Readings in Philippine history

BSN 1-J
Prelims
F vs S History
Meaning, Importance, and Factual History
Relevance of History -
-
Basic information
Answers the questions: What, When,
Definition of History Who
- The term ‘history’ comes from the Greek
word ‘Historia,’ which means Speculative History
o ‘knowledge acquired through - Goes beyond facts because it concerns
inquiry or investigation’ the reasons for which events happen
- Later adopted in Latin: ‘histories’ - Answers the questions: Why? and How?
o Refer to the past persons or
groups of persons as documented
Historiography
in written records and historical - The practice of historical writing is
evidence called historiography
- The totality of what happened in the past
- The act of analyzing and writing about the Traditional Methods Historical Research
past - Gathering documents from different
- History is also a study of the past libraries; and
- Past is completed and can’t be changed, - Archives
but history is an ongoing discussion
Modern Historical Writing
According to Many People - Use of research methods from related
areas of study such as archaeology and
Aristotle
geography
- History is a systematic accounting of
phenomena Historical Method
- Acc. To Gottschalk (1969), the process of
Herodotus critically examining and analyzing the
- History is a chronological event and records and survivals of the past is called
should be a sequence of events Historical Method

Ambeth Ocampo Historical Analysis

- Kasaysayan is rooted in two words. - An important element of historical method

Salaysay (narrative/story) and saysay - Steps:
(meaning) o Select the subject to investigate
o Collect probable sources of
Zeus Salazar information on the subject
- “Ang kasaysayan ay isang salaysay na o Examine the genuineness of the
may saysay sa mga taong nagsasaysay” source

Teodoro Agoncillo
Historical Criticism
- History is the study of relevant past - Historical criticism is described as the
literary criticism based on the context or
Renato Constantino
origins (time and place when it was
- Defines history as the history of the written) of the literary texts
inarticulate - Determine if an evidence is REYAL OR
FAHKE
Readings in Philippine history
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Prelims
Types of Historical Criticism Sources of Historical Data
External Criticism (Contextual Primary Sources
Analysis) - Original, first-hand accounts
- Factual and not interpretive
- Examine the physical condition of a
document - Key function is to provide facts
- Examine the authenticity of the document - Raw materials of historical research
or the evidence being used Ex:
- Ex:
o The color of the paper used - Autobiographies
o Characteristics - Diaries, personal letters
- Interviews, surveys
Internal Criticism (Content Analysis) - Research data (census statistics)
- Examines the content and interprets the
Advantage:
documents
- Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of - Unfiltered
the evidence by looking at the author of - Unique
the source, its context, the agenda behind
its creation, and its intended purpose Disadvantage:
- Ex: - Incomplete
o What was the author trying to say? - Difficult to access
o Basta about author sad argh!
Secondary Sources
Historical Data -
-
Analyzes and interprets primary sources
Often attempt to describe or explain
- Historical data are sourced from artifacts
primary sources
that have been left in the past.
- These artifacts can either be relics or Ex:
remains, or the testimonies of witnesses
to the past - Biographies
- Reference books
Non-written Sources of History - Works of criticism

Material Evidence Advantage:

- AKA Archaeological Evidence
- Provide analysis, synthesis, and
- Tangible proofs
interpretation of original info
- Ex:
o Pottery Disadvantage:
o Jewelry
o Graves - Do not provide exact info
o Paintings - Do not represent first-hand knowledge

Oral Evidence Tertiary Sources

- Non-tangible proofs - A collection of primary and secondary
- Ex: sources
o Tales & Sagas Ex:
o Folk Songs
o Rituals - Encyclopedia
o Interviews - Dictionaries
o Myths
o Legends
Readings in Philippine history
BSN 1-J
Prelims
Written Sources of History 2. Commoners
- Maharlika (T)
Narrative / Literary - Timawa (V)
- Chronicles or tracts presented in a 3. Slaves
narrative form - Not considered property
- Purpose is to inform - A person becomes one through debt
bondage, raids, & wars
Ex:
-
-
Newspaper articles
Ego document / personal narratives
Customs of the Tagalogs
• By Fray Juan de Plasencia
- Novel, film
- Biography o Franciscan missionary (1578-
1590)
Diplomatic / Juridicial • This document is written to provide info
- A legal document which is usually sealed about the:
or authenticated o Government
- Possess specific formal properties o Administration
o Justices
Social o Inheritance
- Information pertaining to economic, social, o Slaves
political, or judicial significance o Dowries
- Records kept by bureaucracies o Worship
o Burials
Ex: o Superstitions
- Municipal accounts Slavery System / Marriage
- Civil registry records
- Property registers • Maharlica mother + Maharlica father =
Maharlica children
• Maharlica father + slave mother = children
Early Philippine Society and & mother are free
Culture • Free woman + slave man (not her
husband) = Children are free
Chiefs = Dato / Datu
• Married maharlica + slave
• Head of and governed the barangay (namamahay/saguiguilir) = Odd children
• Must be from the ruling class belong to the father, Even children to the
• Leader of the bagani: mother
o Warriors of the community
Adultery
Barangay • Maharlica + slave-woman of others = The
slave is obliged to pay her master half of a
• Tribal gathering (30-100 houses)
gold tael, due to her risk of death and
• Boat
inability to labor during pregnancy
• A family of parents and children o Half of the child is free, belonging
• Did not settle far from each other to the father by supplying food to
• Primary political, economic, and him
sociocultural institution of PH ▪ If he did not do this,
• Can also form alliance with other illegitimate and child,
barangays therefore, wholly slave
Socioeconomic Classes
• Free married woman + adulterer
1. Ruling Class / Nobility o Husband punishes the adulterer
- Maginoo (Tagalog) (dowry)
- Kadatoan (Visayan)
Readings in Philippine history
BSN 1-J
Prelims
▪ Child is considered his Idols
legitimate child
• Badhala = “all powerful”, or “maker of all
• Able to inherit things”
o If adulterer is not punished by the
• Sun
H, then:
o Account on its beauty
▪ The child will not inherit
o Universally respected and honored
shiz
by heathens
▪ Not considered his child
• Moon
o Punishment of the adulterer does
o Especially when it was new
not mean dishonor
• Tala
o Punishment of the father is used to
o Morning star, among all the stars
make the child legitimate
they worshipped
Other Slavery keme
Other kemes again
• Saguiguilir could be sold
• Natives had no established division of
• Namamahay & their children cannot be
years, months, and days
sold
o These are determined by the
o But, can be transferred from the
cultivation of soil
barangay by inheritance
o Counted by moons
• No one was condemned to slavery unless
• Winter & summer = water-time & sun-time
merited the death penalty
• Young girls who had their first monthly
• Witches are killed
courses:
o Their children and accomplices are
o Blindfolded for 4 days, 4 nights
enslaved by the chief
o Friends & relatives invited to
• Some punishments are paid in gold, if
partake food and drinks
fines are not paid promptly, culprits are
▪ They did this in order that
enslaved
the girls might bear
o The master provided the clothes
children;
and food
▪ Have fortune in finding
• Loans were present, high-interest was husbands
evident
Spiritual Beliefs
Other keme
• Manner of offering sacrifice was to
• Dowry = Given by men to the women’s proclaim a feast, and offer to the devil
parents what they had to eat
• Unmarried women cannot own any • Catolonan = officiating priest/priestess
property o Sings poetic songs for the idol
• There were no temples • Maca = “paradise”, “village of rest”
• Simbahan = a place of adoration (worship o Only for people who are just, did
place) no harm
• Pandot = festival or “worship” (celebrated • Casanaan = “place of anguish”, place of
in the large house of the chief) punishment, grief, and affliction
o Purpose of sheltering assembled o All the wicked go to this place
people • Sitan = demons. Dwelt in casanaas
• Sorihile = small lamps • Vibit = ghosts
• Feasts usually last for four days • Tigbalaang = phantoms
• Nagaanitos = A worship where the whole • Patianac = woman who died during
barangay, or family are united childbirth (suffered punishment)
• House = temple • Anito = deities
Readings in Philippine history
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Prelims
Objects of Sacrifice: ▪ The beginning of
concubinage
• Flayed, decapitated, and laid before the
• P got angry and returned to the infernal
idol: Goats, fowls, & swine
regions after Lupluban refused to go
Burying Practice home (sad boy moments bwaahahha)
o If L obeyed his summons, all the
• The deceased is buried beside his house
dead would return to life
• If chief:
o Placed beneath a little house / Spiritual Beliefs
porch • Baylanes
o Mourned for 4 days o Sacrifices
o Laid on a boat (served as a coffin) ▪ Offered in times of seed-
o Guarded by a slave sowing, war, & sickness
o Priestesses
Visayan Customs ▪ Dressed very gaily
• From Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by ▪ Garlands on their head
Miguel de Loarca ▪ Resplendent w gold
• Talks about the beliefs of the people of • Priestess
Panay (Pintados) o Possessed by demon to declare
whether a sick person is to recover
Beliefs of the Yligueynes (People of or not
the Coast) o Foretells the future
• Heaven and earth had no beginning Sacrifices:
• Believed that land breeze and sea breeze • Pitarillas (a kind of earthen jar) full of rice
are married wine
• Believed Two Gods: • Live hog
o Captan
• Quantity of prepared food
o Maguayen

The Story of Captan and Maguayen

• Land breeze brought forth a reed Idols:
o Planted by Captan • Varangao = The rainbow (for war &
• The reed grew and broke into two expeditions)
sections: • Ynaguinid & Macanduc
o Sicalac (man) o For the redemption of souls
o Sicavay (woman) detained in the inferno
• Children of Sicalac & Sicavay:
o Sibo (son) Slavery System
o Samar (daughter) • No one is made a slave or is put to death
• Daughter of Sibo & Samar: for any crime which he commits, even if
o Lupluban (married Pandaguan) he commits:
• Son of Lup & Pan: o Theft, adultery, or murder
o Anoranor • Unless if there’s an established fine
• Captan & Maguayen made a thunderbolt o If he cannot pay the fine, he
which killed Pandaguan (bcoz namatay borrows
ang shark ) ▪ Becomes a slave to the
o P remained in the infernal regions man from whom he
for 30 days borrows
o Brought back to life
Classes of Slaves:
• When P was dead:
1. Ayuey
o Lupluban became the concubine of
o Most thoroughly enslaved
a man named Maracoyrun
Readings in Philippine history
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Prelims
oWork 3 days for the master, 1 for In Times of Famine:
themselves - The poor goes to the rich to surrender
o Ayueys are worth among these themselves as slaves— in order to be fed.
people two gold taes of Labin sian
(12 pesos)
o Like their husbands, work in the First Voyage Around the
houses of chiefs
2. Tumaranpoc / tumaranpoques
World
o Work 1 day out of 4 Antonio Pigafetta
o Worth 12 pesos (same as ayuey) - Italian chronicler
o If they have children: - Source of the details of the world’s first
▪ Serve half of the month circumnavigation (accurately recorded in
spinning and weaving his journal)
cotton (supplied by the - Comprehension of the cultural life of
master) people was made possible through A.P.’s
▪ The other half for chronicle
themselves o Translated by Lord Stanley of
3. Tomatabans Alderley
o Hold in most respect
o Work only when there is some Ferdinand Magellan
banquet or revel - Portuguese explorer
o Worth one tae (6 pesos) - The captain general of the expedition
o If they do not work, they annually - Sailed for the King and Queen of Spain
give the master 10 chicubites of because they agreed to pay for his
rice expeditions
o Spin only one hank of cotton per - Abandoned his Portuguese loyalty
month - “rediscovered” the Philippine islands in
• Only the ayueys receive food and clothing 1521
from their masters; the others receive - Killed in Mactan
nothing
• If these slaves die, masters will take all Cilapulapu / Lapu-lapu
their property, except from tomatabans - Strategy is to use poisoned arrows against
the Spaniards during battle of mactan
Enslavement as Punishment:
For:
The Purpose of the Expedition
- Search of a new route to the Spice Islands
• Murder, adultery, theft; and (Maluku Island / Moluccas)
• For insulting any woman of rank; or
taking away her robe in public and leaving The Ships:
her naked (considered great offense) 1. Trinidad – Lead ship, commanded by
Magellan
For thieves:
2. Santiago
• Great Robbery 3. Concepcion
o He and all his relatives are fined 4. San Antonio
o Enslaved if unable to pay fine 5. Victoria – The only one to return to Spain
• Small theft Had approximately 270 crewmen, only 18
o Only the thief is fined returned
If a chief commits a crime:
The Journey
- He is also fined in the same manner • Sep. 20, 1519 – Sep. 6, 1522
• Tuesday, Sep. 20, 1519
o Set sail from St. Lucar
Readings in Philippine history
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Prelims
o Course is south-west ▪ Because they found 2
• Sep. 26, 1519 springs w very fresh water;
o Arrived at great Canaria Island and
▪ Teneriphe ▪ First signs of gold
▪ Remained there for 3½ o Nearby Islands: Archipelago of
days St. Lazarus (Visayan islands / PH
• Monterose Port islands)
o Stayed for 2 days o Remained there for 8 days
o Supplied themselves pitch, • Friday, Mar. 22, 1521
necessary for ships o The natives returned with two
• There’s one island in great Canaria, where boats
not a drop of water is to be found o They brought cochi, sweet
• Saturday, Mar. 16, 1521 oranges, a vessel of palm wine,
o Arrived in Zamal (Samar) and a cock
o 300 leagues away from Landrones • Lord of the people of Humunu
Islands (Island of Thieves / o Old, and had his face painted, had
Marianas) gold earrings (Schione)
▪ Inhabited by individuals o Others
who used sticks with fish ▪ Had many bracelets and
bones, and are great rings of gold on their arms
thieves ▪ With a wrapper of linen
• Mar. 17, 1521 around their head
o They arrived in an uninhabited • Nearby Island
island near Zamal (for greater o Caphre (Gentiles) = People in the
security) nearby island with painted bodies
o They rested and refilled water and large holes in their ears
o Set up two tents for the sick ▪ Naked
• Mar. 18, 1521 ▪ Some wear cotton stuff
o After dinner, a boat came towards ▪ Anoint themselves w/ the
them with 9 men. oil of coco nuts for sun and
o The principal one was joyous at wind protection
their arrival • Monday, Mar. 25, 1521
o Magellan gave them red caps, o Antonio Pigafetta almost drowned
looking glasses, combs, bells, etc. (bwahahha)
o They presented some fish, a o Passed by four islands:
vessel of palm wine (Uraca), figs, ▪ Cenalo
and two cochos ▪ Huinanghar
o In 4 days, they’d bring Umai (rice, ▪ Ibusson
cocos, and many other victuals) ▪ Abarien
• Cochi – a fruit that palm trees bear - Thursday, Mar. 28, 1521
• Palmito – The heart of a palm tree o Approached an island
• Zuluam (Suluan, Brgy in Leyte) [Mazzava/Mazaua (Limasawa)]
o Place of origin of the 9 natives and exchanged conversations with
• The Spaniards showed them the inside of their king (Rajah Kolambu) and
their ship, artillery and gun-firing, as well had good relationships
as their goods (nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, - Traprobana
etc.) o A slave from Sumatra
• Travelled to Humunu (Homonhon) o Became their interpreter
o Named Watering Place of Good - Good Friday, Mar. 29, 1521
Signs o The time when they were
welcomed and introduced to the
people. They said they are no
enemies.
Readings in Philippine history
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Prelims
o They stayed there for 7 days - Saturday, Oct. 26, 1521
- Areca – a fruit which is chewed by natives o While coasting the island of
for a long period of time, turning their Birabam Batolac
mouths very red o They were met with a great storm
- After that, they traveled taking the tack of o 3 Saints Appear:
Maestral ▪ St. Elmo
o Passed through 5 isles: ▪ St. Nicholas
▪ Ceylon ▪ St. Clara
▪ Bohol - Saturday, Sep. 6, 1522
▪ Canighan o Entered the bay of San Lucar
▪ Baibai o Only 18 out of 60 men returned
▪ Satighan when they left from Maluco
- Satighan
o Has a kind of bird as large as
eagles called Barbastigly
- Sunday, Apr. 7, 1521
o Arrived at the port of Zzubu (Cebu)
▪ Fifteen leagues off from
Satighan
- Tuesday, Apr. 10, 1521
o They tried to converse with the
king of Cebu (Raja Humabon)
- They travelled again east-southeast route
to find Maluco/Moluccas
- As they travel, they saw the island of Zolo
(Jolo) and Taghima (Basilan)
o Near these islands, Pearls are
found
- Went east to quarter northeast route and
saw two inhabited islands: Cavit and
Subanin
o Also passed near an island called
Monoripa
o Inhabitants of this island lived in
their vessels and have no houses
- Then they went to Butuan and Calagan
which were located in the same island as
Cavit and Subanin
o This is where the best cinnamon
grows
- Travelling north-east, they encountered a
large city called Maingdanao
o They gathered more precise
information
- Following this, they took possession of
bignaday (a vessel similar to prahu)
o They killed 7 out of 18 chief men of
Mindanao