READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY DEFINING HISTORY

LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY ❖ Burckhardt: "History is the record

of what one age finds worthy of
note in another”
HISTORY
❖ Henry Johnson: "History, in its
- From Ancient Greek ἱστορία
broadest sense, is everything that
(historía, “learning through research,
ever happened"
narration of what is learned”), from
❖ Smith V.S. "The value and interest
ἱστορέω (historéō, “to learn through
of history depend largely on the
research, to inquire”), from ἵστωρ (hístōr,
degree in which the present is
“the one who knows, the expert, the
illuminated in the past"
judge”).
❖ Rapson: "History is a connected
account of the course of events or
- Derived from the Greek word
progress of ideas"
historia which means “knowledge
❖ NCERT: "History is the scientific
acquired through inquiry or
study of past happenings in all their
investigation” or means “the narration
aspects, in the life of a social group
of the events in the past and the
in the light of present happenings"
exposition of a memorable work either
❖ Jawaharlal Nehru: “History is the
successful or not; may it be a private
story of Man’s struggle through the
information or a public knowledge so long
ages against Nature and the
that it can be a subject for study and
elements; against wild beasts and
research “
the jungle and some of his own
kind who have tried to keep him
HISTORIA
down and to exploit him for their
- Became known as the account of
own benefit.
the past of a person or of a group of people
through written documents and historical
NATURE OF HISTORY
evidence..
❖ A study of present in the light of
the past
❖ History is the study of man
❖ History is concerned with man in
time
❖ History is concerned with man in
space
❖ Objective record of happenings
❖ Multi Sided
❖ History is a dialogue between
events of the past and progressively
emerging future ends
❖ Not only narration but also analysis
 ❖ Continuity and coherence are the HISTORY AND HISTORIAN
necessary requisite of history Despite the fact that historians cannot
❖ Relevant and Comprehensiveness ascertain absolute objectivity, the study of
history remains scientific because of rigor
OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING of research and methodology that historian
HISTORY employ.
❖ Knowledge
❖ Understanding Historian is a person of his own who is
❖ Critical Thinking influenced by his own context,
❖ Interests environment, ideology, education and
❖ Practical Skills influences among others. His interpretation
❖ Attitudes of the historical fact is affected by his
context and circumstances.
LESSON 2: HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
THE FATHER OF HISTORY Comprises certain techniques and rules
❖ Herodotus that historian follow in order to properly
utilizes sources and historical evidences in
FILIPINO HISTORIANS writing history.
❖ Teodoro Agoncillo
- Advocated the nationalist point of
view and opposed the foreigner’s LESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES
perspective.
❖ Renato Constantino HISTORICAL SOURCES
- He initiated people’s history - ❖ In studying as history, research and
search out the people’s voice from historical sources are used to gain
the historical colonial materials. extensive knowledge and accurate
❖ Zeus Salazar details as possible. It is also
- He concepted the “pantayong important that we can properly
pananaw” that promulgated from distinguish the two classification of
YOU to US perspective in sources which are the primary and
historiography. secondary sources.
❖ Reynaldo Ileto
- He used the interdisciplinary SOURCES
approach in history that made to ❖ an object from the past or
introduce “Pasyon at Rebolusyon” testimony concerning the past on
❖ Samuel Tan which historians depend in order to
- He emphasized the significance of create their own depiction of that
the Muslim-Filipino struggles in past.
Philippine History.
❖ Resil Mojares
- Acknowledged as a leading figure
in the promotion of regional
literature and history.
WRITTEN SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES
❖ Published materials (Books, A secondary source interprets and
magazines, journals, travelog, analyzes primary sources. These sources
transcription of speech) are one or more steps removed from the
❖ Manuscript [any handwritten or event.
typed record that has not been They are usually in the form of
printed] (Archival published works such as journals, articles,
materials,memoirs, diary) review, books, conference papers and
documentaries.
NON - WRITTEN SOURCES
❖ Oral history, artifacts, ruins, fossils. Examples:
art works, Video Recordings, audio ❖ History textbook
recordings ❖ Printed materials (serials,
periodicals which interprets
PRIMARY SOURCES previous research)
A primary source is a document
or physical object which was written or HISTORICAL CRITICISM
created during the time under study. Garraghan identified six points of inquiries
Primary sources provide first-hand to evaluate the authenticity of a primary
testimony or direct evidence concerning source:
a topic under investigation. They are ❖ Date- When was it produced?
created by witnesses or recorders who ❖ Localization- When did it
experienced the events or conditions being originate?
documented. ❖ Authorship- Who wrote it?
❖ Analysis- What pre-existing
Primary sources are sources material served as the
which are documents in the archives, ❖ basis for its production?
artifacts, memorabilia, photographs of ❖ Integrity- What was its original
the events, eyewitnesses, memoirs, form?
letters, census, minutes, newspaper ❖ Credibility- What is the evidential
clippings, records of the events, value of its content?
interview of a living witness, church and
government records and can be anything The absence of primary documents
so long that such source was produced at that can attest the accuracy of any
the same time when the event, period or historical claim would be a problem in the
subject matter being discussed took place. extensive study of history. Thus, the
significance of secondary sources should
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF be acknowledged. Secondary sources are
PRIMARY SOURCES material that can fill the gaps caused by
❖ Written sources lack or absence of primary sources.
❖ Images Gottschalk emphasized that historian
❖ Artifacts cannot avoid using secondary sources.
❖ Oral testimony
 Most often they depend on We can evaluate the internal criteria using
secondary sources to improve their these seven factors identified by Howell
knowledge on documents gathered and and Prevenier:
detect errors. ❖ Genealogy of the document-
development of the document can
However, Howell and Prevenier stated be of original, a copy, or a copy of
that before any source can be considered the copy of the document.
as evidence in historical argument, it must ❖ Genesis of the document-
satisfy three pre-conditions. situations and authorities during
the document’s production.
1. First is the ground for acceptability ❖ Originality of the document-
or the level of vocabulary, nature of document, whether it is
language and handwriting. an eye/earwitness account.
2. Second, the source must be ❖ Interpretation of the document-
carefully located in accordance deducing meaning from the
with place and time. document.
3. Third is the authenticity and ❖ Authorial authority of the
accuracy. This must be considered document- relationship between
by students and historians to the document’s subject matter and
thoroughly scrutinize these sources its author.
to avoid deception, forgery, ❖ Competence of the observer-
mislabeling and in order to come author’s capabilities and
up with a genuine historical truth. qualifications to critically
comprehend and report information
INTERNAL CRITICISM ❖ Trustworthiness of the observer-
is the examination of truthfulness author’s integrity, whether he/she
and factuality of the evidence. It looks fabricates or reports truthfully.
out for the problem of credibility and
points out the content of the source and its
production. TEST OF CREDIBILITY
❖ Identification of the author
❖ The Problem of Credibility e.g. to determine his reliability;
❖ Relevant particulars in the mental processes, personal
document – is it credible? attitudes
❖ Verisimilar – as close as what ❖ Determination of the
really happened from a critical approximate date
examination of best available e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
sources ❖ Ability to tell the truth
e.g. nearness to the event,
competence of witness, degree
of attention
 ❖ Willingness to tell the truth ❖ Provenance or custody
e.g. to determine if the author e.g. determines its
consciously or unconsciously tells genuineness
falsehoods ❖ Semantics
❖ Corroboration determining the meaning of a text
i.e. historical facts – particulars or word
which rest upon the independent ❖ Hermeneutics
testimony of two or more reliable determining ambiguities
witnesses

THEORIES/ APPROACHES IN
EXTERNAL CRITICISM UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINE
is the practice of verifying the HISTORY
authenticity of evidences being ❖ Challenge and response theory
examined. It is more focused on the ❖ Exchange theory
physical characteristics, consistency ❖ Role of historical man
with the historical characteristics of the ❖ Materialistic concept of history
time when it was produced and materials ❖ Method of historiography
used. It is used to spot fabricated, forged, ❖ Analyzing conditions of the
faked documents and distinguish a hoax masses
or misrepresentation.
POSITIVISM
Validating historical sources is emerged between the eighteenth
important because the use of unverified, and nineteenth century. This thought
falsified and untruthful historical sources requires empirical and observable
may result to false conclusions. With the evidence before one can claim particular
help of criticisms we may exhaust all knowledge is true.
available materials to come up with an
extensive historical narrative and will be POST COLONIALISM
able to avoid historical deception and lies. emerged in the early twentieth
century when formerly colonized nations
TEST OF AUTHENTICITY grappled with the idea of creating their
❖ Determine the date of the identities and understanding their societies
document to see whether they are against the shadows of their colonial past.
anachronistic
❖ Determine the author
e.g. handwriting, "A generation which ignores history has
signature, seal no past and no future."
❖ Anachronistic style -Robert Heinlein
e.g. idiom, orthography
Punctuation
❖ Anachronistic reference to events
e.g. too early, too late, too remote
LESSON 4: SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE THE 3GS OF COLONIAL HISTORY
AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN’S ❖ GOD- The Power of Faith
PIGAFETTA’S ACCOUNT ❖ GLORY- Trace of Colonization
❖ GOLD- Trade Under Colonialism
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
WHO IS FERDINAND MAGELLAN?
❖ Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian
❖ Ferdinand Magellan was born in a
scholar and explorer from Venice.
noble family at Portugal in 1480.
❖ Born around 1491, he belonged to
❖ After serving as a court page for
a rich family and studied
two years, he decided to be an
astronomy, geography and
explorer.
cartography in his youth
❖ 1512, he was stationed in Morocco
❖ Traveled with the Portuguese
and made plans to find a western
explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the
shortcut to the Spice Islands
Indies to look for spices
❖ Unfortunately, King Emmanuel of
❖ During the expedition he was
Portugal refused to finance his
Magellan's assistant and he also
journey which prompted him to
kept a journal which would help
renounce his Portuguese
him translate the Cebuano
citizenship and offer his services to
Language
King Charles I of Spain
❖ He was able to collect extensive
❖ The voyage started with around
data concerning the geography,
240 men in five ships
climate, flora and fauna of places
❖ Discovered Philippines named it
they visited
(Archipelago of St. Lazarus)
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE
MAR PACIFICO EXPERIENCE
WORLD 1519-1522
❖ The Pacific Ocean proved to be
❖ The original text was written in
one of the toughest tests that they
Italian Language
would face
❖ Considered as Primary Source
❖ Ship crew suffered from extreme
❖ Translated in English Language
hunger and were forced to feed on
rats, sawdust, leather and maggots
THE VOYAGE STARTED WITH THE
(Around 20 men died)
FOLLOWING EVENTS IN HISTORY:
❖ When they finally arrived in the
❖ Geocentrism vs. Heliocentrism
Philippine Islands, they started
❖ Discovery of Telescope and
converting natives to Christianity
Astrolabe used for Navigation
❖ Mactan local chief Lapulapu and
❖ Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
his men were upset when Magellan
❖ Renaissance and the deteriorating
insisted that they convert
control of the Church
❖ On April 27, 1521, Magellan was
killed when he got struck by a
poisoned arrow
SHIPS OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
DURING HIS EXPEDITION
ISLAS LADRONES “ISLAND OF THE
Five ships THIEVES”
❖ Trinidad – flagship, In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet
❖ San Antonio - escaped, reached what we called the Landrones
❖ Concepción, Islands or the “Islands of the Thieves”. He
❖ Victoria, recounted: “These people have no arms,
❖ Santiago - shipwrecked but use sticks which have a fish bone at the
end. They are poor, but ingenious and
Out of 270 men, only 115 men were left great thieves, and for the sake that we
after the battle held in Matan. called these three islands the Landrones
Islands”.
CONTENT AND CONTEXT OF THE
DOCUMENT ARRIVAL IN THE ISLAND OF
SULUAN (MARCH 16, 1521)
The First Voyage Around The
World by Antonio Pigafetta was written on ❖ March 16, 1521
board one of the 5 ships that was first to ❖ Arrival in Zamal (Samar at
circumnavigate the world during an ❖ present)
expedition that was lead by the Portuguese ❖ The island was called Humunu
explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and after his ❖ (now Homonhon )
death during the voyage, by Juan Sebastián ❖ Magellan and his men called it
Elcano. The expedition started in 1519 and Acquada da li buoni Segnialli
ended in Spain in 1522. ❖ (“the Watering -place of Good
Signs”)
Name of the Spanish fleet that was ❖ There are many islands in that
led by Ferdinand Magellan: Armada de district, and therefore they called
Molucca. Provided by King Charles V, them the archipelago of San Lazaro
included 5 ships: the Trinidad (crew: 55) as they were discovered on the
under Magellan's command, the San Sunday of St. Lazarus
Antonio (crew: 60) commanded by Juan
de Cartageña, the Concepcion (crew: 45) Homonhon island of Eastern Samar was
commanded by Gaspar de Quesada, the described by Pigafetta as the “first signs
Santiago (crew: 32) commanded by Juan of gold” and rename the islands as
Rodriguez Serrano and the Victoria (crew: “Archipelago of St. Lazarus.”
43) commanded by Luiz Mendoza, which
carried supplies and provisions.
MARCH 18, 1521 CAPHRI
❖ Naked with Cloth woven from
❖ They saw 9 men in a boat bark of tree to cover their private
approaching them and these men parts
came from the island Zuluan. They ❖ Anoint themselves with coconut
showed joy and eagerness in seeing and with beniseed oil as protection
them. against sun and wind
❖ The men were giving signs of joy
for Magellan's arrival MARCH 25, 1521
❖ There was an exchange of gifts ❖ Pigafetta recounted that they saw
between them two ballanghai, a long boat full of
❖ Pigafetta detailed in amazement people in Mazzava/Mazaua. The
and fascination the palm tree which leader, who Pigafetta referred to as
bore fruits called cocho and wine. the King of ballanghai (balangay)
He also described what seemed like sent his men to the ship of
coconut. Magellan. The Europeans
❖ Pigafetta characterized the people entertained these men and gave
as “very familiar and friendly” and them gifts. Approached by the
willingly showed them the different natives on boloto (baroto)
islands and the names of these
islands. MARCH 29, 1521
❖ Magellan was introduced to the
MARCH 22, 1521 King’s brother who was also a king
❖ The natives (Filipinos) gave the of another island. They went to this
remaining gifts they promised to island and Pigefetta reported that
Magellan. they saw mines of gold. The gold
❖ The seignior of the natives was was abundant that parts of the ship
painted (tattooed) and had many and of the house of the second king
accessories. were made of gold. Pigafetta
❖ They call the natives caphri, or described this king was the most
heathen. handsome of all men that he saw in
❖ They go naked, only covering their this place. Introduced two kings:
privates. Raja Siaui of Butuan and Raja
Colambu of Limasawa.
SEIGNIOR ❖ He noted one chieftain who “had
❖ Painted (Tattooed) three spots of gold on every tooth,
❖ Handkerchiefs about their heads and his teeth appeared as if bound
❖ Earring on both ears with gold”
❖ Gold armlet on both wrists
MARCH 31, 1521 (EASTER SUNDAY) of Cebu, met in an open space.
❖ Pedro Valderrama, a priest, was There, the king offered a bit of his
sent by Magellan to start the first blood and demanded that Magellan
Mass in Philippine history. do the same.
❖ Erected a cross on the summit of
the highest mountain APRIL 14, 1521
❖ Magellan asked the king about his ❖ A mass was held with Raja
enemies Humabon and his people attending
❖ It was also stated that the three the ceremony
best places to get food would be in ❖ 800 souls were baptized
Ceylon, Zubu and Calahann ❖ Pigafetta showed the queen an
(Leyte, Cebu, Caraga) image of our Lady, a very beautiful
❖ Start of barter trades wooden child Jesus, and a cross
❖ She asked for the little child Jesus
to keep in place of her idols and
CROSS this image of child Jesus is now
❖ Standard given by the king of known as the Sto. Niño found in
Spain to Magellan Cebu.
❖ Set on the summit of the highest
mountain on seeing it every APRIL 26, 1521
morning, they might adore it ❖ According to Zula, the chief of
And in adoring it, neither thunder, Matan, Cilapulapu (LapuLapu)
lightning, or storms would harm refused to obey the king of Spain
them in the least served as a marker ❖ Cilapulapu did not want to pay
for other sailors that the place has Magellan and his men the goat that
been visited by the Spaniards, and they were promised
is already their property ❖ Magellan was not pleased since
they went to Matan to garner food
APRIL 7, 1521 for their expedition.
❖ They entered the port of Zubu ❖ Zula requested the captain to send
(Cebu) and fired him only one boatload of men to
❖ mortars. fight against the other chief. The
❖ Magellan sent an ambassador and captain- general decided to go their
the interpreter. with three boatloads
❖ The king, Rajah Humabon said that
all ships were required to pay APRIL 27, 1521
tribute. ❖ At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s
❖ There was an exchange of men set out armed with corselets
warnings between the two parties. and helmets, Christian king, prince,
❖ The king of Cebu consulted his some of the chief men, 20 or 30
council. By the next day, balanghais
Magellan’s men and the king of ❖ The local islanders had lances of
Cebu, together with other principal bamboo and stakes hardened with
men fire.
 ❖ They shot Magellan through the According to Pigafetta, the voyage
right leg with a poisoned arrow, covered 14, 460 leagues- about 81, 449
knocked his helmet off his head kilometers.
twice,
❖ An Indian hurled a bamboo spear CONTRIBUTION IN
in Magellan’s face, but the latter UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINE
immediately killed him with his HISTORY
lance, which he left in the Indian’s ❖ BARTERING
body Magellan tried to teach the natives
a lesson that they prized their
LAPULAPU merchandise more than their gold.
❖ In the new portrait, Lapulapu is ❖ CROSS
shown wearing several tattoos, symbolizes the Christianization of
loosely patterned after an the Philippines.
illustration to Visayan people in the ❖ BLOOD COMPACT
ca. 1590 Boxer Codex. These The king said that if Magellan
tattoos were not merely decorative, wished to become his friend, both
as these indicate the bearer’s of them should drop a blood from
experiences, achievements and their right arm. It is also a sign of
triumphs in battles and sea friendship.
encounters. ❖ BURNING OF IDOLS
❖ To signify his dignity as a warrior Magellan told the natives to burn
Leader, Lapulapu is shown holding their idols and set up a cross
a kampilan (a noted Visayan bladed instead if they wish to become
weapon) and wearing a regal red Christians.
vest and pants. He is also adorned ❖ TRADE
with gold ornaments, also patterned Our ancestor have a custom that all
after those illustrated in the Boxer ships that will enter their port
Codex. should pay tribute
❖ FESTIVITIES
JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO Our ancestor are heavy drinkers
❖ Along with other 17 survivors Before the king drinks, he raised
aboard the Ship Victoria, reached his clasped hands towards the sky
the port of San Lucar de and then towards the person he is
Barrameda, Spain on September 6, drinking with and the former
1522. He received a recognition for extends his fist of the left hand
his achievement from the Emperor towards the latter
Charles V who gave him a Sometimes they have a meal that
coat-of-arms with a globe would last for six hours
including a title engraved “Primus ❖ ENTERTAINMENT
Circundedisti Me” or in English Our ancestor played musical
translation “You went around me instruments like drums, metallic
first”. discs, gongs and bells
❖ MAGELLAN’S CROSS
❖ RELIGION
❖ SINULOG FESTIVAL