Lab 2 Data and Expressions

Names and Places

The goal in this exercise is to develop a program that will print out a list of student names
together with other information for each. The tab character (an escape sequence) is helpful in
getting the list to line up nicely. A program with only two names is in the file Names.java.
1. Compile and run Names.java to see how it works
2. Modify the program so that your name and hometown and the name and hometown of at
least two classmates sitting near you in lab also are printed. Save, compile and run the
program. Make sure the columns line up
3. Modify the program to add a third column with the intended major of each person
(assume Sally's major is Computer Science and Alexander's major is Math). Be sure to
add a label at the top of the third column and be sure everything is lined up (use tab
characters!).
A Table of Student Grades
Write a Java program that prints a table with a list of at least 5 students together with their grades
earned (lab points, bonus points, and the total) in the format below.
///////////////////\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
== Student Points ==
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\///////////////////
Name Lab Bonus Total
---- --- ----- -----
Joe 43 7 50
William 50 8 58
Mary Sue 39 10 49
The requirements for the program are as follows:
1. Print the border on the top as illustrated (using the slash and backslash characters).
2. Use tab characters to get your columns aligned and you must use the + operator both for
addition and string concatenation.
3. Make up your own student names and points—the ones shown are just for illustration
purposes. You need 5 names.
Two Meanings of Plus
In Java, the symbol + can be used to add numbers or to concatenate strings. This exercise
illustrates both uses. When using a string literal (a sequence of characters enclosed in double
quotation marks) in Java the complete string must fit on one line. The following is NOT legal (it
would result in a compile-time error).
System.out.println ("It is NOT okay to go to the next line in a LONG
string!!!");
The solution is to break the long string up into two shorter strings that are joined using the
concatenation operator (which is the + symbol). So the following would be legal
System.out.println ("It is OKAY to break a long string into " +
"parts and join them with a + symbol.");

So, when working with strings the + symbol means to concatenate the strings (join them). BUT,
when working with numbers the + means what it has always meant—add!
1. Observing the Behavior of + To see the behavior of + in different settings do the
following:
a. Study the program in file PlusTest.java.
b. Compile and run the program. For each of the last three output statements (the ones
dealing with 8 plus 5) write down what was printed. Now for each explain why the
computer printed what it did given that the following rules are used for +. Write out
complete explanations.
 If both operands are numbers + is treated as ordinary addition. (NOTE: in the
expression a + b the a and b are called the operands.)
 If at least one operand is a string the other operand is converted to a string and
+ is the concatenation operator
 If an expression contains more than one operation expressions inside
parentheses are evaluated first. If there are no parentheses the expression is
evaluated left to right.
c. The statement about when the computer was invented is too scrunched up. How
should that be fixed?
2. Writing Your Own Program With + Now write a complete Java program that prints
out the following sentence:
Ten robins plus 13 canaries is 23 birds.
Your program must use only one statement that invokes the println method. It must use
the + operator both to do arithmetic and string concatenation.
Prelab Exercises
1. What is the difference between a variable and a constant?

2. Explain what each of the lines below does. Be sure to indicate how each is different from
the others.
a. int x;

b. int x = 3;
 c. x = 3;

3. The program in Average.java reads three integers and prints the average. Fill in the
blanks so that it will work correctly.
4. Given the declarations below, find the result of each expression

int a = 3, b = 10, c = 7;
double w = 12.9, y = 3.2;

a. a + b * c
b. a - b – c
c. a / b
d. b / a
e. a - b / c
f. w / y
g. y / w
h. a + w / b
i. a % b / y
j. b % a
k. w % y

5. Carefully study the program in Errors.java and find and correct all of the syntax errors.
6. Trace the execution of the program in Teace.java assuming the input stream contains the
numbers 10, 3, and 14.3. Use a table that shows the value of each variable at each step.
Also show the output (exactly as it would be printed).
Area and Circumference of a Circle
Study the program in Circle.java, which uses both variables and constants:
Some things to notice:
 The first three lines inside main are declarations for PI, radius, and area. Note that the
type for each is given in these lines: final double for PI, since it is a floating point
constant; int for radius, since it is an integer variable, and double for area, since it will
hold the product of the radius and PI, resulting in a floating point value.
  These first three lines also hold initializations for PI, radius, and area. These could have
been done separately, but it is often convenient to assign an initial value when a variable
is declared.
 The next line is simply a print statement that shows the area for a circle of a given radius.
 The next line is an assignment statement, giving variable radius the value 20. Note that
this is not a declaration, so the int that was in the previous radius line does not appear
here. The same memory location that used to hold the value 10 now holds the value 20—
we are not setting up a new memory location.
 Similar for the next line—no double because area was already declared.
 The final print statement prints the newly computed area of the circle with the new
radius.
Modify Circle.java as follows:
1. The circumference of a circle is two times the product of Pi and the radius. Add
statements to this program so that it computes the circumference in addition to the area
for both circles. You will need to do the following:
o Declare a new variable to store the circumference.
o Store the circumference in that variable each time you compute it.
o Add two additional print statements to print your results.
Be sure your results are clearly labeled.
2. When the radius of a circle doubles, what happens to its circumference and area? Do they
double as well? You can determine this by dividing the second area by the first area.
Unfortunately, as it is now the program overwrites the first area with the second area
(same for the circumference). You need to save the first area and circumference you
compute instead of overwriting them with the second set of computations. So, you'll need
two area variables and two circumference variables, which means they'll have to have
different names (e.g., area1 and area2). Remember that each variable will have to be
declared. Modify the program as follows:
o Change the names of the area and circumference variables so that they are
different in the first and second calculations. Be sure that you print out whatever
you just computed.
o At the end of the program, compute the area change by dividing the second area
by the first area. This gives you the factor by which the area grew. Store this value
in an appropriately named variable (which you will have to declare).
o Add a println statement to print the change in area that you just computed.
o Now repeat the last two steps for the circumference.
Look at the results. Is this what you expected?
3. In the program in Circle.java, you showed what happened to the circumference and area
of a circle when the radius went from 10 to 20. Does the same thing happen whenever the
radius doubles, or were those answers just for those particular values? To figure this out,
 you can write a program that reads in values for the radius from the user instead of
having it written into the program ("hardcoded"). Modify your program as follows:
o At the very top of the file, add the line

import java.util.Scanner;
This tells the compiler that you will be using methods from the Scanner class. In
the main method create a Scanner object called scan to read from System.in.
o Instead of initializing the radius in the declaration, just declare it without giving it
a value. Now add two statements to read in the radius from the user:
 A prompt, that is, a print statement that tells the user what they are
supposed to do (e.g., "Please enter a value for the radius.");
 A read statement that actually reads in the value. Since we are assuming
that the radius is an integer, this will use the nextInt() method of the
Scanner class.
o When the radius gets it second value, make it be twice the original value.
o Compile and run your program. Does your result from above hold?

Painting a Room
File Paint.java contains a partial program which when complete will calculate the amount of
paint needed to paint the walls of a room of the given length and width. It assumes that the paint
covers 350 square feet per gallon.
Do the following:
1. Fill in the missing statements (the comments tell you where to fill in) so that the program
does what it is supposed to. Compile and run the program and correct any errors.
2. Suppose the room has doors and windows that don't need painting. Ask the user to enter
the number of doors and number of windows in the room, and adjust the total square feet
to be painted accordingly. Assume that each door is 20 square feet and each window is 15
square feet.
Ideal Weight
Write a program to compute the ideal weight for both males and females. According to one
study, the ideal weight for a female is 100 pounds plus 5 pounds for each inch in height over 5
feet. For example, the ideal weight for a female who is 5'3" would be 100 + 15 = 115 pounds.
For a male the ideal weight is 106 pounds plus 6 pounds for each inch in height over 5 feet. For
example, the ideal weight for a male who is 6'2" would be 106 + 14*6 = 190 pounds. Your
program should ask the user to enter his/her height in feet and inches (both as integers—so a
person 5'3" would enter the 5 and the 3). It should then compute and print both the ideal weight
for a female and the ideal weight for a male. The general outline of your main function would be
as follows:
  Declare your variables (think about what variables you need—you need to input two
pieces of information (what?), then you need some variables for your calculations (see
the following steps)
 Get the input (height in feet and inches) from the user
 Compute the total number of inches of height (convert feet and inches to total inches)
 Compute the ideal weight for a female and the ideal weight for a male (here you basically
convert the "word" description above to assignment statements)
 Print the answers
Plan your program, then type it in, compile and run it. Be sure it gives correct answers.
Enhance the Program a Bit The weight program would be a bit nicer if it didn't just give one
number as the ideal weight for each sex. Generally a person's weight is okay if it is within about
15% of the ideal. Add to your program so that in addition to its current output it prints an okay
range for each sex—the range is from the ideal weight minus 15% to the ideal weight plus 15%.
You may do this by introducing new variables and assignment statements OR directly within
your print statements.
Lab Grades
Suppose your lab instructor has a somewhat complicated method of determining your grade on a
lab. Each lab consists of two out-of-class activities—a pre-lab assignment and a post-lab
assignment—plus the in-class activities. The in-class work is 60% of the lab grade and the out-
of-class work is 40% of the lab grade. Each component of the grade is based on a different
number of points (and this varies from lab to lab)—for example, the pre-lab may be graded on a
basis of 20 points (so a student may earn 17 out of 20 points) whereas the post-lab is graded on a
basis of 30 points and the in-class 25 points. To determine the out-of-class grade the instructor
takes the total points earned (pre plus post) divided by the maximum possible number of points,
multiplied by 100 to convert to percent; the in-class grade is just the number of points earned
divided by the maximum points, again converted to percent.
The program LabGrade.java is supposed to compute the lab grade for a student. To do this it
gets as input the number of points the student earned on the prelab assignment and the maximum
number of points the student could have earned; the number of points earned on the lab itself and
the maximum number of points; the number of points earned on the postlab assignment and the
maximum number of points. The lab grade is computed as described above: the in-class and out-
of-class grades (in percent) are computed separately then a weighted average of these is
computed. The program currently assumes the out-of-class work counts 40% and the in-class
counts 60%. Do the following:
1. First carefully hand trace the program assuming the input stream contains the values 17,
20, 23, 25, 12, 15. Trace the program exactly as it is written (it is not correct but it will
compile and run so the computer would not know it isn't correct). Fill in the answers to
the following questions:
 a. Show exactly how the computer would execute the assignment statement that
computes the out of class average for this set of input. Show how the expression
will be evaluated (the order in which the operations are performed) and what the
result will be.
b. Show how the computer would execute the assignment statement that computes
the in-class average. What will the result be?
c. Show how the computer would execute the assignment statement that computes
the lab grade
2. Now run the program, typing in the input you used in your trace. Compare your answers
to the output. Clearly the output is incorrect! Correct the program. This involves writing
the expressions to do calculations correctly. The correct answers for the given input
should be an out of class average of 82.857 (the student earned 29 points out of a possible
35 which is approximately 82.857%), an in-class average of 92 (23 points out of 25), and
a lab grade of 88.34 (40% of 82.857 plus 60% of 92).
3. Modify the program to make the weights for the two components of the grade variable
rather than the constants 0.4 and 0.6. To do this, you need to do four things:
a. Change the declarations so the weights (IN_WEIGHT and OUT_WEIGHT) are
variables rather than constants. Note that you should also change their names
from all capital letters (the convention for constants) to lowercase letters with
capitals starting new words (the convention for variables). So IN_WEIGHT
should become inWeight. Of course, you'll also have to change it where it's used
in the program.
b. In the input section, add statements that will prompt the user for the weight (in
decimal form—for example .4 for 40%) to be assigned to the in-class work, then
read the input. Note that your prompt should explain to the user that the weight is
expected to be in decimal form.
c. In the section that calculates the labGrade add an assignment statement that
calculates the weight to be assigned to the out of class work (this will be 1 minus
the in-class weight).
Compile and run your program to make sure it is correct.
Base Conversion
One algorithm for converting a base 10 number to another base b involves repeatedly dividing by
b. Each time a division is performed the remainder and quotient are saved. At each step, the
dividend is the quotient from the preceding step; the divisor is always b. The algorithm stops
when the quotient is 0. The number in the new base is the sequence of remainders in reverse
order (the last one computed goes first; the first one goes last).
In this exercise you will use this algorithm to write a program that converts a base 10 number to
a 4-digit number in another base (you don't know enough programming yet to be able to convert
any size number). The base 10 number and the new base (between 2 and 9) will be input to the
program. The start of the program is in the file BaseConvert.java. Modify it one step at a time as
follows:
1. The program will only work correctly for base 10 numbers that fit in 4 digits in the new
base. We know that in base 2 the maximum unsigned integer that will fit in 4 bits is 1111 2
which equals 15 in base 10 (or 2 4 – 1). In base 8, the maximum number is 7777 8 which
equals 4095 in base 10 (or 84 – 1). In general, the maximum base 10 number that fits in 4
base b digits is b4 – 1. Add an assignment statement to the program to compute this value
for the base that is input and assign it to the variable maxNumber. Add a statement that
prints out the result (appropriately labeled). Compile and run the program to make sure it
is correct so far.
2. Now add the code to do the conversion. The comments below guide you through the
calculations—replace them with the appropriate Java statements.
// First compute place0 -- the units place. Remember this comes
// from the first division so it is the remainder when the
// base 10 number is divided by the base (HINT %).
// Then compute the quotient (integer division / will do it!) -
// You can either store the result back in base10Num or declare a
// new variable for the quotient
// Now compute place1 -- this is the remainder when the quotient
// from the preceding step is divided by the base.
// Then compute the new quotient
// Repeat the idea from above to compute place2 and the next quotient
// Repeat again to compute place3
3. So far the program does not print out the answer. Recall that the answer is the sequence
of remainders written in reverse order— note that this requires concatenating the four
digits that have been computed. Since they are each integers, if we just add them the
computer will perform arithmetic instead of concatenation. So, we will use a variable of
type String. Note near the top of the program a variable named baseBNum has been
declared as an object of type String and initialized to an empty string. Add statements to
the program to concatenate the digits in the new base to baseBNum and then print the
answer. Compile and run your program. Test it using the following values: Enter 2 for the
base and 13 for the base 10 number—the program should print 1101 as the base 2 value;
enter 8 for the base and 1878 for the number— the program should print 3526 for the
base 8 value; enter 3for the base and 50 for the number—the program should print 1212.