HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH

COMPOSITE WALL
(With Data Logging Facility)
 Foreword
Welcome to the fast growing family of K.C. product owners. We appreciate your interest in us
and thank you for buying our product.

You have chosen the finest quality product in the market which is produced using latest techniques
and has underwent strict quality control tests. It is a product that we are proud to build and you
are proud to own it.

Our products are easy to understand and operate. They are excellent for students who are trying to
gain practical knowledge through experiments.

However your comfort and safety are important to us, so we want you have an understanding of
proper procedure to use the equipment. For the purpose, we urge you to read and follow the step-
by-step operating instructions and safety precautions in this manual. It will ensure that your
favourite product delivers reliable, superior performance year after year.

This manual includes information for all options available on this model. Therefore, you may find
some information that does not apply to your equipment.

All information, specifications and illustrations in this manual are those in effect at the time of
printing. We reserve the right to change specifications or design at any time without notice.

Customer satisfaction is our primary concern. Feel Free to contact us for any assistance. So what
are you waiting for, roll up your sleeves and let us get down to work!

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

 Important
Important Information About This Manual

Reminder for Safety

Modification on Equipment:

This equipment should not be modified. Modification could affect its performance, safety or
disturbance. In addition damage or performance problems resulting from modification may not be
covered under warranties.

Precautions and Maintenance:

This is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that could cause minor or moderate personal injury
or damage to your equipment. To avoid or reduce the risk, the procedures must be followed
carefully.
 Contents
1. Objective 1

2. Aim 1

3. Introduction 1

4. Theory 1

5. Description 2

6. Utilities Required 2

7. Installation Procedure of Software 2

8. Method of Operating Software 3

9. Experimental Procedure 3

10. Observation & Calculation 4

11. Nomenclature 5

12. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions 6

13. Troubleshooting 7

14. References 7

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
(Rev. 1)
 HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
1. OBJECTIVE:
To study the heat transfer through conduction in composite wall.

2. AIM:
2.1 To calculate total thermal resistance of composite wall.

2.2 To calculate total thermal conductivity of composite wall.

2.3 To plot the temperature profile along the composite wall.

3. INTRODUCTION:
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high
temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by conduction
and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

q ∆T
α
A ∆X

When the proportionality constant is inserted,

∆T
q = −kA
∆X

Where q is the amount of heat transfer and ∆T/ ∆X is the temperature gradient in the
direction of heat flow. The constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.

4. THEORY:
A direct application of fourier’s law is the plane wall.

Fourier’s equation:

− kA
Q= (T2 − T1 )
∆X

Where the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The wall thickness is ∆X, Q, A
are amount of heat transfer and heat transfer area respectively. T1 and T2 are surface
temperatures. If more than one material is present, as in the multilayer wall, the analysis
would proceed as follows:

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 1 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 The temperature gradients in the three materials (A, B, C), the heat flow may be written

∆T A ∆TB ∆TC
Q = −k A A = −k B A = −k C A
∆X A ∆X B ∆X C

Q
q=
A

For material A thermal conductivity can be calculated as following:

q ∆X A
kA =
∆T A

5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of a heater sandwiched between two asbestos sheets. Three
slabs of different material are provided on both sides of heater, which forms a composite
structure. A small press- frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the
slabs. A variac is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of input
power is carried out by energy meter. Eight temperature sensor are embedded between
inter faces of the slab, to read the temperature at the surface.

6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
6.1 Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp combined socket
with earth connection.

6.2 Bench Area Required: 1m x 1m.

6.3 Computer: i3 processor, with DVD drive, Window7/8 and MS Office preloaded.
One USB slot free for hardware.

7. INSTALLATION PROCEDURE OF SOFTWARE:

Two DVD are provided with the equipment. One DVD is of Device Driver and other of
Operating Software.
First, place the Device Driver DVD in DVD-ROM and wait for 5 to 10 seconds. A blue-
colored window appears on the screen. Install the software as per directions. When
installation is finished, a shortcut would be created on the desktop showing name as
“NI-Max”. Restart the computer system. Fix USB Card in empty USB slot. The computer
would indicate a new hardware found, start clicking “Next” till “Finish” comes. Click

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 2 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 Cancel button of “New Data Acquisition Device Window”. This ends the completion of
loading of DAQ Card Driver.
Now, take other DVD i.e. Operating Software and place in DVD-ROM. Open the DVD
and open folder “Heat Transfer through Composite Wall” and then double click on
“Setup.exe”. Follow the instructions and do the installation.
Go to desktop and double click on “NI-Max”. A window opens and looks at left side.
Follow the path as “My System”
“Devices and Interfaces”
“NI-DAQmx Devices”.
Click it and USB-6008: “Dev” appears. Right click and rename it as “080” and press
“enter”. Now, it appears as USB-6008: “080” and close the window.
After completion of installation “restart” the computer system.

8. METHOD OF OPERATING SOFTWARE:

Open the “Heat Transfer through Composite Wall” file by clicking it from program
Menu of main Menu bar. Click “Login” button, fill the relevant information in “Professor
Name”, “Student Name” and “Roll No”. These are not mandatory and may be left blank if
desired. Enter the password “kce” for the software and press “enter” two times or click
“OK” to enter password.
Click “Interface”, to run the software. In the entire software, a “NEXT” button is provided,
at left front, which enables to go to next step. Another button named as “BACK” is
present. This facilitates to retrieve last step taken. An “EXIT” button, at right bottom end,
is there. It may be used to exit at any session and finally, stopping the software.
Note: In the absence of external hardware, interfacing section may not able to
work.

9. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

9.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

9.1.1 Ensure that mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel are at OFF position
& dimmer stat is at zero position.

9.1.2 Connect electric supply to the set up.

9.1.3 Switch ON the mains ON / OFF switch.

9.1.4 Connect the apparatus to the computer system by connecting interfacing

unit (communication card).

9.1.5 Set the heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter in the range 40 to 100
volts.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 3 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 9.1.6 After 1.5 hrs. record the reading of pulses, time and temperature sensors
in the computer system by using software after every 10 minutes interval
till observing change in consecutive readings of temperatures ± 0.2 oC (i.e.
steady state)

9.1.7 At steady state condition, Log on all the observations & calculations in
excel file & save it into the computer system.

9.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

9.2.1 When experiment is over set the dimmer stat to zero position.

9.2.2 Switch OFF the mains ON/OFF switch.

9.2.3 Disconnect the interfacing unit from apparatus.

9.2.4 Switch OFF electric supply to the set up.

10. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

10.1 DATA:
Diameter of slab d = 0.25 m Press wood thickness X3 = 0.012 m
Cast iron thickness X1 = 0.02 m
Bakelite thickness X2 = 0.015 m

10.2 OBSERVATION TABLE:

P tp T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
Sr. No.
(Pulses) (sec) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)

10.3 CALCULATIONS:
P × 3600 × 1000
Q= (W)
t p × 3200

π
A= d 2 (m2)
4

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 4 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 Q
q= (W/m2)
2× A
(T1 − T7 ) + (T2 − T8 ) o
∆T = ( C)
2
∆T o
Rt = ( C m2/W)
q
∆X = X 1 + X 2 + X 3 (m)
q × ∆X
K eff = (W/m oC)
∆T
X A = 0 (m)

X A1 = X A + X 1 (m)

X A2 = X A + X 1 + X 2 (m)

X A3 = X A + X 1 + X 2 + X 3 (m)

(T1 + T2 ) o
TA1 = ( C)
2
(T 3+T 4) o
TA2 = ( C)
2
(T 5+T 6) o
TA3 = ( C)
2
(T 7+T 8) o
TA4 = ( C)
2

CALCULATION TABLE:

Sr. No Q (W/m2) Rt (oC-m2/W) keff (W/moC)

To plot the graph of length (XA, XA1, XA2, XA3) vs temperature (TA1, TA2, TA3, TA4).

11. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Heading Units Type

A Area of heat transfer m2 Calculated
D Diameter of slab m Given

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 5 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 Keff Total thermal conductivity of composite wall W/m oC Calculated
P Pulses * Measured
Q Amount of heat transfer W Calculated
2
q Heat flux W/m Calculated
o
Rt Total thermal resistance of composite wall C m2/W Calculated
o
T1-T2 Interface temperature of cast iron and heater C Measured
o
T3-T4 Interface temperature of cast iron and bakelite C Measured
o
T5-T6 Interface temperature of bakelite and press wood C Measured
o
T7-T8 Top surface temperature of press wood C Measured
o
TA1 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron C Calculated
slab and heater
o
TA2 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron C Calculated
slab and bakelite slab
o
TA3 Average temperature at the interface of bakelite C Calculated
slab and press wood slab
o
TA4 Average temperature at the surface of press wood C Calculated
slab
tp Time for pulses s Measured
X1 Cast iron thickness m Given
X2 Bakelite thickness m Given
X3 Press wood thickness m Given
XA Reference point to measure distances m Calculated
XA1 Distance of reference point to cast iron slab m Calculated
XA2 Distance of reference point to bakelite slab m Calculated
XA3 Distance of reference point to press wood slab m Calculated
o
∆T Overall temperature difference C Calculated
∆X Total thickness of wall m Calculated

* Unitless quantity

12. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

12.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and more than 230
volts.

12.2 Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF
switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 6 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 12.3 Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.

12.4 Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

13. TROUBLESHOOTING:
13.1 If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light, check the main
supply.

14. REFERENCES:
14.1 Holman, J.P (2008). Heat Transfer. 9th Ed. ND: McGraw Hill. pp 23-24.

14.2 Kern, D.Q (2007). Process Heat Transfer. 16th Ed. ND: McGraw Hill. pp 14-15.

14.3 Domkundwar A (2003). A Course in Heat & Mass Transfer. 6th Ed. NY: S.C
Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd. pp A.4 – A.5.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 7 of 7 (Rev. 1)