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Application of Derivative

cbse class 12 mathematics chapterwise

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Aditya chaudhary
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28 views46 pages

Application of Derivative

cbse class 12 mathematics chapterwise

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Aditya chaudhary
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Application of Derivatives POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Rate of Change: If a quantity y varies with another quantity 2, satisfying some rule y ay de | (or f (x9) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at x =X. a] 2. Differentials: (2) be any function of x which is differentiable in (a, 6). The derivative of this, function at some point x of (a, £) is given by the relation Bs yap AD - yyy LES L0 dx May ~ Sm, fe) = Bere > dy =f (x) dx, where dy is called the differential of the function. Formula dy = f(x) dr or Ay = f'(x) Aris very useful in measuring the errors in the dependent variable for given error in independent variable. (@ Absolute Error: The error Ax in x is called the absolute error. Gi Relative Error: If Ax is error in x then ratio 4% is called the relative error: (iit) Percentage Eszor: If S¥ is relative error, then SF 100 is called percentage erorin x 3. Nature of Function: To know the behaviour of a Fencdin inan interval, we study the properties of increasing or decreasing functions, maximum and minimum of the functions. rok tal A] A = Rai ON Moe AN] [OFe| 4. Monotonic Function: A function is said to be monotonic in an interval, if itis either increasing or decreasing in the given interval. 5. Increasing Function: A function fix) is said to be an increasing function in (a, b) if eh > fei) Sf) Vy xy € (a,b) In this way, we can say fix) is increasing in (a, b) if V xe (a,b), f (x)>0 — Obviously, the angle 0 made by tangent with +ve direction of x-axis in interval (a, b) is acute. fee) moowt: = tan Gis +ve. => slopeis +ve. ' ay fT HKo = de =f'@)>0 Application of Derivatives 193 6, Decreasing Function: A function x) is said to be decreasing in the interval (a, b)ifx, <2, = Ae) fla) V xy x2 € (a,b) In other way, (fix) is decreasing in interval (a, b) if ¥ xe (a, b), f(x) <0 Obviously, the angle @ made by tangent with +ve direction of ‘x-axis in interval (a, b) is obtuse. ps > tan@is-ve. = — slopeis-ve. ds ml > Zr@ fl) > flea) V xy %2 € (@,b) 7. Maximum and Minimum Value of a Function (or Absolute Maximum and Minimum Value) A function fis said to attain maximum value at a point a € Ds, if fla) > flx) Vx € Dy then fla) is called absolute maximum value of f A function f attains minimum value at x = b € Dy if fl) fla) ¥ x € (a-8, a+ 8), x #a, then fla) is called the local minimum value at x= a. es Wu [aa] a Wu Py ea) fared oe) p= WY) oa - ie) (ay, Caution: (i) A function defined in an interoal can reach maximum or minimum values only for those values of x which lie within the given interoal. (ii) One shoutd not think that the maximum and minimum ofa function are its respective largest and smallest values over a given interval. 9. Test for Identifying Relative (Local) Maxima or Minima ( First derivative test Step I: Find f(x) Step Il: The equation f (x) = Vis solved to get critical points x = C1, mn Gye Step III: The sign of f(x) is studied in the neighbourhood of each critical points. 194 Xam idea Mathematics-xil Let one critical point be x = c. | If the sign of f (x) changes IF the sign of f'(x) changes from +ve to-ve as x increases from -ve fo +ve as x increases through ¢ (from left to right ofc). through c (from left to right of c) is relative maxima and is relative minima and f (©) is relative maximum value. f(0)is relative minimum value. (i) Second derivative test Step I:Find f(x) =0 Step I: The equation f (x) = 0 is solved to get critical points x = cy, cy, m Step II: /"(x) is obtained and the sign of f"(x) is studied for all critical points x= ¢y, cy, Let x = cbe one critical point. ——_+——_,, lef"(@>o Tepe) <0 ef" =0 x=cisrelative minima x=cisrelativemaxima _ Second derivative and f (c)is relative and f (c) is relative test fail and first ‘minimum value. ‘maximum value derivative testis used. vu = es | Vv) Sa Ss) ze) m K< faa = ow m a 10. Critical Point: A point x = c is called critical point of the function fix), if fle) exists and either f(e) = 0 or f (c) = = (does not exist) 11. Point of Inflexion: If f(x) is a function and x = cis critical point, then x = c is called point of inflexion if @fO@=0 @fO=0 Gi f+ Some Useful Results ‘Area of a square = x? and perimeter = 4x, where x is side of the square Area ofa rectangle =x. y, asx and y are length and breadth of rectangle and perimeter = 2(x + y) Area of a trapezium = + (sum of parallel sides) x perpendicular distance between them ‘Area of a circle = xr’, Circumference of a circle = 2nr, where r is the radius. Volume of sphere = 3 71° ; Surface area = 41", where ris the radius. Total surface area of a right circular cylinder = 2nrh + 2nr”; Curved surface area = 2nrh ‘Volume = ar7h, where ris the radius and is the height of the cylinder. © Volume of a right circular cone = bah; eoceoe 3 Curved surface area = nrl, Total surface area = nr” + nv, where ris the radius, his the height and Lis the slant height of the cone. ‘© Volume of a parallelopiped = xyz and surface area = 2(xy + yz + zx), where x, y and z are the dimensions of parallelopiped. © Volume of a cube = x° and surface area = 6x”, where x is the side of the cube. © Area of an equilateral triangle = 8 (ides Application of Derivatives 195 Multiple Choice Questions Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. The interval in which the functions f given by fix) = 2° eis strictly increasing, is [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)] (@) (-2, 0) (0) =, 0) (c) (2,2) @) ©,2) 2. The intervals in which the function f given by fix) = x7 - 4x +6 is strictly increasing in [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term-1)] @ 22UG,%) (6) @,) (0 62,2) @ 6,2]U@ ~) (fx) = x has a stationary point at (@) xee @xst (x21 @ x=Vve 4. The maximum value of @) is [CBSE 2021-22 (65/2/4) (Term-1)] ie @e we we @ (3) 5, The maximum value of [x(¢—1) +1]3,0SxS1 is [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term-1)| 1 4 3/1 @o OF wr © V3 6. The area of a trapezium is defined by function f and given by f(x) = (10 + x) 100 - 2°, then the area when it is maximised is (CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term-1)) (@) 75cm? (®) 73 cm? (©) 75/3 cm? @) 5cm? 7. A ladder, 5 meter long, standing on a horizontal floor, leans against a vertical wall. Ifthe top of the ladder slides downwards at the rate of 10 cm/sec, then the rate at which the angle between the floor and the ladder is decreasing when lower end of ladder is 2 metres from the wall is INCERT Exemplar] @) Fyradian/see (&) Fpradian/see —_(@) 20zadian/sec__(#) 10zadian/see 8. The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r = 6 em is (@) 107 (®) an (©) 8x @ un 9. The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by R(x) = 327 + 36x + 5. The marginal revenue, when x = 15 is @ 16 (0) 96 (©) 90 @ 126 10. If xis real, the minimum value of x* - 8x + 17 is INCERT Exemplar] (@ -1 mo 1 @2 11. The function fla) = 2x" - 152” + 36x + 6 is increasing in the interval [CBSE 2021-22 (65/2/4) (Term-1)] (@) -#,2)4B,~) () =, 2) () Gm, 2]4[3,%) @) B=) 12, Ina sphere of radius 1, a right circular cone of height h having maximum curved surface area is inscribed. The expression for the square of curved surface of cone is [CBSE 2021-22 (65/2/4) (Term-1)] (@) 2ni?rh(2rh +h?) (b) z2hr(2rh + HP) (c) 2x2 r(2rh? = IP) @) 2x Park =H) 196 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil

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