HKIVE Department of Construction

Higher Diploma in Building Studies (EG114105/EG314105/EG524105)

Construction Science for Building (CON3106)
Chapter 4

Properties of Section
剖面的特性

Module Intended Learning Outcome (MILO)

[學科預期學習目標]

ILO1: Recognize the fundamental concepts of structural mechanics and fluid mechanics.
認識結構力學及流體力學的基本概念。
ILO2: Recognize the knowledge in material science and its application.
認識物料科學的知識及應用。
ILO3: Determine the mechanical properties of sections.
決定剖面的機械特性。
ILO4: Analysis statically determinate beams subjected to vertical load.
分析受垂直負戴作用的靜定橫樑 。
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 Glossary (術語表)

Properties of Section
剖面的特性

Centroid :重心 Centre of Gravity:重心 ( x, y )

kgm2: 千克平方米
3
Moment of Inertia : 轉動慣性 bd
m4: 米四次方
Moment of Area: 面積轉動慣性
I x − x I y − y I = 12
Parallel Axis Theorem I z − z = I x − x + Ac 2

3
bd
= + Ac 2

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 Centre of area or Centroid
The centre of area, or centroid, of a section is the point about which the area
of the section is distributed evenly. A useful analogy that helps the
understanding of this idea may be found by considering the centre of gravity
of a thin plate of uniform thickness and of homogeneous material. The
centre of gravity of such a plate will occur at the point where a single point
could be placed to obtain a perfect balance.
To locate the position of the centroid , the moment of area of the section are
considered about convenient axes.

Moment of area = area magnitude x distance to centre of area

And the same principle of superposition applies- the total moment of area
equals the sum of component moments of area about the same axis.

3
Consider the shaded area shown in the above diagram. It is required to find the
position of the centroid(G) in relation to the two axes OX and OY. Let the area be
made up of an infinite number of very small elements of area δA, the co-ordinates
of these elements being x1y1, x2y2, etc. Also let the distances to the centroid
from the respective axis be x and y as shown.
Then for equilibrium, Ax = ε(δA x1 + δAx2 + ………)
𝜀𝜀(𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
or x=
𝐴𝐴

𝜀𝜀(𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿)
also y=
𝐴𝐴

4
Example 1
Determine the centroid location of the following T shape .
y y y
Centroid of A1 Centroid axis

2 A1

x
A2

6 Centroid of A2 y1 = 7
y1 = 5.5
y2 = 3
x x
3 1.5 3

(i) (ii) Two rectangles in (iii) Centroid location

the T-shape
𝑦𝑦1𝐴𝐴1+𝑦𝑦2𝐴𝐴2
y= 𝐴𝐴1+𝐴𝐴2

7 2 7.5 +3 (1.5)(6)
=
2 7.5 +1.5(6)
= 5.5 M

5
Example 2
Find x and y for the shape in Figure 2.

𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝐴 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

x=
𝐴𝐴𝐴 −𝐴𝐴𝐴
35 70 90 −25(30)(30)
=
70 90 −30(30)
= 37
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Y=
𝐴𝐴𝐴 −𝐴𝐴𝐴
45 90 70 −55(30)(30)
=
90 70 −30(30)
= 43
6
Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia of an area is used to quantify the resistance of various sections
to bending and buckling. It is a shape factor that measures the relative location of
material in a cross section in terms of effectiveness. A beam section with a large
moment of inertia or I value, will have smaller stresses and deflections under a given
load than one with a lesser I value

• A moment of inertia value can be computed for any shape with respect to
any reference axis. Figure below shows this general situation. The moment
of inertia of an area about a given axis is defined as the sum of the
products of all the elemental areas and the square of their respective
distances to that axis. Thus, we get the following two equations from the
following figure.

𝐴𝐴
Iy = ∫0 𝑥𝑥2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

7
• I values for regular shapes can be expressed in terms of the section
dimensions. For example, the centroidal moment of inertia (Ixx) of a
simple rectangle of dimensions b and h is found, using Figure 5.2

Fig. 5.2

8
Example 3

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Example 4

• Determine the centroidal moments of inertia for the wide-flange shape

or

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 The Parallel axis Theorem
• To obtain the second moment of area of a standard shape
section about an axis parallel to one of the centroidal
axes.Consider the shaded area in the following figure to be
made up of elemental strips of area dA. The second moment
of area of a strip about z-z = dA x (y + c)2. Then the total
second moment of area of the section about z-z is
• Area dA
y
X G
+

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Izz = ∫(y + c)2 dA
= ∫y2 dA + 2c ∫ ydA + c2∫dA

But ∫y2 dA = Ixx, ∫ ydA = 0, ∫dA = 0

Hence Izz = Ixx + A c2

This express ion is known as the PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM.

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Example 5
• Determine the second moment area of the following rectangle about a
centroidal axis parallel to the x-x axis and z-z axis .
100

100
X X
100
Z Z

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HKIVE Department of Construction

Higher Diploma in Building Studies (EG114103/EG314103/EG524103)

Construction Science (CON3105)
Chapter 4

Properties of Section
剖面的特性

ILO3: Determine the mechanical properties of sections.

決定剖面的機械特性。

- END -

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