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Bricks ppt

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Asad Ahmed
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54 views24 pages

Bricks ppt

Uploaded by

Asad Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRICKS :

❖ Brick is an artificial kind of stone made of clay whose


chief characteristics are plasticity when wet and stone
like hardness after being heated to high temperature.

❖One of the oldest construction material

❖ Most popular and leading construction material

REASON:
➢Low cost
➢Durable
➢Light weight
➢Easy to work with
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY OF
BRICKS:

1. Chemicals properties of the clay use.


2. Preparation of clay.
3. Process of drying.
4. Different degrees of burning.
Constituents of brick clay and their
functions:
Sl.N CONSTITUENT % FUNCTION
o. S

1 Silica(SiO2) 55 Prevents cracking


and shrinkage
2 Alumina(Al2O3) 30 Crack warp burning

3 Iron oxide 8 Gives red colour

4 Magnesia 5 Imparts yellow tint


and decreases
shrinkage
5 Lme 1 decreases shrinkage
during drying
ADVANTAGES OVER STONES:

➢Light weight

➢Uniform shape and size

➢Moulded to required size

➢Easy laying

➢Cheaper

➢Fire resistance

➢Thinner sections

➢Less mortar for bonding

➢Easy transportation

➢Produced in large quantities


Harmful constituents of Brick Clay:

Sl.No. CONSTITUEN Harmful Effects


TS

1 Iron Pyrites Causes crystallization and


disintegration of bricks on burning.
2 Alkalies Causes the bricks to fuse, twist and
warp during burning.
3 Stone Particles Non uniformity of brick texture. It
causes brick porous and weak.

4 Vegetation and Causes burning of bricks small


Organic Matter pores.

5 Lime Excess of lime causes the brick to


fuse and the shape is lost. High
heating limestone is converted into
lime and carbon dioxide.
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS:

➢Preparation

➢Moulding

➢Drying

➢Burning
PREPARATION:
➢Upper layer removed ( free from vegetation, gravel and
lime)
➢Clay to excavated to exposed to atmosphere in wet
condition for weathering.
➢Clay mixed with ingredients(sand , lime alumina &
magnesia) to become homogeneous and attain uniform
color.
➢Clay is cut slashed and trodden for tampering.
➢Clay mix kneaded for moulding
➢Ready for manufacturing for brick.
MOULDING:
➢Steel iron, brass or wooden mould.
➢Two methods of moulding:
➢a) Hand moulding (Ground & table moulding
➢b) Machine moulding (Plastic & Drying clay
machine)

❖Hand Moulding:
➢Open both at top and bottom
➢Prepared according to size of brick
➢Clay mix filled in the mould, levelled and
excess qty. is removed.
➢Mould is lifted up and the procedure is
repeated.
DRYING:
➢Moulded bricks are stacked in layers without any
injury.
➢Dried for about 5 to 12 days (depending on weather
condition)

BURNING:
➢A) To imparts strength and hardness to brick B) To
increase the density of brick to make them less
absorbent to water and increasing durability.
➢Clamps or Kilns are used to raised at 2100° F
➢It should be properly burnt
➢Well-burnt bricks are hard & strong.
➢Over-burnt leads to vitrify and hence not sound.
➢Under-burnt leads to softness and hence less load
carrying capacity, useless.
BURNING:
➢Clamp or Pazawah Burning
➢Kiln Burning A) Hoffman’s Kiln B) Trench or Tunnel
Kiln

➢Advantages & Disadvantages of Hoffman’s


Kiln
➢Advantages: 1. Economy of fuel 2. Uniform burning of
brick 3. Regulation of heat 4. Preheating of under burnt 5.
Higher percentage of good brick 6. Regularity of supply 7. No
smoke as the combustion
➢Disdvantages: High initial cost of construction.

➢Advantages & Disadvantages of Trench or


Tunnel Kiln
Characteristics of good bricks:
1) Bricks should be uniform in colour, size and shape. The
standard dimension (9.5x4.5x2.75 inches).
2) They should be sound and compact.
3) They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air
bubbles, stone nodules etc.
4) They should not absorb more than about 1/5 of their own
weight of water when immersed in water for 24 hours.
5) The compressive strength of bricks should be in the range of
5000-8000 psi.
6) The should be neither over burnt nor under burnt.
7) The weight should be generally 2.7 kg(6lb) per brick and the
unit weight should be generally 125 pcf.
8) They should have low thermal conductivity as it is desired
that the buildings made of them should be cool in summer
and warm in winter.
9) Bricks should not change in volume when wet.
10) They should give clear ringing or metallic sound when struck
by another brick or hammer.
Field Testing of Bricks:
❖ The following tests may be performed for quick
and rough determination of the quality of brick:
1. Hardness Test: Take a brick and try to make a mark on its
surface with nail. If you can do this, it is not a good brick.
If not, it is sufficiently hard and compact.
2. Soundness Test: Take a brick and strike it with a hammer
or another brick. If it gives a clear ringing or metallic
sound, it is a good brick.
3. Surfaces of good bricks should be smooth having square
edges and free from cracks and voids.
4. Colour, shape, size and structure of bricks should be
uniform.
5. T-Test: Take a brick and form a T as shown in the
following figure and drop from a height of 1.2m (4ft) to
1.5m (5ft) on a more or less solid surface. If they break,
they are not good bricks. If they remain unbroken, they
are good bricks.
USES:

✓Walls, Bridges, Dams and Culverts

✓Pavements, Kerbs Partitions and roads

✓Fire bricks used for fire resisting structures

✓Ornamental works

✓Perforated and hollow bricks for heat insulation

✓Compound walls, Columns, Stairs and Arches

✓Broken pieces for weathering courses


CLASSIFICATION:
The following of classification of bricks
➢FIRST CLASS BRICKS
➢SECOND CLASS BRICKS
➢THIRD CLASS BRICKS
➢FIRST CLASS BATS
➢SECOND CLASS BATS
➢PICKED JHAMA BRICKS
➢JHAMA BRICKS
➢JHAMA BATS
FIRST CLASS BRICKS:

✓Smooth and rectangular

✓Parallel, sharp and straight edges

✓Thoroughly burnt with deep red colour

✓Uniform texture

✓Water absorption 12% to 15% of its dry weight

when immersed in cold water for 24 hrs

✓Mettallic (or) Ringing sound by striking

✓Crushing strength not less than 10.5 N/mm2


SECOND CLASS BRICKS:
✓Small cracks are allowed
✓Water absorption 16% to 20%
✓Crushing strength not less than 7 N/mm2
✓USES: all masonry works

THIRD CLASS BRICKS:


✓Under burnt
✓Soft and light
✓Dull sound
✓Water absorption is 25%
✓USES: Temporary structures

FOURTH CLASS BRICKS:


➢Over burnt
➢Bad shape and size
➢brittle
BASED ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(AS PER ISI) [ IS 1077-1976 ]
CLASS AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH (N/mm2)
350 35
300 30
250 25
200 20
175 17.5
150 15
125 12.5
100 10
75 7.5
50 5
35 3.5
SIZE AND WEIGHT:

➢19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm

➢20 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm (including

mortar)

➢3 to 3.5 kg
QUALITY OF GOOD BRICKS:
Shape and size Uniform with straight edges
Colour Deep RED
Texture and No fissures and holes
Compactness
Hardness and No finger nail impression
Soundness
Compressive [ 10.5 N/mm2]
strength
Water absorption [ Not more than 20%]

Density [ 17 to 19 kN/m3 ]
Shear strength 5 To 7 N/mm2
Fire Resistance High
Soluble salts Free
Breakage When dropped from 1m height it should
not break.
TESTS ON BRICKS: IS 3495- 1976
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

✓Both faces made smooth

✓Immersed in water for 24 hrs for three days

✓The specimen is then placed between the plates of the

compression testing machine

✓Load is applied axially at a uniform rate 14 N/mm2and maximum

load at which the specimen fails is noted for determination of

compressive strength not less than 3.5 N/mm2

✓Again immersed in clean water for 3 days

Compressive strength = testing


✓Tested in compression Load at failure/ Area of the cross
machine.
2.WATER ABSORPTION TEST:

✓Dry brick weighed (W1)

✓Immersed in water for 24 hrs

✓Again weighed (W2)

✓Percentage of water absorption = X 100


[W2 – W1]
W1
3.EFFLORESCENCE TEST:

✓Bricks placed in water of 2.5 cm depth till water is absorbed or

evaporated

✓After drying again placed in water

✓Examined for efflorescence

Efflorescence is classified as follows:

Nil 0%

Slight 10%

Moderate 10 to 50%

Heavy more than 50%


Thank You

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