ALGEBRA

Special Products Binomial Expansion

𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 rth Term 𝑛C𝑟−1 (𝑎𝑥)𝑛−(𝑟−1) (𝑏𝑦)𝑟−1
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 Middle Term 2
+1
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Sum of Exponents 𝑆𝑂𝐸 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 Sum of Coefficients
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝐹𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)𝑛 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 3 𝐹𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 − (𝑏)𝑛
(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3
Multinomial Expansion
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧)𝑛 involving 𝑥𝑎 𝑦𝑏𝑧𝑐
Quadratic Formula 𝑛!
(𝐴𝑥)𝑎 (𝐵𝑦)𝑏 (𝐶𝑧)𝑐
−𝐵 ± √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐!
𝑥=
2𝐴
Discriminant 𝐷 = 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 Clock Problem
60
𝑀= [𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ± 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝜃 ]
Nature of Roots 11
𝐷 > 0 ; roots are real and distinct
𝐷 = 0 ; roots are real and equal
𝐷 < 0 ; roots are complex conjugates
 ALGEBRA
Vieta’s Formula Arithmetic Progression
Quadratic Equation: 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −𝐵/𝐴 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚 + (𝑛 − 𝑚)𝑑
𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝐶/𝐴 𝑛
Sum of Terms 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝐴1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
Cubic Equation: 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 0 𝑛
[𝐴1
𝑆𝑛 = + 𝐴𝑛 ]
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = − 𝐵⁄𝐴 2

𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 𝑥3 = 𝐶/𝐴 Common Difference 𝑑 = 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 = 𝐴𝑛 − 𝐴𝑛−1

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 = −𝐷/𝐴

Quartic Equation: 𝐴𝑥 4 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸 = 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = −𝐵/𝐴 Geometric Progression
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 𝐶/𝐴 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐺1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥4 = −𝐷/𝐴 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 𝐸/𝐴 1−𝑟 𝑛
Sum of Terms 𝑆𝑛 = 𝐺1 [ 1−𝑟 ]
Types of Mean
1𝐺
Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean Infinite Progression 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
𝛴𝑥
𝐴𝑀 = 𝑛 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑛√𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺3 … 𝐺𝑛
𝐺𝑛
Common Ratio 𝑟=𝐺
𝑛−1
Harmonic Mean Quadratic Mean (RMS)
𝐻𝑀 = 𝑛⁄Σ(1⁄𝑥 ) 𝑄𝑀 = √Σ𝑥 2 ⁄𝑛
 PLANE GEOMETRY
Area of a Triangle Circle
1 𝜋
Right Triangle 𝐴= 𝑎𝑏 Area 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 4 𝑑2
2
Circumference 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑
SSS 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
Arc Length 𝐴𝑟𝑐 = 𝑟𝜃
1 1
SAS 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 Area of Sector 𝐴 = 2 𝑟2𝜃

Inscribed in Circle 𝐴=
𝑎𝑏𝑐 Chord Length 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = 2√(𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )
4𝑟
Where 𝑙 = ⊥ distance from center to chord
Circumscribed Circle 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
𝜃 = central angle in radians
Escribed Circle 𝐴 = 𝑟(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Regular Polygon
1
Where 𝑠 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) Interior Angle 𝐼𝑛𝑡 ∠ =
180° (𝑛−2)
𝑛
360°
Median of a Triangle Exterior Angle 𝐸𝑥𝑡∠ =
𝑛
1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = √2(𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 ) − 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 Diagonals 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 𝑛𝐶2−𝑛
2

a = apothem
x = length of one side
Five-Pointed Star 𝐴 = 1.123𝑟 2
R = circumradius
Where r = radius of circumscribing circle
𝛼 = 180°⁄𝑛
 PLANE GEOMETRY
1 General Quadrilateral
Trapezoid 𝐴 = 2 (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )ℎ
Bretschneider’s Formula
1
Kite 𝐴 = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝜃
𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
Where 𝜃 = =
Parallelogram 2 2

Given base and altitude

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ Bramaguptha’s Formula (for cyclic quadrilateral)
𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
Given diagonals and angle of intersection √(𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)
1 Where 𝑟 =
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜙 4𝐴
2

Given adjacent side and included angle Ptolemy’s Formula (for cyclic quadrilateral)
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

Rhombus Circumscribing a Circle

Given one side and altitude
𝐴 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑟 = 𝐴 ⁄𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑥ℎ 1
Where 𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)
2
Given one side and interior angle
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Given Diagonals and Angle of Intersection
1
Given length of diagonals 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜙
1 2
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
 SOLID GEOMETRY
Prism Frustum Zone
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ 1 𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ
𝑉 = ℎ(𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + √𝐵1 𝐵2 )
3
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐵 + 𝑃ℎ 1
𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + (𝑃1 + 𝑃2 )𝑙 Spherical Segment (1 Base)
2
ℎ2
Cylinder 𝑉=𝜋 (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Prismatoid 𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝑍
𝐿
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝐶ℎ 𝑉 = 6 (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
Spherical Segment (2 Bases)
ℎ
Cone Truncated Prism 𝑉 = 𝜋 (3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + ℎ2 )
6
1
𝑉 = 3 𝜋 2ℎ ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + 𝑍
𝑉 = 𝐴[ ]
𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 3
Spherical Sector/Cone
1
Sphere 𝑉 = 3 𝑍𝑅
Pyramid
1 4
𝑉 = 3 𝐵ℎ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 Spherical Wedge
3 2
1
𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑙 𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑉 = 𝑟3𝜃 𝜃 in radians
2 3

Spherical Lune
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃 in radians
 SOLID GEOMETRY
POLYHEDRON
Property
Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron
Faces 4 6 8 12 20

Vertices 6 8 6 20 12

Edges 12 12 12 30 30

Surface Area 4𝐴 𝑇 = √3𝑠 2 4𝐴𝑠 = 6𝑠 2 8𝐴 𝑇 = 2√3𝑠 2 12𝐴𝑝 = 20.56𝑠 2 20𝐴 𝑇 = 5√3𝑠 2

√2 3 √2 3
Volume 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠 7.66𝑠 3 2.18𝑠 3
12 3
Radius of √6 𝑠 √6
𝑠 𝑠 1.11𝑠 0.76𝑠
Inscribed Sphere 12 2 6

Euler’s Formula (for any polyhedron that does not intersect itself)
𝐹 + 𝑉– 𝐸 = 2
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Equations of Lines Angle of Inclination
General Equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 tan 𝜃 = 𝑚
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦−𝑦
Two-Point Form = 𝑥−𝑥1
𝑥2 −𝑥1 1 Triangle by Coordinates
𝑦2 −𝑦1 Area
Point-Slope Form 𝑚=
𝑥2 −𝑥1 Basket Method
𝑥 𝑦
Intercept Form 𝑎
+𝑏 =1 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
𝐴 = |𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 | 𝑦1
2 1
Slope-Intercept Form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Matrix Method
𝑥 𝑦 1
Determinant Form [𝑥1 𝑦1 1] = 0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑥2 𝑦2 1 Let 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = [𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 ]
1 1 1
Distance 1
𝐴 = det (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝐴)
Between Points 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 Centroid
Midpoint 𝑥𝑚 = 2
𝑦𝑚 = 2 𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
𝑥𝑐 = 1 32 3 𝑦𝑐 = 3
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
Point and Line 𝑑=
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
|𝐶2 −𝐶1 |
Parallel Lines 𝑑=
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Conic Sections
If 𝐵 ≠ 0, using discriminant
General Form
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 Parabola
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 Circle if 𝐴 = 𝐶
If 𝐵 = 0, then by the general equation Ellipse if 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 Hyperbola

Case 1: If 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐶 = 0, then parabola

Case 2: If 𝐴 = 𝐶 = 1, then circle
Circle
Case 3: If 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 & same sign, then ellipse
Case 4: If 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 & different sign, then hyperbola General Equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Eccentricity
distance from focus Center-Radius Form
𝑒= (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
distance from directrix
𝑒=1 Parabola Given Ends of Diameter
0<𝑒<1 Ellipse (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
𝑒>1 Hyperbola
𝑒=0 Circle
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Ellipse Hyperbola
Standard Equation Standard Equation
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
Parallel to x-axis 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
=1 Parallel to x-axis 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
=1
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
Parallel to y-axis + =1 Parallel to y-axis − =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2

2𝑏2 2𝑏2
Latus Rectum 𝐿𝑅 = Latus Rectum 𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎>𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑒, 𝑐𝑒𝑎 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑒, 𝑐𝑒𝑎

𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒
𝑐 = 𝑒𝑎 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑎 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
a = semi-major axis a = semi-transverse axis
b = semi-minor axis b = semi-conjugate axis
c = focal distance
d = distance from center to directrix Equations of Asymptote
e = eccentricity (𝑦 − 𝑘) = ±𝑚(𝑥 − ℎ)
Where 𝑚 = 𝑎/𝑏 if axis is vertical
𝑚 = 𝑏/𝑎 if axis is horizontal
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Parabola Polar Coordinate System
Standard Equation Cartesian to Polar 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Parallel to y-axis 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)
𝑝(+) : opens upward Polar to Cartesian 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦
𝑝(−) : opens downward 𝜃 = arctan 𝑥

Parallel to x-axis Distance between points

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑑 = √𝑟12 + 𝑟22 − 2𝑟1 𝑟2 cos(𝜃2 − 𝜃1 )
𝑝(+) : opens to the right
𝑝(−) : opens to the left
𝑝 = focal distance (focus ↔ vertex ↔ directrix)
2
Area of Parabolic Segment 𝐴 = 3 𝑏ℎ
1
Area of Spandrel 𝐴 = 3 𝑏ℎ
 TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Functions Double Angle
𝑆𝑂𝐻 − 𝐶𝐴𝐻 − 𝑇𝑂𝐴 sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Reciprocal Functions cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
1 1 1 cos(2𝑥) = { 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
csc 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 2 cos2 𝑥 − 1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥 tan(2𝑥) =
1 − tan2 𝑥
Pythagorean Relations
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 Half Angle
1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
sin (2) = ±√
1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 2
𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sum/Difference of Angles cos (2) = ±√
2
sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 tan ( ) = ±√ = =
2 1+cos 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
Cosine Law Sine Law
Complementary Angles 2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
sin 𝑥 = cos(90° − 𝑥) cos 𝑥 = sin(90° − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

sec 𝑥 = csc(90° − 𝑥) csc 𝑥 = sec(90° − 𝑥) 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵

tan 𝑥 = cot(90° − 𝑥) cot 𝑥 = tan(90° − 𝑥) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
 TRIGONOMETRY
Hyperbolic Function Identities
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = 2
cosh 𝑥 = 2

sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

1 1
sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥

cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
1 − tanh2 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥
1 − coth2 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥

sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

sinh(2𝑥) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
cosh(2𝑥) = { 2 sinh2 𝑥 + 1
2 cosh2 𝑥 − 1
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Rules on Differentiation Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑘𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑘𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 log 𝑎 𝑥=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥 ln 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥) Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 ′ (𝑥) ′ (𝑥) tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = − csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔 + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 −𝑛 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
sin−1 𝑥 = cos−1 𝑥 =
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 =
2√𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
𝑑𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
cot −1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)^𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥) ln 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
sec −1 𝑥 = csc −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Hyperbolic Functions Mean Value Theorem
𝑑 𝑑 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
𝑑 𝑑
tanh 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥 coth 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Rolle’s Theorem
𝑑
sech 𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) → [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏), then there exists 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥
csch 𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

Seven Indeterminate Forms

Radius of Curvature Curvature
0 ±∞
∞−∞ 0⋅∞ 0 0
1 ∞ 0
∞ [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]3⁄2 1 𝑦"
0 ±∞ 𝑅= 𝑘= =
|𝑦"| 𝑅 [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]3⁄2
Parametric Equations
Let 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) Center of Curvature
2 2
1+(𝑦 ′ ) 1+(𝑦 ′)
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑
𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑
𝑔(𝑡) ℎ = 𝑥1 − 𝑦"
𝑦′ 𝑘 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦"
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦 [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Then = and = Approximation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)∆𝑥
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Rate of Change
∆𝑓(𝑥)
Average Rate of Change =
∆𝑥
Instantaneous Rate of Change = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

Ladder Problem
𝐿2/3 = ℎ2⁄3 + 𝑥 2⁄3

Profit, Cost, Revenue

Marginal Profit/Cost = 𝑓′(𝑥1 )
Actual Profit/Cost = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) − 𝑓(𝑥1 )
Revenue = 𝑝(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥
Where 𝑝(𝑥) is the price-demand function
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Properties of the Integral Trigonometric Functions
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶
∫ 𝐶𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶
Simple Power Formula ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | cos 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑛+1
+𝐶 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
∫ cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 Hyperbolic Functions
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶
1 ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | cosh 𝑥 | + 𝐶
Inverse Trigonometric Functions ∫ coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sinh 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1 𝑥
∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = arcsin 𝑎 + 𝐶 ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑎 −𝑥
∫ csch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 𝑥 ∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 arctan 𝑎 + 𝐶
∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 arcsec 𝑎 + 𝐶
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Secondary Formulas Area Bounded by Curves
1 Vertical Strip
∫ √𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = [𝑢√𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 ± 𝑎2 ln |𝑢 + √𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 |] + 𝐶
2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln |𝑢 + √𝑢2 ± 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
√𝑢2 ±𝑎2 𝑥1
1 𝑢
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 [𝑢√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 + 𝑎2 arcsin ( )] + 𝐶 Horizontal Strip
𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎 𝑦2
∫ 𝑢2 −𝑎2 = 2𝑎 ln |𝑢+𝑎| + 𝐶 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢+𝑎
∫ 𝑎2 −𝑢2 = 2𝑎 ln |𝑢−𝑎| + 𝐶
Polar Coordinates
1 𝜃2
Integration by Parts (LIATE) 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 𝜃1
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Wallis Formula Length of Arc

𝜋⁄2 (𝑚 − 1)‼ (𝑛 − 1)‼
∫ sin𝑚 𝜃 cos 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ⋅𝑘
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑚 + 𝑛)‼ 𝐿 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥 𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑚 & 𝑛 are even, then 𝑘 = 𝜋/2 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝜃2
𝑑𝑟 2
Else, 𝑘 = 1 𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑦1 𝑑𝑦 𝜃1 𝑑𝜃
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Centroid First Moment of Inertia
𝑥 𝑦2
∫ 𝑥̅ 𝑑𝐴 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑥′ = ∫ 𝑦(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
1
𝑥𝑐 = = 𝑥 𝑦1
∫ 𝑑𝐴 ∫𝑥 2 (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
𝑥2 2 2
∫ 𝑦̅𝑑𝐴 1 ∫𝑥1 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑦′ = ∫ 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑐 = = 𝑥1
∫ 𝑑𝐴 2 ∫𝑥2(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
Second Moment of Inertia
3 𝑦2
Centroid of Hemisphere, 𝑑 = 8 𝑅
𝐼𝑥′′ = ∫ 𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
ℎ
Centroid of Cone, 𝑑 = 4 𝑥2
𝐼𝑦′′ = ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
4𝑟 4𝑟 𝑥1
Centroid of Quarter Circle, (3𝜋 , 3𝜋)
Find 2nd moment unless stated otherwise
4𝑟
Centroid of Semi Circle, (0, )
3𝜋
Radius of Gyration
𝐼𝑥′′ 𝐼𝑦′′
𝑟𝑥 = √ 𝑟𝑦 = √ 𝑟 = √𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑦 2
𝐴 𝐴
Find magnitude of radius unless stated otherwise
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Volume Generated Pappus’s Theorem
1) Washer/Disk Method (⊥ to axis) 1) First Proposition
𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦𝑈2 − 𝑦𝐿2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = 𝐶𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑥1
𝑦2 Where S = surface area
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥𝑅2 − 𝑥𝐿2 ) 𝑑𝑦 C = circumference of curve
𝑦1
r = distance of centroid to axis of rotation
2) Cylindrical Shell Method (∥ to axis) L = length of curve
𝑥2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
2) Second Proposition
𝑦2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = 𝐶𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐴
𝑦1
Where V = volume generated
A = area bounded
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Methods of Solution for First Order DE D. Linear Differential Equations
A. Variable Separable 𝑑𝑦
Standard Form + 𝑦𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Standard Form 𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
General Solution 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
General Solution ∫ 𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
E. Determination of Integrating Factor
B. Homogeneous of the Same Degree
Given a differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Standard Form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
which is not exact
General Solution 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be an integrating factor
Steps in solving
1. Replace 𝑥 with 𝑣𝑦 or 𝑦 with 𝑣𝑥 (Note: Use differential 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∫𝑁( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
multiplied to a smaller number of terms) Case 1. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑢 = 𝑒
1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
2. Simplify by dividing by a common factor and/or ∫𝑀( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
Case 2. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑢 = 𝑒
cancelling out terms
3. Variable separable method may be applied Case 3. For homogeneous functions
4. Replace 𝑣 using 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 or 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 1
𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0 𝑢 =
𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦
C. Exact Differential Equations
Standard Form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 Case 4. Equations in the form
General Solution 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 with 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0
Condition for Exactness 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 1
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑢=
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
F. Bernoulli Differential Equation Euler-Cauchy Higher Order DE
Standard Form (in y)
𝑑𝑦 𝑛
+ 𝑦𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑄(𝑥); 𝑛 ≠ 0 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 = 0
General Solution 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 (1−𝑛) 𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑛) ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 Substituting 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 , it follows that
𝑎𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 = 0
G. Ricatti Differential Equation
𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(𝑥)𝑦 2 + 𝑏(𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑐(𝑥) Case 1. Roots are real and distinct
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑚3
Higher Order Differential Equations
Case 1. Roots are real and distinct Case 2. Roots are real and repeated
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑚 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑚 ln2 𝑥

Case 2. Roots are real and repeated Case 3. Roots are complex and distinct
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎 [𝐶1 sin(𝑏 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝑏 ln 𝑥)]

Case 3. Roots are complex and distinct Case 4. Roots are complex and repeated
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎 [𝐶1 sin(𝑏 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝑏 ln 𝑥)]
Root 𝑚 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖
+ 𝑥 𝑎 ln 𝑥 [𝐶3 sin(𝑏 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶4 cos(𝑏 ln 𝑥)]
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)
Case 4. Roots are complex and repeated
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶3 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑏𝑥)
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Applications of Ordinary Differential Equations
1. Growth and Decay 6. Flow of Fluid through Orifice
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉
∝𝑄 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = −𝑘𝑆𝑜 √2𝑔𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. Newton’s Law of Heating/Cooling 𝑧 = depth of fluid at any time t
𝑑𝑇 𝑆𝑜 = area of the hole
∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity
𝑑𝑡
𝑘 = 0.6 (sharp edged)
3. Rectilinear Motion
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 7. Dissolution
1 𝑑𝑄
𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 𝑘(𝐴 − 𝑄)(𝐶𝑠 − 𝐶𝑖 )
2
𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜 = 2𝑎 𝑄 = amount of substance dissolved
4. Dilution Problem 𝐴 = amount of substance supplied
𝑑𝑄 𝐶𝑠 = saturation concentration
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑖 = instantaneous concentration
𝑑𝑡
𝑄
𝐶𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 )𝑡
𝑉𝑜 8. Orthogonal Trajectory
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
5. Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction ( ) = (− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 𝐺𝐶
𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definition of Laplace Transform Theorems on Laplace Transform
∞
1. Linearity of Laplace Transform
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) and ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝐺(𝑠), 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
constants, then ℒ{𝑎𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑎𝐹(𝑠) + 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)
Laplace Transform of Common Functions
𝑘 1 2. S-Shifting Theory
ℒ{𝑘} = ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎 If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
1 𝜔
ℒ{𝑡} = 𝑠2 ℒ{sin 𝜔𝑡} = 𝑠2 +𝜔2
3. T-Shifting Theorem
2} 2! 𝑠 If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then ℒ{𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ{𝑡 = ℒ{cos 𝜔𝑡} =
𝑠3 𝑠2 +𝜔2
𝑛! 𝑎 Laplace Transform of Derivatives
ℒ{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1 ℒ{sinh 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
If ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝑌(𝑠), then
1 𝑠
ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎 ℒ{cosh 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)
ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)
Important Note ℒ{𝑦 ′′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 3 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑠𝑦 ′ (0) − 𝑦′′(0)
o 𝑛 in 𝑡 𝑛 should be a positive integer
o The 𝜔𝑡 in the sine and cosine functions is in
radians
o Recall the definition of hyperbolic functions
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 =
2 2
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion
o Mean – average o Range = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛
o Median – middle value 𝑀𝑎𝑥+𝑀𝑖𝑛
o Mode – highest frequency o Midrange =
𝟐

o Standard Deviation
Types of Mean Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Arithmetic Mean Sample, 𝑠𝑥 = √
𝑛−1
𝛴𝑥
𝐴𝑀 = 𝑛 Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Population, 𝜎𝑥 = √
𝑛
Weighted Average Note: Sample SD is the default
Σ𝑓𝑥
𝑊𝑀 = 𝑓
o Variance
Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Geometric Mean Sample, 𝑠𝑥2 =
𝑛−1
𝐺𝑀 = 𝑛√𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺3 … 𝐺𝑛 2 Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Population, 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑛
Harmonic Mean Σ|𝑥−𝑥̅ |
𝑛
o Mean Absolute Deviation, 𝑀𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛
𝐻𝑀 = Σ(1⁄𝑥)
o Interquartile Range = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Quadratic Mean (RMS) 𝑄3 −𝑄1
o Semi-interquartile Range = 𝟐
Σ𝑥 2
𝑄𝑀 = √
𝑛
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Grouped Data Hypothesis Testing
Σ(𝐶𝑀⋅𝑓)
Mean, 𝑥̅ = Σ𝑓 o Type I Error - false positive; accept Ho
𝐶𝑀 = class mark (middle value of class) o Type II Error – false negative; reject Ho
𝑓 = frequency of class o If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≥ 𝛼, then fail to reject Ho
𝑁 o If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 < 𝛼, then reject Ho
−𝐶𝐹𝑚𝑒−1
Median = 𝑙𝑚𝑒 + 2 ⋅𝑤
𝑓𝑚𝑒
Confidence Level 𝐶 =1−𝛼
𝑙𝑚𝑒 = lower boundary of median class
𝑁 = total number of data
𝐶𝐹𝑚𝑒−1 = cumulative frequency before median class
𝑓𝑚𝑒 = frequency of median class
𝑤 = class width
𝑓 −𝑓
Mode = 𝑙𝑚𝑜 + 𝑓 𝑚𝑜−1+𝑓 𝑚𝑜
𝑚𝑜−1 𝑚𝑜+1

𝑙 = lower boundary of modal class

𝑓𝑚𝑜 = frequency of modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑜−1 = frequency before modal class
𝑓𝑚𝑜+1 = frequency after modal class
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Permutation Hockey Stick Identity
𝑛!
𝑟𝐶𝑟 + 𝑟+1𝐶𝑟 + 𝑟+2𝐶𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛+1𝐶𝑟+1
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
Chicken McNuggets Theorem
Permutation of Distinct Objects 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑛!
where 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑛 Derangement
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐! 𝑛
(−1)𝑥
Circular Permutation ! 𝑛 = 𝑛! ∑
𝑃 = (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑥!
𝑥=0

Circular Permutation in Space Probability Theory

(𝑛 − 1)! Mutually Exclusive Events
𝑃= 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
2
Combination
Dependent/Independent Events
𝑛! 𝑛𝑃𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟! 𝑟!
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
Stars and Bars Method 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
For positive integers 𝑠−1𝐶𝑟−1
For non-negative integers 𝑠+𝑟−1𝐶𝑟−1
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Conditional Probability Normal Distribution
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥̅
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 𝑧=
𝑃(𝐴) 𝜎
𝑃(𝑥 < 𝑥𝑠 ) = 𝑃(𝑧)
Binomial Distribution 𝑃(𝑥 > 𝑥𝑠 ) = 𝑅(𝑧)
𝑃 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 ⋅ 𝑝𝑟 ⋅ 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 𝑃(𝑥𝑠 < 𝑥 < 𝑥̅ ) = 𝑄(𝑧)
Where 𝑛 = number of trials
𝑟 = number of successful trials z-Score of Sample Mean
𝑝 = probability of success 𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥̅
𝑧=
𝑞 = probability of failure 𝜎/√𝑛

Multinomial Distribution Poisson Distribution

𝑛! 𝑒 −𝜆 ⋅ 𝜆𝑛
𝑃= ⋅ (𝑃1 )𝑎 (𝑃2 )𝑏 (𝑃3 )𝑐 𝑃=
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐! 𝑛!
Where 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = 1 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑛
Mathematical Expectation
𝐸 = Σ𝑝 ⋅ 𝑊 − Σ𝑞 ⋅ 𝐿
Hypergeometric Distribution
𝑚𝐶𝑎 ⋅ 𝑛𝐶𝑏 Odds
𝑃=
𝑃 1−𝑃
𝑚+𝑛𝐶𝑎+𝑏 Odds happening = Odds not happening =
1−𝑃 𝑃