A Case Study in

THE FLOODING IN DAVAO DEL NORTE

__________________

SUBMITTED BY:

ENRIQUEZ, DINA GRACE A.

PONTOD, NICOLE L.
SALAZAR, STEPHANY REIGN P.
TADLE, MARIAFE C.

SUBMITTED TO
DR. GERLY MARIE R. CORPIN

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ........................................................................
.... 3
RRL ....................................................................................
...... 6
Methodology........................................................................
.... 24
Results &
Discussion................................................................ 29
Summary &
Conclusion ........................................................... 32
Appendix
A .............................................................................. 34
Appendix
B............................................................................... 37
References..........................................................................
..... 43

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Flooding in Davao del Norte has emerged as a pressing

concern for the region, particularly in light of recent climate events
and ecological changes. This case study aims to examine the
multifaceted causes of flooding, its impacts on the local community,
and potential strategies for mitigation and resilience.

Several factors contribute to the flooding issues faced in Davao

del Norte, most notably the region's susceptibility to intense and
prolonged rainfall. Seasonal weather patterns, influenced by climate
change, have led to more frequent and severe weather events such
as typhoons and monsoons. These events result in overwhelming
precipitation that the local ecosystems and man-made
infrastructures struggle to manage

Additionally, the topography of Davao del Norte plays a

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significant role in flood dynamics. The presence of rivers that
traverse urban and rural areas can become quickly overwhelmed
during heavy rainfall, leading to overflow and resulting in the
flooding of nearby communities. The region's mountainous terrain
further complicates drainage, as runoff can accumulate rapidly and
lead to flash floods.

Urbanization is another critical factor that has increased the

flood risk in Davao del Norte. As the population grows and urban
developments expand, natural land that once absorbed rainfall is
replaced with concrete and asphalt. This transformation not only
increases surface runoff but also places a greater demand on
existing drainage systems, which may be outdated or insufficient to
handle the increased volume of water. In many areas, inadequate
drainage infrastructure combined with illegal construction along
riverbanks exacerbates the flooding situation, putting residents and
properties at further risk.

The socio-economic implications of flooding in Davao del

Norte are profound. Flood events disrupt daily life, damage homes,
and can lead to loss of livelihoods, particularly for communities
reliant on agriculture and fishing. Furthermore, the psychological
impact on affected populations can be significant, with recovery
often hindered by inadequate resources and support mechanisms.

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 This case study seeks to delve deeper into these issues by
analyzing historical flooding events in Davao del Norte, identifying
key vulnerabilities within the community, and assessing the
effectiveness of current disaster management policies. Furthermore,
it will explore potential strategies for improvement, including
enhanced forecasting and early warning systems, better urban
planning practices, and community engagement initiatives aimed at
building resilience against future flooding events.

Through a comprehensive examination of the factors

contributing to flooding in Davao del Norte, this study aims to
contribute valuable insights that can inform local governance,
enhance community preparedness, and ultimately foster sustainable
development in the face of an evolving climate landscape.

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 CHAPTER 2
RRL

LOCAL

Flood-related incidents kill 5 in Davao del Norte

The Provincial Local Government of Davao del Norte (PLGU-Davao

del Norte) has confirmed that at least five individuals were killed in a
separate landslide and flood-related incidents in the municipality of
Kapalong earlier this week.
Of the fatalities, four are members of one family who were
reportedly sleeping while the tragedy happened on Saturday night,
February 1, 2024. They have now been retrieved by the Municipal
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council of Kapalong
(MDRRMC-Kapalong) alongside personnel of Kapalong Rescue

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Emergency Services (Kares), Bureau of Fire Protection-Kapalong
(BFP-Kapalong) and officials of Barangay Gupitan.
Their intensive search and rescue operation in the area started
on Friday morning of February 2 and successfully ended on the
afternoon of the same date.
The fatalities were identified as Julius Loon, 45; Josie Loon, 48;
Jeannifer Loon, 14, and Jamaica Loon, 11. All were residents of Sitio
Awod in Barangay Gupitan.
As of press writing, the local government unit of Kapalong (LGU-
Kapalong) is assisting the wake of the victims while their bodies are
currently at funeral homes.
On the other hand, the MDDRMC-Kapalong also recorded a dead
body retrieved on February 4.
During the search and retrieval operation, the victim, identified
as Castillo Adot (no age indicated by the LGU) was found at Purok 1
Florida, a few meters away from the collapsed hanging bridge at
Purok 2 Taguango, Barangay Sua-on, after he was reported missing.
In an investigation, more than 35 individuals were involved in
the incident and several people were injured.Prior to the incident,
the barangay captain of Sua-on has already warned the constituents
to avoid using the bridge when traveling and transporting goods and
services as its foundation is weak.
The continuous rain brought by the trough of LPA has caused
floods and landslides mostly in the provinces of Davao Oriental,
Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, and Davao City.

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 However, according to the Office of Civil Defense-Davao Region
(OCD-Davao) Regional Director Ednar G. Dayanghirang, Davao del
Norte has the most number of individuals and families affected with
over 32,000 families as of press writing. DEF. (Francisquete, David
Ezra, M. 2024)

The unresolved flooding issue in Davao City

During the last week of January to the first week of February,

various parts of the region experienced heavy rainfall, which caused
intense flooding in different areas across the Davao Region.
According to the report by the Office of Civil Defense in Davao
Region (OCD- Davao), over 3,500 families in the region were
affected as of February 1: 2,103 families were impacted in Davao de
Oro, 1,368 in Davao Oriental, and 729 in Davao City.
Before this, consecutive flooding cases emerged in Davao City
last November 8 and 9, 2023, which hit seven barangays: Matina,
Bago Gallera, Tugbok District, Talomo Proper, Matina Aplaya, and
Maa. In the past, many similar cases of flooding have emerged in
almost the same areas. In January 2021, areas in Toril and Talomo
Districts also experienced flooding, with a total of 206 families,
equating to 923 persons affected by the flooding incident.
In December 2017, at least 6,614 families, equating to more
than 30,000 individuals, were disrupted by the flood due to the
overflow of the Bankerohan River. Another flooding incident in

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October 2021 reached Roxas Avenue and Buhangin District,
affecting 400 families.
This long overdue issue of flooding has disrupted Davaoeños for
so many years. Many areas in the city have been very susceptible
to flooding during heavy rains for over two decades. A lot of
residents have already adapted to this situation and have accepted
that flooding is a part of their lives while they live in the same home,
but oftentimes, they still get taken aback by monstrous
floods(.Apalisoc, L.K. 2024)

Heavy rain floods 2 barangays in Panabo City

PANABO CITY, Philippines – Two barangays in Panabo City in Davao

del Norte were flooded after a heavy downpour on Monday evening,
January 14, a city official said.
Augusto Quilisadio, public safety and disaster officer of Panabo
City, said the downpour started at around 6:30 in the evening,
causing waist-deep flooding in New Visayas and Sto Niño barangays.
“We have immediately dispatched rescue teams and brought the
affected residents to higher grounds,” Quilisadio said. The rain
continued until Tuesday morning, January 15, Quilisadio reported.

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 Flood preparedness and utilization of early warning systems
among households in selected flood-prone areas in Tagum City,
Davao Del Norte
Flooding is a pervasive natural disaster posing significant threats
to infrastructure, property, and lives globally. Barangay San Miguel
in Tagum City, Davao Del Norte, emerges as a particularly
vulnerable area with substantial repercussions for its surrounding
communities. Therefore, assessing household preparedness and the
efficacy of early warning systems in mitigating the community’s
vulnerability becomes crucial.
Survey encompassed a random sample of 99 respondents derived
using the Slovin formula representing the study population. The
evaluation of household preparedness considered indicators such as
the readiness of first aid kits, evacuation plans, food supplies, and
participation in seminars and training. Additionally, the effectiveness
of early warning systems was gauged through indicators, including
localized floodwater warning systems, electronic floodwater warning
systems, flyers and leaflets, and direct communication. The findings
reveal a commendably high overall level of household preparedness
for floods, as reflected by a mean value of 3.75.
However, notable deficiencies were identified in seminars and
training, registering a weight of 2.74, which was classified as very
low. Furthermore, flyers and leaflets recorded the lowest mean value
at 2.06, indicating a need for improvement in this aspect of the early
warning system. Given these results, policymakers and disaster

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management officials should prioritize enhancing their knowledge
and skills through targeted seminars and training programs.
Simultaneously, allocating sufficient funding and resources is crucial
to bolster the effectiveness of early warning systems, particularly in
distributing information through flyers and leaflets. This
comprehensive approach aims to fortify community resilience and
reduce vulnerability to flooding in Barangay San Miguel, Tagum City,
Davao del Norte and similar areas. (Malupig, K.2013)

NATIONAL

Tropical Storm Trami brings severe flooding and landslides to

the Philippines, at least two dozen dead

Manila, PhilippinesAP —

Widespread flooding and landslides set off by a tropical storm in the

northeastern Philippines on Thursday left at least 24 people dead,
swept away cars and suggested authorities to scramble for
motorboats to rescue trapped villagers, some on roofs.
The government shut down schools and offices – except those
urgently needed for disaster response – for the second day on the
entire main island of Luzon to protect millions of people after

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Tropical Storm Trami slammed into the country's northeastern
province of Isabela after midnight.
The storm – known as Kristine in the Philippines – was blowing
over Aguinaldo town in the mountain province of Ifugao after dawn
with sustained winds up to 95 kph (59 mph) and gusts up to 160 kph
(99 mph). It was blowing westward and was forecast to enter the
South China Sea later on Thursday, according to state forecasters.
At least 24 people died, mostly due to drowning in the hard-hit
Bicol region and nearby Quezon province, but the toll was expected
to rise as towns and villages isolated by flooding and roads blocked
by landslides and toppled trees managed to send out reports, police
and provincial officials said.
Most of the storm deaths were reported in the six-province Bicol
region, southeast of Manila, where at least 20 people died, including
7 residents in Naga city, which was inundated by flash floods as
Trami was approaching Tuesday, dumping more than two months
'worth of rainfall in just 24 hours at high tide, regional police chief
Brig. Gen. Andre Dizon and other officials said.
While thousands of villagers, who were trapped in floodwaters, have
been rescued by government forces, many more needed to be saved
Thursday in the Bicol region, including some on roofs. About 1,500
police officers have been deployed for disaster-mitigation work,
Dizon said.(Press A. (AP) 2024)

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Typhoon lashes northern Philippine islands, flooding coastal
villages

MANILA, Philippines (AP) — A powerful typhoon was lashing the

northernmost islands of the Philippines Monday, prompting officials
to evacuate villagers, shut down schools and inter-island ferries and
warn of "potentially very destructive" damage to coastal villages.

Typhoon Krathon was last tracked over the coastal waters of

Balintang island off the provinces of Cagayan and Batanes with
sustained winds of up to 175 kph (109 mph) and gusts of up to 215
kph (133 mph), according to government forecasters.(Press A. (AP)
2024)
Philippines – 2009 – Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng affected 9.3 million
people

In late September and early October 2009, the Philippines was hit, in
quick succession, by two typhoons—Ondoy and Pepeng—that
severely affected over 9.3 million people and resulted in the loss of
956 lives, with over 700 injured and 84 persons missing. While the
majority of deaths caused by tropical storm Ondoy were due to
drowning, reported deaths during typhoon Pepeng were also due to
landslides.

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 Ondoy, the equivalent of a Category I storm, brought an unusually
high volume of rain, which generated high flooding in the Marikina
River causing extensive flooding in the Metro Manila area and the
neighboring Rizal province, including the cities of Antipolo, Makati,
Malabon, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Pasig, Quezon, San Juan, Taguig, and
Valenzuela.

Tropical storm Ondoy was quickly followed by typhoon

Pepeng (international name Parma), a category III storm, bringing
powerful winds with gusts of up to 230 km/hr then an extended
period of heavy rains. The Government of the Republic of the
Philippines declared a National Sate of Calamity on October 2 ndand
requested development partners to undertake a Post-Disaster Needs
Assessment (PDNA) jointly with the Government. In response, a
PDNA was undertaken with the support of the Global Facility for
Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) with financial support
from the European Commission and the governments of Australia,
Norway and Sweden.

The assessment team consisted ofthe government agencies,

representatives of the private sector and civil society organizations,
multilateral development partners―the Asian Development Bank,
European Commission, United Nations, and the World Bank Group,
and bilateral development partners, including Japan International

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Cooperation Agency, and the governments of Australia, Canada,
Germany, Netherlands, and the United States.
Tropical storm Ondoy and typhoon Pepeng caused a total of
US $4.38 billion in damage and losses, equivalent to about 2.7
percent of GDP. The share of private sector damage and losses was
estimated to be 90 per cent of the total. Total cost of recovery and
reconstruction was estimated at US$ 4.42 billion, consisting of US$
942.9 million for recovery needs, and US$ 3.48 billion for the
reconstruction efforts over the short term (2009-10) to medium term
(2011-12).

A recovery and reconstruction strategy was recommended

including (i) immediate restoration of rural livelihoods; (ii) housing
alternatives for informal settlements, and (iii) important role of Local
Government Units (LGUs) in implementing the recovery and
reconstruction program and future measures to mitigate disaster
risk. A number of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) priorities were
identified, including: (i) improving flood management in Metro
Manila, (ii) improving quality of and access to scientific data for
predicting and forecasting disasters, (iii) mainstreaming of DRR into
local planning and critical service infrastructure, and (iii) improving
access to disaster risk financing.(GFDRR)(2024)

Tropical Storm Trami Brings Heavy Flooding to the

Philippines

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 Thousands of people were evacuated from their homes as parts
of the country experienced unprecedented flooding, the authorities
said.

Tropical Storm Trami drenched the Philippines with torrential rain

on Wednesday, causing widespread flooding and forcing thousands
of people to evacuate from their homes.
The storm was packing winds of 52 miles per hour as it
approached the northern Philippines on Wednesday, according to
the U.S. Navy's Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It was forecast to
make landfall by Thursday morning on Luzon, the most populous
island in the country.
At least 14 people had been killed in the storm, according to
the Reuters and A.F.P. news agencies, citing local officials.
The rainfall from Trami, which is known as Kristine in the
Philippines, began to intensify on Tuesday, flooding vast areas in the
central and northern parts of the country. The Albay province was
particularly hard-hit, according to the Office of Civil Defense.

Albay province in the central Philippines received two months'

worth of rainfall in 24 hours, the authorities there told local media.
Some neighborhoods were under neck-deep water, civil defense
officials said.

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 More than 7,000 people were evacuated in Quezon province,
according to the local authorities.
The storm caused disruptions in many parts of the Philippines,
including Manila, the capital. The authorities suspended school
classes, businesses were closed, and thousands of cargo workers
and passengers were stranded at seaports. (Young, J. Y. et al. 2024)

GLOBAL

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Indonesia – Deadly Floods and Landslides in West Sumatra
After 300mm of Rain in 6 Hours

According to BNPB, Indonesia's National Disaster Management

Agency, heavy rainfall triggered flooding and landslides in a number
of areas in West Sumatra Province from 07 March 2024. By 10
March, BNPB reported at least 19 fatalities along with widespread
damage to homes, forcing over 80,000 people to evacuate.

Flood waters swept through streets of Padang City, capital of

West Sumatra province, impacting around 10,000 homes and
displacing 3,734 people. Authorities reported flooding in 31 locations
in eight sub-districts in the city area between 07 and 09 March.
Landslides were reported in six locations. Figures show that almost
300 mm of rain fell in 6 hours late on 07 March 2024. Communities
in Pesisir Selatan Regency were also severely impacted. On 10
March, BNPB reported flooding had affected 25,794 families and
displaced 76,178 people. At least 16 people lost their lives in the
regency.
Fatalities were also reported in Padang Pariaman Regency,
where severe flooding and multiple landslides have affected 2,958
people and displaced over 200. Other affected areas include Solok
City and the wider Solok Regency, Limapuluh Kota Regency, Agam
Regency, Pasaman Regency and West Pasaman Regency.

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 Search and rescue teams have been working to find those
reported missing. In the latest update of 11 March, BNPB confirmed
26 fatalities and 11 missing. BNPB reported damage to over 30,000
homes, 26 bridges, 45 buildings of worship, 25 schools, 13 roads
and 5 public buildings.
The Head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB)
Lt. Gen. TNI Suharyanto will visit West Sumatra Province on 11
March to observe emergency management operations and evaluate
the impact of the disaster.

Heavy rain has taken its toll on other areas of the country in
recent days. A landslide in occurred in South Sulawesi Province in
Indonesia on 26 February 2024, causing damages and fatalities. As
of 29 February authorities reported 5 fatalities. Nine people who
were still missing were later found. Davies, R. (2024)
Heavy rain triggered flash flooding in Belu Regency, East Nusa
Tenggara on 05 March. One person died in West Tasifeto District as a
result. In the following days flooding in North Gorontalo Regency,
Gorontalo damaged over 2,000 homes.

Oman – Dozens Rescued, 12 Dead After Heavy Rain Triggers

Flash Floods

According to figures from Oman's National Committee for

Emergency Management, 90 mm of rain fell in Al Mudhaibi in the

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North Al Sharqiyah Governorate in a period from 14 to early 15 April.
Figures from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) show 64
mm of rain fell at Marmul Airport in 24 hours to 15 April, while 59.2
mm fell in Qalhat, South Ash Sharqiyah Governorate.

Teams from Royal Oman Police (ROP) and Oman's Civil

Defense and Ambulance Department Authority (CDAA) were called
on to carry out multiple high water rescues. Many of those rescued
were in vehicles trapped or swept away by fast-flowing wadi waters.

The Royal Oman Police rescued around 35 people stranded in

the Wilayat of Ibra. Around 21 people were rescued after a school
bus was trapped in flood waters in the Wilayat of Nizwa.
CDAA teams rescued 1,200 people from a school surrounded by
flood waters in the Wilayat of Al Mudhaibi, North Al Sharqiyah
Governorate. CDAA said all those rescued are in good health.
According to CDAA, at least 12 people have lost their lives in
floods in Samad al Shan. A further five people were reported missing
after being swept away by floods across areas of the Wilayat of Al
Mudhaibi. As of 15 April the body of one of the missing, believed to
be a young child, was found. (Davies, R. 2024)

Brazil – 8 Killed in Floods and Landslides as Rain Lashes State of Rio

De Janeiro

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 Stormy weather late on 21 February 2024 swept over southern
parts of the state from late 21 February 2024. In just one hour early
on 22 February, the Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhood in the
West Zone of Rio de Janeiro city recorded 42.8 mm of rain and the
neighborhood of Bangu, also in the West Zone, recorded 43.2 mm.
However, the worst of the damage, in particular landslides,
was reported in municipalities outside the state capital, including
Barra do Piraí, Japeri, Mendes and Nova Iguaçu.
Videos shared on Social Media showed the dramatic recuse of
a mother and her two daughters who were swept away by fast-
flowing flood waters through the streets of Nova Iguaçu.
As of 22 February, at least 8 fatalities were reported across the
state as a result of incidents caused by the heavy rain, including 4
members of the same family who died after a landslide buried their
family home in Barra do Piraí.

Flooding and landslides have also caused widespread material

damages. Hundreds of homes have been damaged, displacing
around 600 people across communities in Barra do Piraí, Nova
Iguaçu, Japeri and Mendes.
The state government said it was providing assistance to
affected areas of Nova Iguaçu, Barra do Piraí, Mendes, Engenheiro
Paulo de Frontin, Paracambi, Japeri and Queimados. Sections of

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several major roads in the area have been closed, including the RJ-
127, RJ-155, RJ-135, RJ-141, RJ-143 and RJ-145.
The state's fire service carried out over 137 interventions in the
space of 24 hours, including the dramatic rescue by helicopter of a
man trapped in flood waters in Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin.

The state government warned of further heavy rain and the

continued risk of flooding and landslides over the coming days.
(Davies, R. 2024)

Germany – Thousands Evacuate Floods in Bavaria and Baden-

Wuerttemberg

A weather system referred to as storm “Orinoco” by Germany’s

Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW) brought extremely heavy
rain from 31 May 2024, in particular the states of Baden-
Wuerttemberg and Bavaria.
The German Meteorological Service – Deutsche Wetterdienst
(DWD) – said that some areas recorded more than a month's worth
of rain within 24 hours from 31 May 2024. During this period the
village of Zeisertsweiler in Sigmarszell District of Bavaria recorded
135 mm. Kißlegg in Baden-Württemberg saw 130 mm and Bad
Wörishofen recorded 129mm. Further storms and heavy rain were
expected.

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 Multiple rivers broke their banks in the two states. In
Bavaria, the Schmutter, Cham, Paar, Ilm, Danube and Isar all
reached above the level 4 (highest) warning levels in several
locations. Several dam breaks and dyke failures were also reported,
including in Augsburg District and in the district of Pfaffenhofen an
der Ilm, where around 800 people have been evacuated from the
town of Baar-Ebenhausen.
As of 03 June, the biggest concerns were levels of the
Danube River and its tributaries. According to the Bavarian State
Office for the Environment, the Danube was above the level 4
warning in 11 locations. The Amper at Inkofen and the Paar at
Manching and Mühlried were also above the level 4 warning.
A state of emergency was declared in several districts and
cities in Bavaria. As of 03 June, the list included the districts of
Günzburg, Augsburg, Aichach-Friedberg, Neu-Ulm, Pfaffenhofen an
der Ilm, Donau-Ries, Unterallgäu, Freising, Neuburg-
Schrobenhausen, Dillingen ad Donau, Dachau, Kelheim, Deggendorf
and Straubing-Bogen. The cities of Straubing and Regensburg were
also included.
Authorities were called on to carry out rescues and evacuations,
including some by helicopter. At least twelve people were rescued
from balconies and roofs in Günzburg using a police helicopter.
According to the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior, 3,000 people
have been affected by evacuations, including in the districts of
Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Augsburg, Günzburg and Donau-Ries.

23
 Evacuations were also carried out in Baden-Württemberg. As
many as 1,300 people were ordered to evacuate homes in
Meckenbeuren. Evacuatons were also carried out in Ebersbach an
der Fils, among others.

Tragically the floods have resulted in fatalities. A firefighter died

when a rescue boat capsized in Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm. Three other
firefighters on the boat were able to pull themselves to safety.

German Chancellor Olaf Scholz expressed his condolences. “The

death of a firefighter in Pfaffenhofen has shocked me,” he said,
adding that his thoughts were with the firefighter’s relatives and
colleagues.Another firefighter was reported missing in similar
circumstances in Offingen, Bavaria.
A second fatality was reported after rescuers found the body of
a person reported missing in a flooded basement of a building in the
town of Schrobenhausen, Bavaria.
As of 03 June there were also unconfirmed reports of a flood-related
fatality in Baden-Württemberg.

“I have just been informed that we must also expect that there
is now a death in Baden-Württemberg,” the state's Interior Minister
Thomas Strobl told a press during a visit to the municipality of
Erbach.

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 An employee of an energy company suffered serious injuries
after he was electrocuted in a flooded area in Allershausen, Bavaria.
(Davies, R. 2024)

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

Flood management is a multifaceted approach that

combines engineering solutions, environmental management, and
community planning to effectively address the challenges posed by
flood events. It encompasses various strategies designed to
minimize the risk of flooding and to lessen its adverse effects on
communities.
One key aspect of flood management is emergency
response planning, which involves preparing communities for
potential flooding scenarios. This includes developing plans for
evacuation, communication, and resource allocation during a flood
emergency. Infrastructure improvements, such as building levees,
dams, and drainage systems, are also critical components that aim
to control water flow and protect vulnerable areas from flooding.

25
 Community engagement plays a vital role in flood
management, as it helps raise awareness about flood risks and
encourages local populations to participate in preparedness
initiatives. Land use planning is another important measure; By
strategically regulating where and how land is developed,
communities can reduce their exposure to flooding and create more
resilient environments.
Preventive measures are essential for long-term flooding risk
reduction. Stricter zoning laws can prevent construction in flood-
prone areas, while green infrastructure—such as wetlands, rain
gardens, and permeable pavements—can enhance natural water
absorption and reduce runoff. Restoring natural ecosystems, like
forests and riverbanks, helps maintain the environment's ability to
manage water naturally.
Furthermore, investing in advanced forecasting and
monitoring systems enables communities to anticipate flooding
events more accurately and respond more swiftly. Regular
maintenance of existing infrastructure is also crucial, as it ensures
that drainage systems and barriers function effectively during heavy
rainfall. Additionally, promoting sustainable agricultural practices
can reduce soil erosion and improve land use management,
ultimately contributing to better flood resilience.
Lastly, educating the community about flood risks and
preparedness is vital. Empowering individuals with knowledge about
safety measures can significantly mitigate the impacts of flooding.

26
By combining these diverse strategies, communities can better
manage flood risks and protect lives, properties, and ecosystems
from the destructive forces of water.

Flooding is a natural disaster that can have devastating effects on

communities around the world. Davao del Norte, a province in the
Philippines, is no stranger to flooding, especially during the rainy
season. In order to effectively address and mitigate the impact of
flooding in Davao del Norte, it is essential to implement a
comprehensive methodology that takes into account various factors
such as geographical location, climate patterns, infrastructure
development, and community preparedness.

One crucial aspect of any methodology for addressing flooding in

Davao del Norte is to conduct a thorough assessment of the
province's geography and topography. Understanding the natural
landscape of the area, including rivers, lakes, and low-lying areas,
can help identify potential flood-prone areas and develop strategies
to mitigate the risk of flooding. This information can also be used to
create flood hazard maps that can guide decision-making and
development planning.

Climate patterns play a significant role in the occurrence of flooding

in Davao del Norte. The province experiences heavy rainfall during
the rainy season, which can lead to flash floods and river overflows.

27
Monitoring weather patterns and collaborating with meteorological
agencies can help predict potential flooding events and enable
timely response measures to be implemented. Developing early
warning systems and communication networks can also help
residents and local authorities prepare for and respond to flooding
events effectively.

Infrastructure development is another crucial component of any

methodology for addressing flooding in Davao del Norte.
Constructing resilient infrastructure such as flood control systems,
drainage facilities, and river embankments can help reduce the
impact of flooding on communities and prevent damage to property
and livelihoods. Investing in infrastructure that can withstand
extreme weather events and accommodate increased water flow
during heavy rainfall is essential for long-term flood risk reduction.

Community preparedness and capacity building are key aspects of

any methodology for addressing flooding in Davao del Norte.
Educating residents about flood risks, evacuation procedures, and
emergency preparedness can help increase resilience and reduce
the impact of flooding on vulnerable populations. Working with local
communities to develop disaster response plans and conducting
regular drills can help ensure swift and effective response to flooding
events.

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Collaboration and coordination among government agencies, local
authorities, and non-governmental organizations are essential for
the successful implementation of a methodology for addressing
flooding in Davao del Norte. Establishing multi-sectoral partnerships
and networks can help facilitate information-sharing, resource
mobilization, and coordinated emergency response efforts. Engaging
with stakeholders at all levels, including residents, businesses, and
civil society organizations, can help build consensus and support for
flood risk reduction initiatives

Monitoring and evaluation are critical components of any

methodology for addressing flooding in Davao del Norte. Regularly
assessing the effectiveness of flood risk reduction measures,
identifying gaps and challenges, and adapting strategies based on
lessons learned can help improve the resilience of communities to
flooding events. Collecting data on flood occurrences, damage
assessments, and response efforts can help inform decision-making
and policy development.

In conclusion, developing a comprehensive methodology for

addressing flooding in Davao del Norte requires a multi-faceted
approach that takes into account various factors such as geography,
climate patterns, infrastructure development, community
preparedness, collaboration, and monitoring and evaluation. By
implementing proactive measures to reduce flood risk, enhance

29
emergency preparedness, and build resilience among communities,
it is possible to mitigate the impact of flooding and protect lives and
livelihoods in Davao del Norte. Through continuous efforts and
collective action, we can work towards a safer and more resilient
future for the province.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS DICUSSION

FACTORS OF FLOODING Yes No

30
1. Is the area prone to heavy 25 5
rainfall?

2. Does the area have a history 26 4

of deforestation?
3. Are there inadequate drainage 20 10
systems in place?

4. Does the area experience 28 2

rising sea levels?

5. Are there any major rivers or 24 6

waterways flowing through the
area?
6. Is there a lack of proper flood 24 6
control measures?

7. Has urbanization contributed 22 8

to increased impervious
surfaces?
8. Are there any geological 21 9
factors that contribute to
flooding, such as low-lying
terrain?

EFFECTS OF FLOODING YES NO

31
 1. Does flooding cause damage 30 0
to homes and infrastructure?

2. Does flooding disrupt 29 1

transportation and access to
essential services?
3. Does flooding lead to the 18 12
displacement of residents?

4. Does flooding contaminate 15 15

water sources and pose health
risks?
5. Does flooding impact 28 2
agricultural production?

6. Does flooding negatively affect 15 15

the local economy?

7. Does flooding contribute to 17 13

the spread of diseases?

8. Does flooding cause emotional 26 4

distress and psychological
impacts?

5 DICUSSTION QUESTIONS:

32
1. What are the most significant factors contributing to
flooding in Little Panay, and how do these factors
interact with each other?

2. How does flooding impact the livelihoods and well-

being of residents in Little Panay?

3. What are the most effective strategies for mitigating

flooding in Little Panay, considering both short-term
and long-term solutions?

4.What role can local communities play in preventing

and responding to flooding in Little Panay?

5. How can government agencies, NGOs, and private

sector organizations collaborate to address the issue of
flooding in Little Pana

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY & CONLUSION

33
 Our case study delves into the issue of flooding in Davao del
Norte, outlining the various factors contributing to this recurring
problem. These factors include intense and prolonged rainfall,
seasonal weather patterns influenced by climate change, the
region's topography with rivers prone to overflow, and urbanization
leading to inadequate drainage systems. These elements combine
to create a situation where the region struggles to manage the
excess water, resulting in

flooding and significant impacts on the local community.

These highlights the socio-economic implications of flooding,
emphasizing how flood events disrupt daily life, damage homes, and
can lead to the loss of livelihoods, particularly for communities
dependent on agriculture and fishing. Additionally, the psychological
impact on affected populations is noted, with recovery often
hindered by insufficient resources and support mechanisms.
To address these challenges, the case study aims to analyze
historical flooding events, pinpoint vulnerabilities within the
community, evaluate the effectiveness of current disaster
management policies, and propose strategies for improvement.
These strategies include enhanced forecasting and early warning
systems, better urban planning practices, and community
engagement initiatives aimed at building resilience against future
flooding events.

34
Comprehensively examining the factors contributing to flooding in
Davao del Norte, the study seeks to provide valuable insights that
can inform local governance, enhance community preparedness,
and ultimately foster sustainable development in the face of a
changing climate landscape.

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36
APPENDIX A

APPENIX B

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38
39
40
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