PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQ)

SOLUTION
CHAPTER - 11/DUAL NATURE OF MATTER &
RADIATION
Ans. 1 “Photoelectric effect” shows the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.

Ans. 2 The number of photons incident per metre square per second is called intensity of
radiation.
𝑊
𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: or J/s – m2
𝑚2

𝑐
Ans. 3 since 𝜆0 = 𝑣0
, metal Q has smaller threshold wavelength.

Ans. 4 Features of the photons:

ℎ
i. Photons are particles of light having energy E = hv and momentum 𝑝 = 𝜆
, where h is
Planck constant.
ii. Photons travel with the speed of light in vacuum, independent of the frame of reference.
iii. Intensity of light depends on the number of photons crossing unit area in a unit time.

Ans. 5 The minimum retarding (negative) potential of anode of a photoelectric tube for which
photoelectric current stops or becomes zero is called the stopping potential.

Ans. 6 Threshold frequency is defined as the minimum frequency of incident radiation which can
cause photoelectric emission. It is different for different metal.

Ans. 7 The photoelectric current increase proportionally with the increase in intensity of incident
radiation. Larger the intensity of incident radiation, larger is the number of incident photons and
hence larger is the number of electrons ejected from the photosensitive surface.
ℎ ℎ
Ans. 8 de Broglie wavelength 𝜆 = 𝑝 =
√2𝑚𝑞𝑉

Ans. 9 According to hypothesis of de broglie “The atomic particle of matter moving with a given
velocity, can display the wave like properties.”
ℎ
i.e., 𝜆 = (𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦)
𝑚𝑣

Ans. 10 Curves a and b have different intensities but same stopping potential, so curves ‘a’ and
‘b’ have same frequency but different intensities.

Ans. 11 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 =eV = e (1.5V) =1.5 eV

= 1.5 × 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽

= 2.4 × 10−19 𝐽

Ans. 12 (𝐸𝑘 )max =e𝑉𝑠

 (𝐸𝑘 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 3𝑒𝑉
Stopping potential, 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑒
= 𝑒
= 3𝑉

Ans. 13 M2 has greater value of work function due to higher value of threshold frequency.

Ans. 14 Metal A

Since work function W = h𝜈𝑜

And 𝜈𝑜́ >𝜈𝑜 so work function of metal A is more.

𝑊́ 0 𝑊0
On stopping potential axis - 𝑒
>− 𝑒

Hence, Work function Ẃ 0 of metal is more.

Ans 15 An electron has the largest wavelenght.

ℎ 1
Reason: de- Broglie wavelenght in terms of kinetic energy is 𝜆 = ∝ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
√2𝑚𝐸𝑘 √𝑚
kinetic energy.

As an electron has a smaller mass than a proton, an electron has larger de broglie wavelenght
than a proton for the same kinetic energy.

Ans. 16

As the charge on two particle is same, we get

1
Slope∝
√𝑚

Hence, particles with lower mass (𝑚2 ) will have greater slope.

Ans. 17
Ans. 18 (a) The frequency of incident radiation was kept
constant.

(b) de Broglie wavelength,

ℎ 1
𝜆= ∝
√2𝑚𝑞𝑉 √𝑉

If potential difference V is doubled, the de -Broglie wavelength

1
is decreased to 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠.
√2

Ans. 19 (a) The amount of light energy or photon energy incident per meter square per second is
called intensity of radiation.

(b) 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 𝑣

(c) As per Einstein equation,

(i) The stopping potential is same for 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 as they have the same frequency.

(ii) The saturation currents are as shown in figure because 𝐼1 > 𝐼2 > 𝐼3
1.22
Ans. 20 We know 𝜆 = Å
√𝑉

∴ 𝜆√𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

The nature of the graph between 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √𝑉 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎.

Ans. 21
 ℎ 1
Ans. 22 de Broglie wavelength associated with electron is 𝜆 = ⇒𝜆∝
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉 √𝑉

Obviously when accelerating potential becomes 4V, the de Broglie wavelength reduces to half.

Ans. 23 (a)

(b) Wec have

Ans. 24 In the first case, energy given out is less than the energy supplied. In the second case, the
material has to supply the energy as the emitted photon has more energy. This cannot happen for
stable substances.

Ans. 25 No, most electrons get scattered into the metal. Only a few come out of the surface of the
metal.
Ans. 26 (i) No (ii) Yes.

Reason: According to colour sequence VIBGYOR, the frequency of red light photons is less than
threshold frequency of photometal but frequency of blue light photons is more than threshold
frequency of photometal; so (i) electrons will not be emitted by red light and (ii) electrons will be
emitted by blue light.
ℎ𝑐 1
Ans. 27 Energy of photon E = 𝜆
∝𝜆

As 𝜆𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 < 𝜆𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 so green light photon has more energy than yellow light photon, so green light
will eject electron.

𝜆𝑟𝑒𝑑 > 𝜆𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 so red light photon has lesser energy than yellow light photon, so red light will not
be able to eject electron.

Ans. 28 In photoelectric effect, a single photon interacts with a single electron. As individual
photon has energy (2.5 eV) which is less than work function, hence emission of electron will not
take place.

Ans. 29 If radiation of frequency (v) greater than threshold frequency 𝑣0 irradiate the metal
surface, electrons are emitted out from the metal. So Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be
given as
1 2
𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣0

Characteristics properties of photon:

(i) Energy of photon is directly proportional to the frequency (or inversely proportional to the
wavelenght)

(ii) In photon- electron collision, total energy and momentum of the system of two constituents
remains constant.

(iii) In the interaction of photons with the free electrons, the entire energy of photon is ansorbed.

Ans. 30 The three charcteristics feature which cannot be explained by wave theory are:

(i) Kineytic energy of emitted electrons is found to be independent of the intensity of incident
light.

(ii) There is no emission of electrons if frequency of incident light is below a certain frequency.

(iii) Photoelectric effects is an instantaneous process.

Ans. 31 de broglie wavelenght (𝜆) is given = h/ mv

Given 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑒

Where 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛

Since 𝑚𝑝 > 𝑚𝑒
From the given relation
1
𝜆∝ , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆𝑒
𝑚

Thus, electron has greater de broglie wavelenght, if accelerated with same speed.

Ans. 32 Work Function: The minimum energy required to free an electron from metallic surface
is called the work function.

Smaller the work function, larger the kinetic energy of emitted electron.

Ans. 33

Ans. 34

Ans. 35 (a) 1 and 2 correspond to same intensity but different material.

(b) 3 and 4 correspond to same intensity but different material.

This is because the saturation currents are same and stopping potentials are different.

(a) 1 and 3 correspond to different intensity but same material.

(b) 2 and 4 correspond to different intensity but same material.

This is because the stopping potentials are same but saturation currents are different.
Ans. 36 The graph of stopping potential Vs and frequency (v) for two photosensitive material 1
and 2 is shown in figure.

𝒉
(i) Slop of graph tan 𝜽 = 𝒆 = universal constant
(ii) Intercept of lines depend of work function

Ans. 37

Ans. 38 Kinetic energy of electrons, Ek = energy of photon of EM waves

Ans. 39
Ans. 40

Ans. 41 For a particle mass m,

Ans. 42

Ans. 43 Photoelectric effect cannot be explained according to wave theory because of following
reasons:
(i). According to wave theory, after the light falls on a substance electrons are emitted after a
small instant of time. However, in photoelectric effect, the electron emissions are immediate
without a time delay.

(ii). The energy of a wave increases with increase in intensity. However, in photoelectric effect,
increase in intensity has no effect on the energy of electrons emitted. All that happens is the
number of electrons emitted, increases.

Ans. 44
Ans. 45

Ans. 46
Ans. 47

Ans. 48

Ans. 49

Ans. 50 Due to large mass of a football the de Broglie wavelength associated with a moving football is
much smaller than its dimensions, so its wave nature is not visible
Ans. 51

Ans. 52
Ans. 53

1 𝑝2
(ii) From relation K = 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2𝑚

Ans. 54
Ans. 55 (i) Threshold frequency of P is 3 x 1014 Hz.

Threshold frequency of Q is 6 x 1014 Hz.

Clearly Q has a higher threshold frequency,

Ans. 56

Ans. 57 Experimental study of photoelectric effect: The apparatus consist

of an evacuated glass or quartz tube which enclose a photosensitive plate
C (called emitter) and a metal plate A (called collector). A transparent
window W is sealed on the glass tube which can be converted with a filter
for a light of particular radiation. This will allow the light of particular
wavelength to pass through it. The Plate A can be given a desired positive
or negative potential with respect to plate C, using the arrangement as
shown in figure.
Ans. 58 (a) Follow class notes.
Ans. 59 Follow class notes.

Ans. 60 Einstein’s photoelectric equation:

ℎ𝑣 = ℎ𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑉0

where v = incident frequency, v0 = threshold frequency, V0 = stopping potential

(i) Incident energy of photon is used in two ways (a) to liberate electron from the metal surface
(b) rest of the energy appears as maximum energy of electron.

(ii) Only one electron can absorb energy of one photon. Hence increasing intensity increases the
number of electrons hence current.

(iii) If incident energy is less than work function, no emission of electron will take place.

(iv) Increasing v (incident frequency) will increase maximum kinetic energy of electrons but
number of electrons emitted will remain same.

Ans. 61

Hence, wavelength for 𝛼 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 becomes half of proton’s wavelength

Ans. 62 (c) The work function for a photosensitive surface,

Therefore, required wavelength = 375 nm.

Ans. 63 (a): Photoelectric current increases with an increase in intensity of incident radiation, for
a given frequency. Here number of incident photoelectrons increase per second. Hence, an
increase in the photocurrent occurs.
Ans. 64. (a) Metal A has smallest work function among all four metals. From Einstein’s
photoelectric equation, kinetic energy of photoelectrons, EK = hv – ϕ

Where ϕ is the work function. Clearly, smaller the work function of the metal, greater is K.E.

So K.E. will be maximum for Metal A.

Ans. 65 (c): M3 has greatest value of work function among three since it has higher value of
threshold frequency. Thus, work functions of material will be as ϕ3 > ϕ2 > ϕ1.

Ans. 66 (c) : Photoelectric effect demonstrate the particle nature of light. Photoelectric current is
independent of frequency of incident radiation.

Ans. 67 Given, incident wavelength, λc = 500 nm = 500 x 10-9 m

Ans. 68 Given that, ϕ = 2.1 eV and λ = 150 nm.

Ans. 69 According to the theory of photoelectric effect, when photons of energy greater than the
work function of the metal is incident upon it, electrons are ejected out of the surface.

Since the energy of yellow light (E = hv) is greater than the ‘threshold energy’ (E0) of zinc;

E > E0

Hv > hv0

So, electrons from zinc surface get ejected out. Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is the correct explanation for assertion.

Ans. 70 de-Broglie wavelength for a particle of momentum ‘p’, mass m and kinetic energy K, is
given as,

Ans. 71 (b) : y-intercept gives the work function of the metal.

Ans 72 (d) : Higher the frequency greater is the stopping potential. The light with maximum
frequency will eject electrons with the maximum kinetic energy. Thus, for high energetic electron,
maximum stopping potential need to apply. Violet colour light has maximum frequency among
the given options.

Ans.73 (a) : For the radiation of frequency greater than threshold frequency, photoelectric effect
take place and the number of photoelectrons is proportional to the intensity of the incident
radiation.

I = nhv

Where n is the number of photons emitted / absorbed per unit area per second. The intensity of
radiation is proportional to the number of energy quanta per unit area per unit time.
Ans. 74 (d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans. 75

Ans. 76
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQ)
SOLUTION
CHAPTER – 12/ATOMS
ℎ2
Ans. 1 Bohr’s radius, 𝑟 = 4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑒 2
= 0.529 × 10−10 𝑚

Ans. 2 Given the bohr’s radius

𝑛2 ℎ 2
𝑟𝑛 = 4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒 2 ⇒ 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2

Ans. 3

Ans. 4 Quantum Condition: The stationary orbits are those in which angular momentum of
ℎ
electron is an integral multiple of 𝑖. 𝑒.,
2𝜋

ℎ
mvr = 𝑛 2𝜋 n = 1, 2, 3,…..

Integer n is called the principal quantum number. This equation is called Bohr’s quantum
condition.

Ans. 5 In ground state, n =1

In second excited state, n= 3

As 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2

𝑟3 32
𝑟1
=1 =9

𝑟3 = 9𝑟1 = 9 × 5.1 × 10−11 𝑚 = 4.59 × 10−10 𝑚

Ans. 6 According to Bohr,

𝑛ℎ
The angular momentum of an orbiting electron = 2𝜋

Here, 𝑛 = 2
 2×ℎ ℎ
Angular momentum = 2𝜋
=𝜋

Ans. 7 This is because electrons interact only electromagnetically.

Ans. 8 Distance of closest approach is the distance of charged particle from the centre of the
nucleus, at which the entire initial kinetic energy of the charged particles gets converted into the
electric potential energy of the system. Distance of closest approach (r0) is given by
1 2𝑍𝑒 2
𝑟0 = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐾
𝑟
If ‘K’ is doubled, 𝑟0 becomes 20 .

Ans. 9 Two important limitations of Rutherford Model are:

(i) According to Rutherford model, electron orbiting around the nucleus, continuously radiates
energy due to the acceleration; hence the atom will not remain stable.

(ii) As electron spirals inwards; its angular velocity and frequency change continuously,
therefore it should emit a continuous spectrum.

But an atom like hydrogen always emits a discrete line spectrum.

Ans. 10 A small fraction of the alpha particles scattered at angle θ > 900 is due to the reason that
if impact parameter ‘b’ reduces to zero, coulomb force increase, hence alpha particles are
scattered at angle θ > 900, and only one alpha particle is scattered at angle 1800.

Ans. 11 Radius of ground state of hydrogen atom

Ans. 12 (a) For the excited state, n=1

For the ground state, n= 1

Hence, the possible transition are

𝑛𝑖 = 4 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑓 = 3, 2, 1

𝑛𝑖 = 3 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑓 = 2, 1

𝑛𝑖 = 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑓 = 1

Total number of transitions = 6, as shown in

figure

(b) The shortest wavelength corresponds to the transitions when e- jump from n= 4 to n= 1.

Ans. 13 Transition C and E belong to the Lyman series.

Reason: In the Lyman series, the electron jumps to the lowest energy level from any higher
energy levels.
Transition B and D belong to the Balmer series.
Reason: The electron jumps from any higher energy level to the level just above the ground
energy level.
The wavelength associated with the transition is given by
ℎ𝑐
λ=
∆𝐸

Ratio of the shortest wavelength

ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝐿 : 𝜆𝐵 = ∆𝐸 : ∆𝐸
𝐿 𝐵

1 1
= 0−(−10) : 0−(−3) = 3: 10

Ans. 14 Centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction.

Ans. 15 (a) The symbol ‘b’ represents impact parameter and ‘𝜃’ represents the scattering
angle.

(b) (i) When 𝜃 = 00, the impact parameter will be maximum and represent the atomic size.
(ii) when 𝜃 = 𝜋 radius, the impact parameter ‘b’ will be minimum and represent the nuclear
size.

Ans. 16 (i) Bohr’s third postulate: It states that an electron might make a transition from one of
its specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is
emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states. The
frequency of the emitted photon is given by

Hv = Ei – Ef

Where Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states and Ei > Ef.

(ii) Electron jumps from fourth to first orbit in an atom

∴ Maximum number of spectral lines can be

4C2
4! 4×3
= 2!2! = 2
=6

In diagram, possible way in which electron can jumps (above).

The line responds to Lyman series (e- jumps to 1st orbit), Balmer series (e- jumps to 2nd orbit),
Paschen series (e- jumps to 3rd orbit).

Ans. 17 Given, wavelength of the photon, 𝜆 = 275 𝑛𝑚

For maximum wavelength should be minimum.

Minimum energy corresponds to transition A.

ii) For minimum wavelength, should be maximum, Maximum energy corresponds to transition
D.

Ans. 18
Ans. 19

Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to emission of 𝜆 = 102.7 𝑛𝑚.

Ans. 20 Let r be the centre to centre distance between the alpha particle and the nucleus (Z =
80). When the alpha particle is at the stopping point, then

= 5.12 × 10−14 𝑚

Ans. 21 The energy of electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is

when the incident beam of energy 12.3 eV is absorbed by hydrogen atom. Let the electron jump
from n = 1 to n = n level.
That is the hydrogen atom would be excited upto second excited state.

For Lyman Series

Ans. 22 Energy difference = Energy of emitted photon

This wavelength belongs to Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum.

Ans. 23
Ans. 24 Short wavelength limit for the Lyman series of the hydrogen atom,

Ans. 25 It is given that the energy of the electron beam used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at
room temperature is 12.5 eV.
Also, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen in tis ground state at room temperature is – 13.6 eV.
When gaseous hydrogen is bombarded with an electron beam, the energy of the gaseous
hydrogen becomes – 13.6 + 12.5 eV = - 1.1 eV.

Orbital energy related to orbit level (n) is

Ans. 26
𝐸𝜇 = 207 𝐸𝑒

= -207× 13.6𝑒𝑉

= -2.8 KeV

Ans. 27 At the suggestion of Rutherford, in 1911, H. Geiger, and E. Marsden performed an

important experiment called Geiger-Marsden experiment (or Rutherford’s scattering
experiment). It consists of

1. Source of a-particles: The radioactive source polonium emits high energetic alpha (α–)
particles. Therefore, polonium is used as a source of a-particles. This source is placed in an
enclosure containing a hole and a few slits A1, A2, etc. are placed in front of the hole. This
arrangement provides a fine beam of α-particles.

2. Thin gold foil: It is a gold foil of thickness nearly 10-6m, α-particles are scattered by this foil.
The foil taken is thin to avoid multiple scattering of a-particles, i.e., to ensure that α-particle be
deflected by a single collision with a gold atom.

3. Scintillation counter: By this the number of a-particles scattered in a given direction may be
counted. The entire apparatus is placed in a vacuum chamber to prevent any energy loss of α-
particles due to their collisions with air molecules.

Method: When α-particle beam falls on gold foil, the α-particles are scattered due to collision
with gold atoms. This scattering takes place in all possible directions. The number of α-particles
scattered in any direction is counted by scintillation counter.
Observations and Conclusions

(i) Most of α-particles pass through the gold foil undeflected. This implies that “most part of the
atom is hollow.”

(ii) α-particles are scattered through all angles. Some

α-particles (nearly 1 in 2000), suffer scattering
through angles more than 90°, while a still smaller
number (nearly 1 in 8000) retrace their path. This
implies that when fast moving positively charged α-
particles come near gold-atom, then a few of them
experience such a strong repulsive force that they
turn back. On this basis Rutherford concluded that whole of positive charge of atom is
concentrated in a small central core, called the nucleus.

The distance of closest approach of α-particle gives the estimate of nuclear size. If Ze is charge of
nucleus Ek kinetic energy of a particle 2e- charge on α-particle the size of nucleus r0 is given by

Calculations show that the size of nucleus is of the order of10-14 m, while size of atom is of the
10−14 1
order of 10-10 m; therefore, the size of nucleus is about 10−10 = 10000times the size of atom. (iii)
The negative charges (electrons) do not influence the scattering process. This implies that
nearly whole mass of atom is concentrated in nucleus.

Ans. 28 Suppose m be the mass of an electron and v be its speed in nth orbit of radius r. The
centripetal force for revolution is produced by electrostatic attraction between electron and
nucleus.
For nth orbit, E can be written as En

Again from Bohr's postulate for quantization of angular momentum

Substituting this value of v in equation (i), we get

If ni and nf are the quantum numbers of initial and final states and Ei & Ef are energies of
electron in H-atom in initial and final state, we have

Ans. 29 To keep the electron in its orbit, the centripetal force on the electron must be equal to
the electrostatic force of attraction. Therefore,
Ans. 30 Follow class notes.

Ans. 31 Follow class notes.

Ans. 32 For ground state, Energy (E) = - 13.6 eV

For third excited state, n = 4,

13.6 13.6
𝐸4 = − 2
= − 2 = −0.85 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 4

∴ K.E = - E = -(- 0.85) .= 0.85 eV

And P.E = - 2 K.E = - 2 x 0.85 = - 1.7 eV

Ans. 33 (c) : The distance from the nucleus, where all kinetic energy of a-particles is completely
converted into potential energy is known as the distance of closest approach.

Ans. 34
Impact parameter is minimum so assertion is false. Impact parameter depend upon the atomic
number of target nucleus, so reason is false.

Ans. 35

Ans. 36 (b) Energy levels of atoms A, B, and C is,

Ans. 37 (c) : Total energy (E) in first excited state is

Ans. 38

Ans. 39 Spectral lines of different wavelengths are obtained for transition of electron between
two different energy levels, which are found to fall in a number of spectral series given by
Ans. 40 (c) :A very small mass of an atom is concentrated in a small volume called nucleus
whereas the remaining constituting most of the part of the atom is empty. Therefore, positively
charged alpha particles when sent through a thin gold foil, most of them go straight through the
foil.

Ans. 41 (c) : The kinetic energy decreases and potential energy increases.

Ans. 42 (b) : The energy of an electron in the orbit of an atom is negative. This implies that the
electron is bound to the nucleus. Greater the value of negative energy, more tightly the electron
is bound to the nucleus.

Ans. 43

Therefore, an electron in the third orbit of He atom will have the same de Broglie wavelength as
the electron in the sixth orbit of Be atom.

Ans. 44 Kinetic energy, K

(a) K = 3.4 eV

(b) U = 2 x - 3.4 = - 6.8 eV

(c) The kinetic energy of the electron will not change. The value of potential energy and
consequently, the value of total energy of the electron will change.

Ans. 45 (c)
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQ)
SOLUTION
CHAPTER – 13/NUCELI
Ans. 1 The relationship is R = R0A1/3 where R = Radius of nucleus and A = Mass number.

Ans. 2 Characteristic Features of Nuclear Force:

i. Nuclear forces are short range attractive forces (range 2 to 3 fm) while Coulomb’s forces
have range upto infinity and may be attractive or repulsive.
ii. Nuclear forces are charge independent forces; while Coulomb’s force act only between
charged particles.

Ans. 3 Nuclear density is independent of mass number, so ratio 1 : 1.

Ans. 4 Nuclear radius, R = R0A1/3

Where R0 is a constant and A is the mass number

Ans. 5 Nuclear radius, R = R0A1/3

Ans. 6 No, the binding energy of 13H is greater. This is because 23 He has 2 proton and 1 neutron,
whereas 13H has 1 proton and 2 neutron. Repulsive force between protons in 13H is absent.

Ans. 7 (i) Saturation or short range nature of nuclear forces.

(ii) The radius (size) R of nucleus is related to its mass number (A) as

R = R0A1/3, where R0 = 1.1 x 10-15 m

If m is the average mass of a nucleon, then mass of nucleus = mA, where A is mass number

Ans. 8 Initial binding energy

BE1 = (2.23 + 2.23) = 4.46MeV

Final binding energy

BE2 = 7.73MeV

Therefore, Energy released = (7.73 – 4.46) MeV = 3.27MeV

Ans. 9 The nuclear reaction is

Ans. 10 Energy released= ∆m x 931 MeV

Ans. 11 Protons are positively charged and repel one another electrically. This repulsion becomes
so great in nuclei with more than 10 protons or so, that an excess of neutrons which produce only
attractive forces, is required for stability.

Ans. 12 Conclusions:

1. The potential energy is minimum at a distance r0 of about 0.8 fm.

2. Nuclear force is attractive for distance larger than r0.
3. Nuclear force is repulsive if two are separated by distance less than r0.
4. Nuclear force decreases very rapidly at r0/ equilibrium position.

Ans. 13 (a) Isotopes have same atomic number but different mass number & isobar have same
mass number but different atomic number.

Examples of isotopes 126𝐶 , 146𝐶

Examples of isobar 32𝐻𝑒 31𝐻

(b) Mass of a nucleus is less than its constituents because it is in the bound state. Some mass is
converted into binding energy which is energy equivalent of mass defect e.g., mass of 168𝑂
nucleus is less than the sum of masses of 8 Protons and 8 neutrons.

Ans. 14
Ans. 15 Inferences from graph

1. The nuclei having mass number below 20 and above 180 have relatively small binding energy
and hence they are unstable.

2. The nuclei having mass number 56 and about 56 have maximum binding energy – 8.8 MeV
and so they are most stable.

3. Some nuclei have peaks, e.g., 42𝐻𝑒, 126𝐶 , 126𝑂; this indicates that these nuclei are relatively
more stable than their neighbours.

Explanation of constancy of binding energy : Nuclear force is short-ranged, so every nucleon

interacts with their neighbours only, therefore binding energy per nucleon remains constant.

Explanation of Nuclear Fission: When a heavy nucleus (A ≥ 235 say) breaks into two lighter
nuclei (nuclear fission), the binding energy per nucleon increases i.e., nucleons get more tightly
bound. This implies that energy would be released in nuclear fission.

Explanation of Nuclear Fusion: When two very light nuclei (A ≤10) join to form a heavy
nucleus, the binding is energy per nucleon of fused heavier nucleus more than the binding
energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei, so again energy would be released in nuclear fusion.
Ans. 16 (i) (a) Nucleons: The constituents of nucleus i.e., protons and neutrons are considered
as nucleons.

(b) Atomic number: The number of protons present in the nucleus is called the atomic number
of the element. It is denoted by Z.

(c) Mass number: The total number of nucleons i.e., sum of protons and neutrons present in a
nucleus is called the mass number of the element. It is denoted by A.

(d): Nuclear mass: The total mass of protons and neutrons present in a nucleus is called the
nuclear mass.

(ii) (a) Isotopes: The atoms of an element having same atomic number (Z) but different mass
number (A) are called isotopes.

(b) Isobars: The elements having same mass number (A) and different atomic number (Z) are
called isobars.

(c) Isotones: The nuclei containing the same number of neutrons are called isotones.

Ans. 17 Nuclear fission: The phenomenon in which a heavy nucleus (A > 230) when excited
splits into two smaller nuclei of nearly comparable masses is called nuclear fission. For example,
when a uranium target is bombarded by slow moving neutrons, a 235 92𝑈 nucleus gets excited by
capturing a slow-moving neutron and splits into two nearly equal fragments like
141
56𝐵𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 36𝐾𝑟 along with the emission of 3 neutrons. The nuclear reaction involved can be
92

written as

235 141
92𝑈 + 10𝑛 ⟶ 235
92𝑈 ⟶ 56𝐵𝑎
92
+ 36𝐾𝑟 + 3 10𝑛 + 𝑄

Fission does not always produce barium and krypton. A number of other pairs are formed.

Example. 235 1
92𝑈 + 0𝑛 ⟶
235
92𝑈 ⟶ 236
92𝑆𝑏
99
+ 41 𝑁𝑏 + 3 10𝑛 + 𝑄

235 140
92𝑈 + 10𝑛 ⟶ 235
92𝑈 ⟶ 54𝑋𝑒
94
+ 38𝑆𝑟 + 2 10𝑛 + 𝑄

(ii) (a) The phenomenon of combination of two or more light nuclei to form a heavy nucleus
with release of enormous amount of energy is called the nucleus fusion.
For example, the fusion of two deuterons into a triton takes place as follows:

1H + 1H ⟶ 1H + 1𝐻
2 2 3 1 + 4.0 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Alternatively, the fusion of three deuterons into an 𝛼 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 can take place as follow.

1H + 1H ⟶ 2He + 0n + 3.3 MeV energy

2 2 3 1

2He
2+
1H ⟶ 2He + 1H + 18.3 MeV energy
2 4 1

(b) The necessary conditions for nuclear fusions are:

High temperature: The energy temperature is necessary for the light nuclei to have sufficient
kinetic energy so that they can overcome the repulsion force between them.

High density: High density or pressure increase the frequency of collision of light nuclei and
hence increase the rate of fusion.

Ans. 18

The binding energy per nucleon for heavy nuclei (A > 170) decreases with the increase in mass
number because of more coulomb force of repulsion between protons of heavier nuclei. This
results in less stability of heavier nuclei.

Ans. 19 (i) Saturation or short range nature of nuclear forces.

(ii) The radius (size) R of nucleus sis related to its mass number (A) as

R = 𝑅0 A1/3, where R0 = 1.1 x 10-15 m

If m is the average mass of a nucleon, then mass of nucleus = mA, where A is mass number
Ans. 20 The difference between mass of nucleus and the sum of the masses of nucleons (i.e.,
proton (𝓅) and neutron (n) is called its mass defect.

This mass defect is in the form of binding energy of nucleus, which is responsible for binding the
nucleons in to a small nucleons. Hence, higher mass defect, higher is the stability of the nucleus.

Ans. 21 (i) Nuclear fission: It is process in which a heavy nucleus when excited (say on
bombarding by a slow moving neutron) splits into two lighter nuclei of nearly comparable
masses with a release of large amount of energy.

Example of nuclear fission

Nuclear fussion : It is a process is which two lighter nuclei fuse (at extremely high
temperature) to form a heavy nucleus and large amount of energy is released.

Example of nuclear fusion

(ii) The binding energy per nucleon of the products in the nuclear reactions (nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion) is greater than that of the reactants.

Ans. 22

Ans. 23

As, some mass is converted Into energy, hence the Q value is negative and thus energy is
absorbed during the reaction.

Ans. 24 (a) Atomic mass unit (u) : A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights,
equal to one twelth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
Ans. 25

where, r0 is 0.8 fm. So, potential energy is minimum at a distance ro of about 0.8 fm.

Ans. 26

(i) the binding energy per nucleon, Ebn, is practically constant, i.e. practically independent of the
atomic number for nuclei of middle mass number (30 < A < 170). The curves has a maximum of
about 8.75 MeV for A = 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A = 238.

(ii) Ebn is lower for both light nuclei (A < 30) and heavy nuclei (A > 170). We can draw some
conclusion from these two observations:

(i) The force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce a binding energy of a few MeV per
nucleon.

(ii) The constancy of the binding energy in the range 30 < A < 170 is a consequence of the fact
that the nuclear force is short-ranged.

Ans. 27 Number of atom is 3 g of Cu coin =

Ans. 28 For the first reaction

mass of reactants = 1.00728 + 7.0160 = 8.12328 amu

mass of products = 2 x 4.0026 = 8.0052 amu

mass of reactants > mass of products

Hence, the reaction is exothermic.

For the second reaction

mass of reactants = 7.0160 + 4.0026=11.0186 amu

mass of products = 1.0087 + 10.1294 = 11.1381 amu

mass of reactants < mass of products

Hence, the reaction is endothermic.