting graph
i. Our internal models are always being updated
ii. Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

How AI make decisions?

The basis for decision-making depends on the information that is available and how
we perceive and comprehend it. Information in this page refers to our current
knowledge, self-awareness, intuition, and past experiences.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence is the ability of a machine to mimic human characteristics, such
as decision-making, future prediction, self-improvement, and learning.
In other words, a machine is artificially intelligent when it can do activities on its own,
including collecting data, comprehending it, analyzing it, learning from it, and
improving it.

How do machines become Artificially Intelligent?

Humans become more and more intelligent with time as they gain experiences during
their lives. machines also become intelligent once they are trained with some
information which helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating
their knowledge to optimize their output.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

AI-powered machines are all around us. They are quickly taking over our daily lives
and give us the convenience of having even the most difficult and time-consuming
activities completed at the push of a button or with the help of a sensor.
4. Google – We use Google to search the internet without realizing how
effectively it always provides us with precise responses. It not only quickly
returns the results of our search, but it also advises and corrects the grammar
of our written words.
5. Hey Shiri – These days, we have personal assistants that respond to a single
command and perform numerous tasks. Several popular voice assistants that
are an integral component of our digital devices are Alexa, Google Assistant,
Cortana, and Siri.
6. Google Map – Apps like Uber and Google Maps come in handy for helping us
find our way about. Consequently, it is no longer necessary to stop and ask for
directions constantly.
7. FIFA – For its users, AI has significantly improved the gaming experience. Many
modern video games are supported by artificial intelligence (AI), which
improves graphics, rates new challenges for players, etc.
8. Amazon – AI has taken care of our habits, likes, and dislikes in addition to
making our lives easier. Because of this, services like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify,
and YouTube, among others, display recommendations based on our
preferences.
9. Social Media – The recommendations, however, go beyond simply reflecting
our preferences; they also take into account our desire to interact with friends
via social media networks like Facebook and Instagram. Additionally, they
 provide us personalized notifications about our online buying information,
construct playlists automatically based on our demands, and more. Selfies have
never been more enjoyable because of Snapchat’s amazing filters.
10. Health App – That’s not everything. Our health is also being tracked by AI.
There are many chatbots and other health apps available that continuously
track their users’ physical and emotional wellbeing.
11. Humanoid – These applications range from smart devices, such as Sophia,
the first humanoid robot intelligent enough to obtain citizenship, to humanoids,
biometric security systems, such as the face locks we have on our phones, real-
time language translators, weather predictions, and other things. If we keep
adding things up, this module would never end because the list is so long. Take
some time, have a conversation with a friend, and start noticing more and more
AI uses in your environment!

What is not AI?

Today, because there are so many different technologies all around us, we frequently
mistake any other technology for artificial intelligence. Because of this, we must
clearly define what constitutes AI and what does not.
Washing Machine – A fully automatic washing machine can function on its own, but
choosing the washing parameters and making the necessary preparations before
each wash require human participation, making the machine an example of
automation rather than AI.
Air Conditioner – The internet can be used to remotely turn on and off an air
conditioner, but it still requires a human touch.

Introduction to AI: Basic of AI

Many organizations have come up with their own definitions of artificial intelligence.
Following is a few of them:

NITI Aayog: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence

AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking,
perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a
technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved in ways that far
exceed its original conception.
World Economic Forum
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the software engine that drives the Fourth Industrial
Revolution. Its impact can already be seen in homes, businesses and political
processes. In its embodied form of robots, it will soon be driving cars, stocking
warehouses and caring for the young and elderly.

European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an

integrated vision
AI is not a well-defined technology and no universally agreed definition exists. It is
rather a cover term for techniques associated with data analysis and pattern
recognition. AI is not a new technology, having existed since the 1950s.

Encyclopedia Britannica
Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled
robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.

AI, ML & DL
we must have encountered a very common conflict between artificial intelligence (AI)
and machine learning while you worked to develop your AI readiness (ML). These
phrases are frequently used synonymously, but are they the same? Is there no
distinction between artificial intelligence and machine learning? Is Deep Learning (DL)
an instance of artificial intelligence? What is Deep Learning, exactly?
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Refers to any method that makes it possible for computers to simulate intelligence.
Machines can now detect human faces, move and manipulate items, comprehend
human voice commands, and perform a variety of other jobs thanks to this
technology. The AI-enabled machines operate in an intelligent manner and think
algorithmically.

Machine Learning (ML)

It is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows robots to get better at tasks over
time (data). The goal of machine learning is to give computers the ability to learn on
their own utilizing the supplied data and arrive at reliable predictions and decisions.

Deep Learning (DL)

Software can use it to teach itself how to carry out tasks using enormous volumes of
data. Massive amounts of data are used to train the machine in deep learning,
allowing it to learn from the data. These devices possess the intelligence to create
algorithms on their own.

Introduction to AI Domains
AI models can be broadly categorized into three domains:
1. Data Science
2. Computer Vision
3. Natural Language Processing

Data Science
Data sciences is an area of AI that deals with data systems and processes. In this area,
a system gathers a lot of data, maintains data sets, and extrapolates meaning from
the data. A decision can be made based on the data science-extracted information.
Example of Data Science
Price Comparison Websites – Price comparison websites include PriceGrabber,
PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, and DealTime, to name a few. There is a huge
amount of data powering these websites. If you have ever used one of these
websites, you are aware of how convenient it is to compare a product’s price among
various merchants in one location.

Computer Vision
The field of artificial intelligence known as computer vision, or CV for short,
demonstrates the ability of a machine to gather and analyze visual data before
making predictions about it. Image acquisition, screening, analysis, identification, and
information extraction are all part of the process.
Example of Computer Vision
1. Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars
2. Face Lock in Smartphones

Natural Language Processing

NLP, or natural language processing, is a subfield of artificial intelligence that deals
with the use of natural language in communication between machines and people.
Natural language processing (NLP) aims to use algorithms to extract information from
spoken and written words in natural language, which is language spoken by people.
Example of Natural Language Processing
1. Email filters
2. Smart assistants like – Apple Siri and Amazon Alexa

AI Ethics
AI ethics is a set of moral guidelines and methods meant to guide the creation and
ethical application of artificial intelligence technologies. Organizations are beginning
to create AI codes of ethics as AI has become ingrained in goods and services.
These days, the Information Age is giving way to the Age of Artificial Intelligence. We
now construct solutions using intelligence gathered from the data rather than data or
information. Even Netflix TV and movie recommendations can be made using these
technologies.

Data Privacy
Data is the center of the artificial intelligence. Every business, no matter how big or
small, is collecting data from as many sources as they can. The fact that more than
70% of the data acquired to date was just gathered in the previous three years
demonstrates how crucial data has grown in recent years. The adage that data is the
new gold is not untrue.

AI Bias
When outcomes in AI cannot be broadly generalized, bias occurs. We frequently
imagine bias as the product of preferences or exclusions in training data, but bias can
also be introduced through the methods used to collect data, the algorithms used to
process it, and the methods used to interpret the results of AI.
AI Access
Not everyone can use artificial intelligence because it is still a developing technology.
People who can afford AI-enabled technology benefit from it to the fullest, while
those who cannot are left behind. Due to this, a gap between these two social strata
has developed, and it is becoming wider due to the rapid growth of technology.

AI creates unemployment
The use of AI is improving people’s lives. Nowadays, most tasks can be completed
with a few clicks. AI will soon be able to complete all the difficult activities that
humans have been performing for a long time. Maybe all of the laborer’s will be
replaced by AI-enabled machines in the near future.

AI for kids
Kids today are intelligent enough to grasp technology from a young age. As their
capacity for thought grows, they begin to become tech-savvy and eventually pick
everything up more quickly than an adult. But should technology be introduced to
young children?

Question Answer
1. What is Intelligence?
Answer – Machines that can simplify human life have been created by humans.
Machines are designed to complete jobs that are either time-consuming or too
laborious for people to complete.
Therefore, machines assist us by performing tasks for us, dividing our workload, and
making it simpler for us to achieve these objectives.
2. What is Artificial Intelligence?
Answer – The replication of human intelligence functions by machines, particularly
computer systems, is known as artificial intelligence. Expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision are some examples of
specific AI applications.
3. How do you make decisions?
Answer – The basis for decision-making depends on the information that is available
and how we perceive and comprehend it. Without information, we are unable to
make “excellent” decisions because we are forced to deal with unknown variables
and encounter uncertainty, which forces us to make irrational assumptions, flip coins,
or roll dice. Knowing something about a situation, having experience with it, or
having insights into it let us imagine possible outcomes. and how we might
accomplish or prevent those results.
4. What is Machine Learning?
Answer – It is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows robots to get better at
tasks over time (data). The goal of machine learning is to give computers the ability to
learn on their own utilizing the supplied data and arrive at reliable predictions and
decisions.
5. What is Deep Learning?
Answer – Software can use it to teach itself how to carry out tasks using enormous
volumes of data. Massive volumes of data are used to train the machine in deep
learning, allowing it to learn from the data. These devices possess the intelligence to
create algorithms on their own.
The most sophisticated type of artificial intelligence among these three is deep
learning. The next stage is intermediately intelligent machine learning, and artificial
intelligence encompasses all ideas and techniques that, in some way or another,
approximate human intelligence.
6. What is AI Domain?
Answer – The training an artificial intelligence receives determines how intelligent it
becomes. Datasets are fed into the computer during training. The data given into the
AI algorithm varies depending on the applications for which it is designed. AI models
can be roughly divided into three categories based on the type of data they are fed,
including:
a. Data Science
b. Computer Vision
c. Natural Language Processing
7. What is the purpose of Data Science in AI?
Answer – Data sciences is an area of AI that deals with data systems and processes. In
this area, a system gathers a lot of data, maintains data sets, and extrapolates
meaning from the data.
The information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision
about it.
Example of Data Science – Price Comparison Websites
8. What is Computer Vision?
Answer – The field of artificial intelligence known as CV describes a machine’s
capacity to gather and analyses visual data before making predictions about it. Image
acquisition, screening, analysis, identification, and information extraction are all part
of the process. Computers can comprehend any visual content and respond
appropriately thanks to this thorough processing.
Example of Computer Vision – Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars / Face Lock in
Smartphones
9. What is the purpose of NLP?
Answer – “Natural Language Processing,” or NLP, is concerned with how computers
and people interact while utilizing natural language. Natural language processing
(NLP), which aims to extract information from spoken and written words using
algorithms, refers to language that is spoken and written by people.
Example of NLP – Email filters / Smart assistants
10. What is AI Ethics?
Answer – AI ethics is a set of moral guidelines and methods meant to guide the
creation and ethical application of artificial intelligence technologies. Organizations
are beginning to create AI codes of ethics as AI has become ingrained in goods and
services.
11. What is Data Privacy in AI?
Answer – Data privacy is the ability to manage how our digital data is collected, used,
and shared by various parties. Artificial intelligence is becoming more and more
embedded into every part of our life as technology improves.
Data is the center of the artificial intelligence universe. Every business, no matter
how big or little, is collecting data from as many sources as they can. The fact that
more than 70% of the data acquired to date was just gathered in the previous three
years demonstrates how crucial data has grown in recent years.
12. What is an AI Bias?
Answer – A occurrence known as machine learning bias, also known as algorithm bias
or AI bias, is when an algorithm generates results that are systematically biased as a
result of false assumptions made during the machine learning process.
13. Why do we need Artificial Intelligence?
Answer – Artificial intelligence aims to build machines that are intelligent and can
behave like people. In the modern world, AI is required to solve complicated
problems, improve our daily lives by automating mundane operations, save labor,
and carry out a wide range of other duties.
14. What is Deep Learning, and how is it used in real-world?
Answer – A subtype of machine learning called “deep learning” imitates how the
human brain functions. It is modelled after the neurons found in the human brain and
uses neural networks to tackle challenging real-world issues. Deep neural learning or
the deep neural network are other names for it.
Deep learning has some practical applications, including:
a. Adding color to the black-and-white pictures
b. visual computing
c. text production
d. Robots with deep learning, etc.
15. Which programming language is used for AI?
Answer – The top five programming languages used most frequently for creating
artificial intelligence are listed below:
a. Python
b. Java
c. Lisp
d. R
e. Prolog
16. What is the intelligent agent in AI, and where are they used?
Answer – Any autonomous entity that uses sensors to detect its surroundings and
actuators to act on it might be considered an intelligent agent.
The following applications of AI make use of these intelligent agents:
a. Information Access and Navigations such as Search Engine
b. Repetitive Activities
c. Domain Experts
d. Chatbots, etc.

17. What is the use of computer vision in AI?

Answer – Computers may be taught to understand and extract data from the visual
environment, such as photographs, using an area of artificial intelligence called
computer vision. Thus, computer vision makes use of AI technology to resolve
challenging issues like image processing and object detection.
18. What are some misconceptions about AI?
Answer – Since the beginning of its development, artificial intelligence has been the
subject of many myths. The following list includes a few of these myths:
a. AI does not require humans – The first false assumption regarding artificial
intelligence is that it does not require humans. But in truth, every AI-based system
still depends on people in some way and will continue to do so. For instance, human
data collection is necessary to learn about the data.
b. AI will take your job – One of the major misconceptions is that AI would eliminate
most occupations, but in truth, it is opening up more options for people to find new
employment.
c. AI is harmful to people – Although strong or super AI, which is intelligent enough
to outsmart people, has not yet been developed, AI is nevertheless potentially
harmful to people. If it is not used improperly, any strong technology cannot be
dangerous.
19. What is a Chatbot?
Answer – A chatbot is a piece of software or an agent with artificial intelligence that
uses natural language processing to mimic a conversation with users or people. You
can have the chat through a website, application, or messaging app. These chatbots,
often known as digital assistants, can communicate with people verbally or via text.
20. What are the different areas where AI has a great impact?
Answer – The areas listed below are ones where AI has a significant impact:
a. Autonomous Transportation
b. Education-system powered by AI.
c. Healthcare
d. Predictive Policing
e. Space Exploration
f. Entertainment, etc.
21. What exactly is machine learning? Include 2 examples of how machine learning
is used in everyday life.
Answer – Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables machines
to get better at tasks over time (data). Making correct predictions and decisions is the
goal of machine learning, which aims to give machines the ability to learn on their
own using the supplied data.
Snapchat filters and the Netflix recommendation engine both use machine learning.
22. Give the names of any four natural language processing apps that are used in
real life situations.
Answer – the four natural language processing apps used in real life are –
a. Automatic Summarization,
b. Sentiment Analysis,
c. Text classification,
d. Virtual Assistants
23. Categorize the following into data sciences, machine learning, computer vision,
and NLP.
Our lives are now more convenient thanks to recent technology developments.
People who are not tech adept have benefited greatly from Google Home, Alexa,
and Siri. Facelock and facial recognition features have increased the security of our
devices. These developments have also helped to make our demands more
accessible and practical. These days, you can even use price comparison websites to
check costs and chatbots to order groceries online.
Did you know that you can even predict how you will look as you age? This is now
feasible thanks to Snapchat filters and Facebook!
Answer –
a. Alexa, Siri-NLP, Facial Recognition – Computer Vision
b. Facelock – Computer Vision
c. Price comparison websites – Data Sciences
d. Chatbots – NLP
e. Facebook -NLP
f. Snapchat Filters – Machine Learning
24. Give some example of NLP applications (Natural Language Processing).
Answer –
a. Automatic Summarization – Automatic summarization is useful for gathering data
from social media and other online sources as well as for summarizing the
significance of papers and other information.
b. Sentiment Analysis – This technique identifies sentiment in a post, or even within
a single post, where emotion is not always conveyed overtly.
c. Text classification – Text categorization allows you to add predetermined
categories to a document and organize it to make it easier to find the information
you need or to carry out certain tasks.
d. Virtual assistants – Using speech recognition, virtual assistants can understand our
speech in addition to recognizing it.