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Speed & Average speed

Speed: distance travelled per unit time
v is Speed, s is distance travelled and t
is time

Average Speed: the total distance travelled

per the time of the whole journey.

Average speed =
Instantaneous Speed: the speed at instant time needs
to measure the distance travelled in very short time.
Multiflash photography is used.

Velocity
Velocity: distance travelled in unit time in a given direction
Can also be defined as change in displacement per unit time
Displacement is the distance in a
Velocity= given direction

V1 =5 m/s
Both have same speed
V2 =5 m/s and same velocity

Think!!!?
Compare speed and V1 =5 m/s
velocity in the
following case

V1 =5 m/s

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Velocity
Velocity: distance travelled in unit time in a given direction
Can also be defined as change in displacement per unit time
Displacement is the distance in a
Velocity= given direction

V1 =5 m/s
Both have same speed
V2 =5 m/s and same velocity

Think!!!?
Compare speed and V1 =5 m/s
velocity in the
following case
They have same speed
V1 =5 m/s but different velocity

Vector and scalar

Vector Scalar
Displacement Distance
Velocity Speed
Acceleration
Uniform velocity or steady velocity
Uniform speed or steady speed
means the speed is constant and
means the speed is constant
the direction doesn’t change

Think!!??
Explain the speed and the velocity of the following cases
What if the
1- An object moves with a constant speed in a straight line. velocity is
changing??!!
2- An object moves with a constant speed in a curved path.
3- An object moves with a changing speed in a straight line.
4- An object moves with a changing speed in a curved path.
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Acceleration
Acceleration: change of velocity in unit time

Acceleration is a vector

Acceleration=
∆
Acceleration=
∆
Example:

Acceleration
Acceleration: change of velocity in unit time

Acceleration is a vector

Acceleration=
∆
Acceleration=
∆
Example:

Note: If the motion is in straight line, magnitude of the velocity will equal the
speed. Hence, acceleration will equal the change of speed in unit time.
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Acceleration and Deceleration

Positive Acceleration
increases
acceleraion
Speed
Negative Deceleration
decreases
acceleration Retardation

Example:

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Distance-Time graphs
Distance-Time graph
represents the change of Suppose we recorded the values for the distance
distance during the time moved by an object in the table below
Distance / m 10 20 30 40
Time/ s 1 2 3 4

If we plot the above data using y-axes for the

distance and x-axes for the time.

Distance-Time graphs
Distance-Time graph
represents the change of Suppose we recorded the values for the distance
distance during the time moved by an object in the table below
Distance / m 10 20 30 40
gradient of the line = speed
Time/ s 1 2 3 4

If we plot the above data using y-axes for the

distance and x-axes for the time.

Notes from the distance-time graph

1- the line is straight, constant gradient.
2- we can conclude that the speed is constant.
3- the gradient of the line between O and L is

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Distance-Time graphs
Distance-Time graph
represents the change of Suppose we recorded the values for the distance
distance during the time moved by an object in the table below
gradient of the line = speed Distance / m 10 20 30 40
Time/ s 1 2 3 4

If we plot the above data using y-axes for the

distance and x-axes for the time.

Notes from the distance-time graph

1- the line is straight, constant gradient.
2- we can conclude that the speed is constant.
3- the gradient of the line between O and L is
( )
= 10 m/s
4- the object moved in a steady speed of 10m/s

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Distance-Time graphs
Describe the motion that is represented in the
following distance-time graph

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Distance-Time graphs
Describe the motion that is represented in the The graph shows that the object
following distance-time graph is
1- at rest in the time interval OA
HOW did we know?!
2- moving at a constant speed in
the time interval AB
HOW did we know?!
3- at rest in the time interval BC
4- moving at a constant speed in
the time interval CD
Important note
The speed is higher
when the gradient
is steeper
5- the object is faster in time
interval AB than it is in CD
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Distance-Time graphs
Distance

Distance

Time Time
Gradient varies
Constant gradient Downward curve
Constant speed Gradient decreases
No acceleration Speed decreases
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Distance-Time graphs
Instantaneous speed

Using the graph.

Calculate the speed at
time = 3 s

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Distance-Time graphs
Instantaneous speed

Using the graph.

Calculate the speed at
time = 3 s

Instant Speed = gradient at the point

Speed = = 20 m/s
( )

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Speed-Time graph
Speed-Time graph represents
the change of velocity gradient of the line = Acceleration
during the time

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Speed-Time graph
Speed-Time graph represents
the change of velocity gradient of the line = Acceleration
during the time

From the table, the data

shows that speed is constant
No acceleration

From the graph, gradient is

zero
Speed is uniform
No acceleration
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Speed-Time graph

Can you read data from

the graph?

From the graph,

Speed increases
gradient is constant
Uniform acceleration

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Speed-Time graph

From the date,

Speed increases by same
amount (4m/s) every second
Uniform acceleration

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Speed-Time graph
Note:
Steeper the
gradient,
acceleration
is greater.

Describe the motion

in the time intervals
-OA
-AB
-BC
-CD

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Speed-Time graph
Note:
Steeper the
gradient,
acceleration
is greater.

Describe the motion in the

time intervals
-OA: accelerating from rest
-AB: constant speed
-BC: decelerating (steeper
gradient than OA,
deceleration is greater than
acceleration.
-CD: at rest ( speed is zero
and acceleration zero

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Speed-Time graph

Can you read data from

the graph?

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Speed-Time graph

From the graph,

gradient decreases
Speed increases by smaller
amount every second.
Acceleration changes
(decreases).

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Speed-Time graph
Are under the curve of speed-time graph
is = ∆speed×∆time = ????

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Speed-Time graph
Are under the curve of speed-time graph
is = ∆speed×∆time = Distance

Distance travelled in the time

interval AB is

Distance = 20 m/s × 5 s =100 m

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Speed-Time graph
Calculate the distance in the first 5 seconds.

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Speed-Time graph
Calculate the distance in the first 5 seconds.

Distance = rectangle + triangle

= (20m/s x 5s) + ( x 5s x 20m/s)
d = 150 m

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Equations for constant acceleration

If an object moves with constant acceleration in a straight line,
its speed changes from u to v

u: initial speed
v: final speed
t: the time needed to change the speed
s is the total distance

the following equations can be used

( )
v = u + at Average speed = s= t

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Equations of motion

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Equations of motion

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Practice

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Falling bodies
Watch this video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E43-
CfukEgs

In air a coin falls faster than a small piece of paper

because of air resistance

In vacuum a coin falls at the same speed of a small

piece of paper

- air resistance have a greater effect on light bodies

than on heavy bodies.
- The air resistance to a light body is large when
compared with the body’s weight.
- With a dense piece of metal the air resistance is
negligible at low speeds.
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Acceleration of free fall

If air resistance is neglected, all bodies falling freely under the force of
gravity do so with uniform acceleration.
This uniform acceleration is called acceleration of free fall and is
denoted by ( g ).

- The value of g varies slightly over the earth.

- The value is constant in each place.
- Its average value is 9.8 m/s2 or near 10 m/s2 .

What does “ acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2 mean?

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Acceleration of free fall

If air resistance is neglected, all bodies falling freely under the force of
gravity do so with uniform acceleration.
This uniform acceleration is called acceleration of free fall and is
denoted by ( g ).

- The value of g varies slightly over the earth.

- The value is constant in each place.
- Its average value near to the surface of earth is 9.8 m/s2 or near 10 m/s2 .

What does “ acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2 mean?

The velocity of a free falling object increases by about 10 m/s every
second.
But if an object is shot straight upwards, its velocity decreases by 10 m/s
each second until reaches its highest point when its velocity becomes zero
Example: A ball shot straight upwards with a velocity of 30 m/s decelerates
by 10 m/s every second and reaches its highest point after 3 s
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Equations of motion for free fall

In calculations, g replace a in the equations

For falling body For rising body

g = + 9.8 m/s2 g = - 9.8 m/s2
Positive sign because it is Negative sign because it is
accelerating. decelerating

( )
v = u + gt s= t s = g t2

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Air resistance (fluid friction)

Terminal velocity
Air resistance opposes the motion of a free-falling object

Air resistance increases as the speed of the free-falling object increases

Air resistance reduces its acceleration
Air resistance

Air resistance is acting upwards

Weight (gravitational force) is acting downwards
When both are equal, the total force acting on the object is then
zero. Weight
Weight balances air resistance.

At this moment, the object continue moving at a constant velocity.

This constant velocity is called terminal velocity.

The value of terminal velocity depends on the object’s

1- size 2- shape 3- weight
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Terminal velocity
If object is small and dense (steel ball) has high terminal velocity.
It falls considerable distance with constant g before air resistance equals
its weight.

If object is light (rain drop) or has a large surface area (parachute) has a
low terminal velocity.
It falls comparatively short distance with constant g before air resistance
equals its weight.

Objects falling in liquids behave similarly to

those falling in air

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Distance-time graph of free-falling

object

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Exam style questions

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