How to write a literature review

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of

current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing
research.

Writing a literature review involves finding relevant publications (such as books and journal
articles), critically analyzing them, and explaining what you found. There are five key steps:

1. Search for relevant literature

2. Evaluate sources
3. Identify themes, debates and gaps
4. Outline the structure
5. Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes, and critically
evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

Table of contents

1. Why write a literature review?

2. Search for relevant literature
3. Evaluate and select sources
4. Identify themes, debates, and gaps
5. Outline your literature review’s structure
6. Write your literature review
7. Free lecture slides
8. Frequently asked questions about literature reviews

Why write a literature review?

When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will have to conduct a literature
review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a
chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and scholarly context

• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position yourself in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate

You might also have to write a literature review as a stand-alone assignment. In this case, the
purpose is to evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of
scholarly debates around a topic.

The content will look slightly different in each case, but the process of conducting a literature
review follows the same steps.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate
school or pursue a career in research.
Step 1: Search for relevant literature
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic.

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search
for literature related to your research problem and questions.

If you are writing a literature review as a stand-alone assignment, you will have to choose a
focus and develop a central question to direct your search. Unlike a dissertation research
question, this question has to be answerable without collecting original data. You should be able
to answer it based only on a review of existing publications.

Research question exampleWhat is the impact of social media on body image among
Generation Z?

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key
concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can
add to this list if you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

Keywords example

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok

• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for
journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue

• Google Scholar
• JSTOR
• EBSCO
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can use boolean operators to help narrow down your search:

• AND to find sources that contain more than one keyword (e.g. social media AND body
image AND generation Z)
• OR to find sources that contain one of a range of synonyms (e.g. generation Z OR
teenagers OR adolescents)
• NOT to exclude results containing certain terms (e.g. apple NOT fruit)

Read the abstract to find out whether an artile is relevant to your question. When you find a
useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
To identify the most important publications on your topic, take note of recurring citations. If the
same authors, books or articles keep appearing in your reading, make sure to seek them out.

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Step 2: Evaluate and select sources

You probably won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on the topic—
you’ll have to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your questions.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?

• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models and methods? Does the research use established
frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or
challenge established knowledge?
• How does the publication contribute to your understanding of the topic? What are its key
insights and arguments?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies and
major theories in your field of research.

You can find out how many times an article has been cited on Google Scholar—a high citation
count means the article has been influential in the field, and should certainly be included in your
literature review.

The scope of your review will depend on your topic and discipline: in the sciences you usually
only review recent literature, but in the humanities you might take a long historical perspective
(for example, to trace how a concept has changed in meaning over time).

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later
incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism. It can be helpful to
make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full citation information and write a
paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read
and saves time later in the process.

You can use our free citation generator to quickly create correct and consistent APA
citations or MLA citations. Want to check your literature review for plagiarism? Try
Scribbr’s Plagiarism Checker for students.

Step 3: Identify themes, debates, and gaps

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, you need to understand the
connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and
notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become
more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the
direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be
addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show
how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

Example of trends and gapsIn reviewing the literature on social media and body image, you
note that:

• Most research has focused on young women.

• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and
Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

Step 4: Outline your literature review’s structure

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. You should have a
rough idea of your strategy before you start writing.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies
(for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed
chronologically).

Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you
choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the
field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

Thematic
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into
subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key
themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and
economic access.

Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research
methods, you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different
approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research

• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss
various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various
theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Step 5: Write your literature review

Like any other academic text, your literature review should have an introduction, a main body,
and a conclusion. What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

Introduction
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Dissertation literature reviewIf you are writing the literature review as part of your dissertation or
thesis, reiterate your central problem or research question and give a brief summary of the
scholarly context. You can emphasize the timeliness of the topic (“many recent studies have
focused on the problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the literature (“while there has been much
research on x, few researchers have taken y into consideration”).Stand-alone literature reviewIf
you are writing a stand-alone paper, give some background on the topic and its importance,
discuss the scope of the literature you will review (for example, the time period of your sources),
and state your objective. What new insight will you draw from the literature?

Body
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into
subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological
approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

 • Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and
combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers—add your own
interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the
literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw
connections, comparisons and contrasts

Example of a paragraph in a literature review

Body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly in young
women. The relation between media depictions and body image concerns is well-established; a
meta-analysis by Grabe, Ward and Hyde (2008) concluded that exposure to mass media is
linked to body image dissatisfaction among women. However, in an era of rapidly changing
digital technologies, the mass media paradigm is no longer adequate for understanding how
people engage with images, and the findings of older studies like this one may not be
generalizable to younger generations. In light of this changing landscape, researchers have
become increasingly interested in the specific effects of social media. Perloff (2014) theorizes
that the interactive aspects of social media may influence its impact on body image, and
mentions that young women are among the most active social media users. Several empirical
studies have focused on Facebook usage in adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier
& Gray, 2014) and in young adult women (Smith, Hames, & Joiner, 2013; Fardouly et al., 2015;
Cohen, Newton-John & Slater, 2017), while a systematic review by Holland and Timmerman
(2016) confirmed a relationship between social networking and body image for both women and
men. Across these studies, there is consistent evidence that body image issues are influenced
not by social media usage in general, but by engagement with the visual and interactive aspects
of these platforms. Nonetheless, there is a lack of robust research on more highly visual social
media (HVSM) such as Instagram and Snapchat that have gained more recent popularity
among younger generations.

Conclusion
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and
emphasize their significance.

Dissertation literature reviewIf the literature review is part of your thesis or dissertation, show
how your research addresses gaps and contributes new knowledge, or discuss how you have
drawn on existing theories and methods to build a framework for your research.Stand-alone
literature reviewIf you are writing a stand-alone paper, you can discuss the overall implications
of the literature or make suggestions for future research based on the gaps you have identified.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread
thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s
professional Proofreading & Editing service!