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Setting_Out_Curves_Class_2_Notes

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19 views

Setting_Out_Curves_Class_2_Notes

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jsaita47
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Notes: Setting Out Curves

Class 2 Topic: Setting Out Curves


Objective: Set out horizontal and vertical curves.

1. Introduction to Setting Out Curves


Curves are an essential part of engineering works, particularly in the construction of roads,
railways, and pipelines. Setting out curves ensures smooth transitions and alignment
between straight sections.

2. Types of Curves

Horizontal Curves
- Definition: Curves that align the horizontal position of a feature.
- Purpose: Facilitate smooth directional changes in roads, railways, and pipelines.
- Common Types:
1. Simple Circular Curve: A single arc with a constant radius.
2. Compound Curve: A combination of two or more arcs with different radii.
3. Transition (Spiral) Curve: A curve with a gradually changing radius, connecting straight
and circular sections.

Vertical Curves
- Definition: Curves that align the vertical position (elevation) of a feature.
- Purpose: Ensure smooth elevation changes, enhancing safety and usability.
- Common Types:
1. Crest Curve: Upward convex curve connecting two gradients.
2. Sag Curve: Downward concave curve connecting two gradients.

3. Parameters of a Curve

Horizontal Curve Parameters


1. Radius (R): The constant distance from the center of the curve to any point on its path.
2. Arc Length (L): The curved distance between the two endpoints of the curve.
3. Tangents (T): Straight sections leading into and out of the curve.
4. Deflection Angle (Δ): The angle between the initial and final tangents.
5. Chord (C): The straight-line distance between the two endpoints of the curve.

Vertical Curve Parameters


1. Gradient (G1, G2): The slopes of the two intersecting straight sections.
2. Point of Intersection (PI): The point where the gradients meet.
3. Length of Curve (L): The horizontal distance between the start and end of the curve.
4. Midpoint Elevation: The elevation of the highest (for crest) or lowest (for sag) point on
the curve.
4. Setting Out Horizontal Curves
Methods of Setting Out Horizontal Curves:
1. Using Theodolite and Tape:
- Position the theodolite at the start point of the curve.
- Measure and mark deflection angles from the tangent at regular intervals.
- Use a tape to measure the chord length for each deflection angle.
- Mark the curve points on the ground.
2. Using Coordinates:
- Calculate the coordinates of the curve points.
- Use GPS or a total station to position and mark the points on the ground.
3. Using Offset from Tangent Lines:
- Establish the tangent line on the ground.
- Measure perpendicular offsets at regular intervals to locate curve points.
- Mark the points on the ground.

5. Setting Out Vertical Curves


Methods of Setting Out Vertical Curves:
1. By Elevation Computation:
- Calculate the elevations of points along the curve using the parabolic formula:
Y = Y1 + G1 * X + (G2 - G1) * X^2 / 2L
- Mark the points on the ground based on computed elevations.
2. Using Levels and Staff:
- Set up a leveling instrument at a vantage point.
- Calculate and record height differences for curve points.
- Use staff readings to position points on the ground.

6. Practical Session on Setting Out Curves


Objective: To set out a simple circular horizontal curve using a theodolite.
Procedure:
1. Place the theodolite at the start of the curve and align it with the tangent.
2. Measure and mark deflection angles at regular intervals (e.g., 10°).
3. For each deflection angle, measure the chord length using a tape and mark the
corresponding curve point on the ground.
4. Repeat the process until the entire curve is set out.

7. Challenges and Solutions


- Challenge: Visibility issues in dense or uneven terrain.
Solution: Use coordinates and GPS to determine points in obstructed areas.
- Challenge: Errors in angular or distance measurements.
Solution: Cross-check all measurements and repeat steps as necessary.
- Challenge: Incorrect curve alignment.
Solution: Verify the alignment with initial design data and adjust as needed.
8. Importance of Setting Out Curves
- Ensures smooth changes in direction or elevation, enhancing usability and safety.
- Prevents errors that can result in costly rework.
- Ensures the curve adheres to design specifications.

Key Takeaways
1. Horizontal and vertical curves are essential for smooth transitions in construction
projects.
2. Theodolites, GPS, and other instruments play a critical role in accurately setting out
curves.
3. Proper calculation of curve parameters ensures accuracy and adherence to design
specifications.
4. Practical experience and verification of measurements are crucial to minimize errors.

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