A PROJECT REPORT ON

Fire detection and Monitoring System

Submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Tele-Communication

Submitted by
Roll No Names of Students

20104B2001 Swaraj Ballal

20104B2002 Abhiraj Raghunath
20104B2004 Atharva Padekar
20104B2007 Yash Sonawane

Under the guidance of

Prof. Vijay Purohit

Department of Electronics and Tele-Communication Engineering

Vidyalankar Institue of Technology
Wadala, Maharashtra, India – 400709
 Department of Electronics and
Tele-Communication Engineering
Vidyalankar Institue of Technology, Wadala

Certificate

This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the Winter and Year 2021 in partial ful-
filment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Tele-
Communication.

Roll No Names of Students

20104B2001 Swaraj Ballal

20104B2002 Abhiraj Raghunath
20104B2004 Atharva Padekar
20104B2007 Yash Sonawane

Prof. Vijay Purohit

(Project Guide)

Date: 20-10-2021
Acknowledgments

We like to share our sincere gratitude to all those who help us in completion of this project.
During the work we faced many challenges due to our lack of knowledge and experience but
these people help us to get over from all the difficulties and in final compilation of our idea to
a shaped sculpture .

We would like to thank Mr.Vijay Purohit sir for his governance and guidance, because of
which our whole team was able to learn the minute aspects of a project work and for his con-
tinuous help and monitoring during the project work .

In the last we would like to thank the management of Vidyalankar Institute of Technology,
Wadala for providing us such an opportunity to learn from these experiences .

We are also thankful to our whole class and most of all to our parents who have inspired
us to face all the challenges and win all the hurdles in life.

Thank you All.

Swaraj Rajesh Ballal (20104B2001)
Abhiraj Raghunath (20104B2002)
Atharva Padekar (20104B2004)
Yash Sonawane (20104B2007)

September 2021
Vidyalankar Institute of Technology, Wadala

3
 Abstract

Fire Alarm Systems are very common in commercial building and factories, these devices usual
contain a cluster of sensors that constantly monitors for any flame, gas or fire in the building
and triggers an alarm if it detects any of these. One of the simplest way to detect fire is by
using an IR Flame sensor, these sensors have an IR photo-diode which is sensitive to IR light.
Now, in the event of a fire, the fire will not only produce heat but will also emit IR rays. Yes,
every burning flame will emit some level of IR light, this light is not visible to human eyes, but
our flame sensor can detect it and alert a Micro-controller like MSP430 that a fire has been
detected which uses the ESP8266 which makes the whole circuit act as a early alarm system
which will send an email notification to our mobile phones, fire stations and hospitals if any
fire outbreak occurred to let us know the situation clearly and before its too late, we act to avoid
significant damage in case the fire outbreak was observed after a long time from its outbreak.
Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Literature Survey 2
2.1 Selection of Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Components Used 4
3.1 List of components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 MSP430G2 Launchpad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3 Esp8266(wifi module) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.1 Pin configuration Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Flame sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4.1 Pin configuration Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Software Used 11
4.1 Energia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Fritzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Program Code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.1 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad: . . . . . . 13
4.3.2 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad and ESP8266: 14

5 Working 16
5.1 Setting up email: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6 Future Scope 19
List of Figures

2.1 circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 Msp430G2 Launchpad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2 why to use msp430g2 launchpad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Esp8266 wifi module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Pin configuration Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5 IR flame sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Esp8266 wifi module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1 Energia Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.2 Fritzing Software UI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Fritzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad: . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad and ESP8266: part 1 14
4.6 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad and ESP8266: part 2 15

5.1 Circuit Duagram (Fritzing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.2 Setting up an email id on SMTP2GO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 SMTP2GO Dasboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.4 Converting email id into 64 bit format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
List of Tables

3.1 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Pin Configuration of Esp8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Pin Configuration of Flame sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 1

Introduction

In the addition to the numerous, advantages of wireless sensor, network over the traditional,
security systems, against fire outbreak its considered a as a cheap product in the terms of
equipments and installation. Since IOT technology is becoming more and more popular in
the commercial market , its related systems and components is becoming more desirable and
that include the (wireless sensor network) which is used in security and in our case security
against fire outbreak. Wireless sensor network is considered as a practical method for security
systems against fire outbreak which have drawn a substantial amount of attention recently and
it has been well established. Fire outbreak is likely to happen in anytime and everywhere ,
its considered as a (sudden event) which requires a predictable security system to counter this
kind of risk. Fire sensors which are considered as a part of (wireless sensor network) plays an
important role in monitoring and detecting any abnormal increasing in the temperature and
humidity rate . flame sensor is used in this project to monitor the flame in a specific location
, this sensor is conected to a (msp430g2) chip will continously sends data from the sensor to
a microcontroller which is connected to it by internet. In case of fire outbreak the flame will
be detected, these abnormal changes in the rates will be detected by the flame sensor, the
msp430g2 then will receive these changes as a (Data) from the sensor and send it through the
internet to a (data base) which will be stored there as a (values) , then the data base will sends
these values as an (mail Message) to a our mobile phones to inform us about the situation , it
can be used also to send a notification to the fire stations and hospitals in case of fire outbreak
in forests, factories, houses....etc.

1
Chapter 2

Literature Survey

2.1 Selection of Project

Selection for a project be it a small or a large one is difficult since we have to keep in mind
several things like online simulation, availability of components, cost effectiveness, etc. Keeping
these things in mind, we searched for a lot of Mini Projects online. After a lot of discussion,
we chalked out 3 projects out of which ‘Fire detection using MSP430G2 Launchpad
and ESP8266’ was selected as the final one after having a word with our project guide Prof.
Vijay Purohit Sir.

2.2 Circuit diagram

Figure 2.1: circuit diagram

2
2.3 Literature Survey
Automatic fire detection is important for early detection and promptly extinguishing fire.
There are ample studies investigating the best sensor combinations and appropriate techniques
for early fire detection.

Lim et al. proposed an innovative framework for residential fire detection (Lim, Lim et al.
2007). They introduced metric of interval-message-ration (IMR) and evaluated their frame-
work using the IMR metric. They concluded that the framework is not only applicable for
fire-detection but can also be applied for other disaster recoveries.

To help with fire fighting operations, an alarm application based on Telos B motes (Polas-
tre, Szewczyk et al. 2005) was proposed in (Bernardo, Oliveira et al. 2007). The authors used
a combination of temperature, light and humidity sensors in difficult access environments. They
considered a scattered WSN consisting of several isolated WSNs. The situation, in which sensor
nodes are destroyed by fire, was also taken into account. They concluded that mote longevity
(avoiding synchronisation costs during idle period) can be applied in the fire situations where
a timely response to destructive events is needed. [4]

Zervas et al. proposed a sensor network approach for early fire detection of open spaces such as
jungles and urban areas (Zervas, Sekkas et al. 2007). They incorporated a temperature sensor
and maximum likelihood algorithm to fuse sensory information. Their proposed system archi-
tecture, which is illustrated in Figure 5, is composed of (1) sensing subsystem, (2) computing
subsystem, and (3) localized alerting subsystem. The author concluded the applicability of
their approach for early fire detection. [2]

Due to difficult life condition at lookout towers and unreliability of human observations, some
vision techniques such as Automatic Video Surveillance Systems (AVSS) were proposed to mon-
itor small forests (Breejen, Breuers et al. 1998; Baumann, Boltz et al. 2008). [3]

Human nose is a terrific fire detector. It can smell odours by using millions of neurons (sensors)
and then process the signals in the brain, where patterns are classified, decisions are taken, and
the best reaction is generated. Human nose is sensitive enough to smell even light concentrated
gases. Then, brain seeks its database to find out what is the source of such a smell. If the
odour is not familiar and does not match with the previous experiences, it is labelled as ‘strange
odour’ that should be learnt as a new pattern signature (Bryan 1988; Shurmer and Gardner
1992). [1]

3
Chapter 3

Components Used

3.1 List of components

Table 3.1: Components

Sr.no Name Manufacturer Quantity

1 MSP430G2 Launchpad Texas Instrumentation 1
2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi module Espressif Systems 1
3 Flame Sensor Robo-Craze 1
4 16x2 LCD - 1
5 Power Supply Card Robo-Craze 1
6 10k Pot - 1
7 Connecting wires - -

3.2 MSP430G2 Launchpad

The Texas Instruments MSP430 family of ultra-low-power micro controllers consists of several
devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various applications. The architec-
ture, combined with five low-power modes, is optimized to achieve extended battery life in
portable measurement applications. The device features a powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit
registers, and constant generators that contribute to maximum code efficiency.

The MSP430 CPU has a 16-bit RISC architecture that is highly transparent to the applica-
tion. All operations, other than program-flow instructions, are performed as register operations
in conjunction with seven addressing modes for source operand and four addressing modes for
destination operand. The CPU is integrated with 16 registers that provide reduced instruction
execution time. The register-toregister operation execution time is one cycle of the CPU clock.
Four of the registers, R0 to R3, are dedicated as program counter, stack pointer, status register,
and constant generator, respectively. The remaining registers are general-purpose registers. Pe-
ripherals are connected to the CPU using data, address, and control buses, and can be handled
with all instructions.

4
The instruction set consists of the original 51 instructions with three formats and seven ad-
dress modes and additional instructions for the expanded address range. Each instruction can
operate on word and byte data.

Figure 3.1: Msp430G2 Launchpad

3.2.1 Features
ˆ Low Supply-Voltage Range: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
ˆ Universal Serial Communication Interface (USCI)
ˆ Ultra-Low Power Consumption – Active Mode: 230 µA at 1 MHz, 2.2 V – Enhanced
UART Supporting Auto Baudrate Detection (LIN) – Standby Mode: 0.5 µA – IrDA
Encoder and Decoder – Off Mode (RAM Retention): 0.1 µA – Synchronous SPI

ˆ Five Power-Saving Modes – I 2

ˆ Ultra-Fast Wake-Up From Standby Mode in C— Less Than 1 µs
ˆ On-Chip Comparator for Analog Signal Compare Function or Slope Analog-to-Digital
ˆ 16-Bit RISC Architecture, 62.5-ns Instruction (A/D) Conversion Cycle Time
ˆ 10-Bit 200-ksps Analog-to-Digital (A/D)
ˆ Basic Clock Module Configurations Converter With Internal Reference, Sample- – Internal
Frequencies up to 16 MHz With and-Hold, and Autoscan (See Table 1) Four Calibrated
Frequency

ˆ Brownout Detector – Internal Very-Low-Power Low-Frequency

ˆ Serial Onboard Programming, (LF) Oscillator No External Programming Voltage Needed,
– 32-kHz Crystal Programmble Code Protection by Security – External Digital Clock
Source Fusea

5
ˆ Two 16-Bit Timer A With Three
ˆ On-Chip Emulation Logic With Spy-Bi-Wire Capture/Compare Registers Interface
ˆ Up to 24 Capacitive-Touch Enabled I/O Pins

Figure 3.2: why to use msp430g2 launchpad

6
3.3 Esp8266(wifi module)
The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
that can give any microcontroller access to WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either
hosting an application or offloading all WiFi networking functions from another application
processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware,
meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-
ability as a WiFi Shield The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge,
and ever growing, community. This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and
storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific
devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during
runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including
the front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD
for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existence interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF
allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

Figure 3.3: Esp8266 wifi module

3.3.1 Pin configuration Diagram

Figure 3.4: Pin configuration Diagram

7
 Table 3.2: Pin Configuration of Esp8266

Pin No Pin Name Used for Alternate Name

1 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit -
2 TX Connected to Rx pin of programmer/uC GPIO – 1
3 GPIO-2 General purpose Input/output pin -
4 CH-EN Chip Enable-Active high -
5 GPIO - 0 General purpose Input/output pin Flash
6 Reset Resets the module -
7 RX General purpose Input/output pin GPIO - 3
8 Vcc Connect to +3.3V only -

3.3.2 Features

ˆ Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module

ˆ Power Supply: +3.3V only
ˆ I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max)
ˆ I/O source current: 12mA (max)
ˆ Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz
ˆ 512kB Flash Memory
ˆ Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined
ˆ Supports Deep sleep less than (10uA)
ˆ Supports serial communication hence compatible with many development platform like
Arduino.

8
3.4 Flame sensor

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or
fire, allowing flame detection. When used in applications such as industrial furnaces, their role
is to provide confirmation that the furnace is working properly; it can be used to turn off the
ignition system though in many cases they take no direct action beyond notifying the operator
or control system. A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke
or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect the flame.
A sensor which is most sensitive to a normal light is known as a flame sensor. That’s why this
sensor module is used in flame alarms. This sensor detects flame otherwise wavelength within
the range of 760 nm – 1100 nm from the light source. This sensor can be easily damaged to
high temperature. So this sensor can be placed at a certain distance from the flame. The
flame detection can be done from a 100cm distance and the detection angle will be 600. The
output of this sensor is an analog signal or digital signal. These sensors are used in fire fighting
robots like as a flame alarm.This sensor/detector can be built with an electronic circuit using a
receiver like electromagnetic radiation. This sensor uses the infrared flame flash method, which
allows the sensor to work through a coating of oil, dust, water vapor, otherwise ice.

Figure 3.5: IR flame sensor

3.4.1 Pin configuration Diagram

Figure 3.6: Esp8266 wifi module

9
 Table 3.3: Pin Configuration of Flame sensor

Pin No Pin Name Specifications

1 VCC Connected to the 3.3 - 5.3 V
2 GND Connected to the ground of the circuit
3 AOUT Analog output pin
4 DOUT Digital output pin

3.4.2 Features

ˆ Operating voltage of this sensor is 3.3V to 5V

ˆ The PCB size is 3cm X 1.6cm
ˆ Simple to use
ˆ Sensitivity is adjustable
ˆ It is responsive to the flame range
ˆ Photosensitivity is high
ˆ Response time is fast
ˆ If the flame intensity is lighter within 0.8m then the flame test can be activated, if the
flame intensity is high, then the detection of distance will be improved.

10
Chapter 4

Software Used

4.1 Energia
Energia is an open-source electronics prototyping platform started by Robert Wessels in
January of 2012 with the goal to bring the Wiring and Arduino framework to the Texas Instru-
ments MSP430 based LaunchPad. The Energia IDE is cross-platform and supported on Mac
OS, Windows, and Linux. Energia uses the mspgcc compiler by Peter Bigot and is based on
the Wiring and Arduino framework. Energia includes an integrated development environment
  
(IDE) that has its foundation in the Processing IDE (Processing Wiring Arduino Energia).
Energia is also a portable framework/abstraction layer that can be used in other popular IDEs.
Utilize a web browser-based environment with Texas Instruments CCS Cloud at dev.ti.com or
TI’s powerful CCS Desktop IDE.

The foundation of Energia and Arduino is the Wiring framework that was developed by
Hernando Barragan. The framework is thoughtfully created with designers and artists in mind
to encourage a community where both beginners and experts from around the world share
ideas, knowledge, and their collective experience. The Energia team adopts the philosophy of
learning by doing and strives to make it easy to work directly with the hardware. Professional
engineers, entrepreneurs, makers, and students can all benefit from the ease of use Energia
brings to the microcontroller. Energia started out to bring the Wiring and Arduino framework
to the Texas Instruments MSP430 LaunchPad. Texas Instruments offers a MSP430, MSP432x,
TM4C, C2000, CC32xx and CC13xx LaunchPad. The LaunchPad is a low-cost microcontroller
board that is made by Texas Instruments. The latest release of Energia supports the majority
of the LaunchPad product offerings. Energia introduces a Together with Energia, LaunchPad
can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors,
and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. LaunchPad projects can
be stand-alone (only run on the Target Board, i.e. your LaunchPad), or they can communicate
with software running on your computer (Host PC).

Figure 4.1: Energia Software

11
4.2 Fritzing
Fritzing is an open-source hardware initiative that makes electronics accessible as a creative
material for anyone. We offer a software tool, a community website and services in the spirit of
Processing and Arduino, fostering a creative ecosystem that allows users to document their pro-
totypes, share them with others, teach electronics in a classroom, and layout and manufacture
professional PCBs.

The software is created in the spirit of the Processing programming language and the Arduino
microcontroller and allows a designer, artist, researcher, or hobbyist to document their Arduino-
based prototype and create a PCB layout for manufacturing. The associated website helps users
share and discuss drafts and experiences as well as to reduce manufacturing costs. Fritzing can
be seen as an electronic design automation (EDA) tool for non-engineers: the input metaphor
is inspired by the environment of designers (the breadboard-based prototype), while the output
is focused on accessible means of production. As of December 2, 2014 Fritzing has made a
code view option, where one can modify code and upload it directly to an Arduino device.
Component images are distributed under CC-BY-SA-3.0, which will also be the license for any
generated breadboard views.

Figure 4.2: Fritzing Software UI

Figure 4.3: Fritzing

12
4.3 Program Code:
4.3.1 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad:

Figure 4.4: Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad:

13
4.3.2 Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad
and ESP8266:

Figure 4.5: Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad and ESP8266: part 1

14
Figure 4.6: Flame Sensor and L.C.D Display with MSP430G2 launchpad and ESP8266: part 2

15
Chapter 5

Working

For this project we only need an MSP430 launchpad ESP8266 wifi module a 16x2 LCD is
used for displaying various messages which is optional. ESP8266’s Vcc and Gnd pin are di-
rectly. And CH-PD is also connected with 3.3V.A fire sensor is used to trigger the MSP430
Launchpad to send Email Alert of fire.Rx and Tx pins of ESP8266 is directly connected at pin
P14 and P13 of MSP430 Launchpad. LCD’s rs, RW, and en pins are directly connected to P24
and P23. Data pins of LCD D4-D7 are connected to P15, P20, P21, P22. LCD is powered by
using 5v supply and its ground is connected with MSP430 Launchpad’s GND. Fire sensor is
connected at pin P25.

Figure 5.1: Circuit Duagram (Fritzing)

16
5.1 Setting up email:
For sending Email via Wi-Fi module and MSP430 Launchpad, we need to have an email
account which can be easily created on https://www.smtp2go.com/. After signup remember
the email address and password, which will be needed in MSP430 program later.

Figure 5.2: Setting up an email id on SMTP2GO

Using SMTP2GO Dashboard.

Figure 5.3: SMTP2GO Dasboard

17
 We also need to convert the E-mail ID and password into base 64 format by using this website
https://www.base64encode.org/. We are going to use this in our program.

Figure 5.4: Converting email id into 64 bit format

18
Chapter 6

Future Scope

There are some scope of improvements to be done in the project some are mentioned below:

ˆ GSM module to send user a instant remainder regarding any hazardous situation and
avoid such scenarios.

ˆ The project then can be integrated into a Panic light system using relay and smart sprinkle
system using solenoid valve and motor if in case the user isn’t able to reach the location
by himself.

ˆ Esp8266 can be installed as well as mentioned above.

19
Bibliography

[1] Majid Bahrepour, Nirvana Meratnia, and Paul JM Havinga. Automatic fire detection: A
survey from wireless sensor network perspective. Pervasive System Group, Univeristy of
Twente, 2008.

[2] Majid Bahrepour, Nirvana Meratnia, and Paul JM Havinga. Use of ai techniques for res-
idential fire detection in wireless sensor networks. In AIAI Workshops, pages 311–321.
Citeseer, 2009.

[3] Shitai Bao, Ningchuan Xiao, Zehui Lai, Heyuan Zhang, and Changjoo Kim. Optimizing
watchtower locations for forest fire monitoring using location models. Fire safety journal,
71:100–109, 2015.

[4] Luis Bernardo, Rodolfo Oliveira, Ricardo Tiago, and Paulo Pinto. A fire monitoring appli-
cation for scattered wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the international conference
on wireless information networks and systems, Barcelona, Spain, volume 2831, page 2831,
2007.

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