In The Minds Of Machines:
“Understanding The Overview Of Artificial Intelligence”
Name:- Meenakshi Gupta
Student:- Bsc 2nd Year (Computer Science Major)
Department Of Mathematics & Computer
College Name:- Govt. M.H. College Oh Home Science & Science
For Women Autonomous Jabalpur [M.P.]
Mobile Number:- 9754314575
➢ ABSTRACT
As we all know, the computer was invented by Charles Babbage in 1822, and over time, computers have
advanced to efficiently handle mathematical calculations and solve various problems. In today's time, we
extensively use AI, which also swiftly addresses our problems. When both computers and AI can solve our
problems, why was AI invented? What is special about AI?
We know that a computer doesn't have its own mind, it cannot make decisions on its own.
However, if we look at it from another perspective, AI can solve various problems and make decisions based
on predefined conditions, similar to how humans can think and make decisions.
When we read about AI, numerous questions come to our minds, such as…………
What is AI?
Who And When Was Artificial Intelligence Invented?
What is the history of AI?
How does AI work?
What are the types of AI?
Uses of AI in Past, Present and Future?
Artificial Intelligence Vs Human?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI?
➢ KEYWORDS
Artificial Intelligence, History of Artificial Intelligence, How does Artificial Intelligence Works,
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence, AI Vs Human,
➢ INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) is the branch of computer science which deals with intelligence of machines
where an intelligent agent is a system that takes actions which maximize its chances of success. It is the
study of ideas which enable computers to do the things that make people seem intelligent.
The central principles of AI include such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication,
perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. It is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.
➢ WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) ?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology by which intelligent machines are created that think like humans.
In other words, “Artificial intelligence is a method by which when used, a computer, robot or machine starts
thinking like a human being.”
Artificial intelligence is made up of two words, first artificial and second intelligence. In this, artificial
means “made by humans” and intelligence means “thinking power”.
Therefore its full meaning is “the power of thinking created by humans”.
~ John McCarthy is considered the father of Artificial Intelligence. According to John McCarthy, “It is the
science and engineering of creating intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.”
Artificial intelligence is called “ कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता ” in Hindi.
➢ Who And When Was Artificial Intelligence Invented
"This range of time was when the interest in AI really came to a head. Alan Turing published his work
“Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which eventually became The Turing Test, which experts used to
measure computer intelligence. The term “artificial intelligence” was coined and came into popular use.
Dates of note:
• 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which proposed a test of
machine intelligence called The Imitation Game.
• 1952: A computer scientist named Arthur Samuel developed a program to play checkers, which is
the first to ever learn the game independently.
• 1955: John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth on “artificial intelligence” which is the first use
of the word, and how it came into popular usage.
➢ What is the history of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This technology is much
older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian
Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation
to till date development.
➢ Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch
and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine
learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which
he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
➢ The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence
program "Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52
Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist
John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic
field.
At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And
the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time
➢ The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical
problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
➢ The first AI winter (1974-1980)
o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time
period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI
researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
➢ A boom of AI (1980-1987)
o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were
programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
➢ The second AI winter (1987-1993)
o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not efficient
result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.
➢ The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and
became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter,
and Netflix also started using AI.
➢ Deep learning, big data and artificial general
intelligence (2011-present)
o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the
complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and
can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide
information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters
and also performed extremely well.
➢ How does AI work
It's even more amazing, perhaps, that our existence is quietly being transformed by deep learning
algorithms that many of us barely understand, if at all — something so complex that even scientists have a
tricky time explaining it.
"AI is a family of technologies that perform tasks that are thought to require intelligence if performed by
humans," explains Vasant Honavar, a professor and director of the Artificial Intelligence Research
Laboratory at Penn State University. "I say 'thought,' because nobody is really quite sure what intelligence
is."
Honavar describes two main categories of intelligence. There's narrow AI, which is achieving
competence in a narrowly defined domain, such as analyzing images from X-rays and MRI scans in
radiology. Artificial general intelligence, in contrast, describes much more human like thinking processes,
like the ability to learn about anything and to talk about it. "A machine might be good at some diagnoses in
radiology, but if you ask it about baseball, it would be clueless," Honavar explains. Humans' intellectual
versatility "is still beyond the reach of AI at this point."
According to Honavar, there are two key pieces to AI models. One of them is the engineering part — that
is, building a computer program and computer systems that utilize intelligence in some way. To use an
analogy, "birds fly and airplanes fly, but they fly in completely different ways," Honavar. "Even so, they
both make use of aerodynamics and physics. In the same way, artificial intelligence is based upon the notion
that there are general principles about how intelligent systems behave."
➢ What are the types of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence can be divided based on capabilities and functionalities.
There are three types of Artificial Intelligence-based on capabilities -
• Narrow AI
• General AI
• Super AI
Under functionalities, we have four types of Artificial Intelligence -
• Reactive Machines
• Limited Theory
• Theory of Mind
• Self-awareness
➢ Artificial Intelligence Based on Capabilities
What is Narrow AI?
Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform beyond its limitations. It
targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that spectrum. Narrow AI applications are
becoming increasingly common in our day-to-day lives as machine learning and deep learning methods
continue to develop.
• Apple Siri is an example of a Narrow AI that operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions. Siri often has problems with tasks outside its breadth of abilities.
• Other examples of Narrow AI include google translate, image recognition software,
recommendation systems, spam filtering, and Google’s page-ranking algorithm.
What is General AI?
General AI, also known as strong AI, can understand and learn any intellectual task that a human being can.
It allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different contexts. They would need to find a method to
make machines conscious, programming a full cognitive ability set. General AI has received a $1 billion
investment from Microsoft through OpenAI.
• Fujitsu has built the K computer, which is one of the fastest supercomputers in the world. It is one
of the significant attempts at achieving strong AI. It took nearly 40 minutes to simulate a single
second of neural activity. Hence, it is difficult to determine whether strong AI will be achieved
shortly.
• Tianhe-2 is a supercomputer that was developed by the China's National University of Defense
Technology. It holds the record for cps (calculations per second) at 33.86 petaflops (quadrillions
of cps). Although that sounds exciting, the human brain is estimated to be capable of one exaflop,
i.e., a billion cps.
What is a Super AI?
Super AI surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task better than a human. The concept of
artificial superintelligence sees AI evolved to be so akin to human sentiments and experiences that it doesn't
merely understand them; it also evokes emotions, needs, beliefs, and desires of its own. Its existence is still
hypothetical. Some of the critical characteristics of super AI include thinking, solving puzzles, making
judgments, and decisions on its own.
➢ Artificial Intelligence Based on Functionalities
To describe the various types of Artificial Intelligence systems, it is necessary to categorize them based on
their functions.
What is a Reactive Machine?
A reactive machine is the primary form of artificial intelligence that does not store memories or use past
experiences to determine future actions. It works only with present data. They perceive the world and react
to it. Reactive machines are provided with specific tasks, and they don't have capabilities beyond those
tasks.
IBM’s Deep Blue that defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov is a reactive machine that sees the
chessboard pieces and reacts to them. Deep Blue cannot refer to any of its prior experiences or improve with
practice. It can identify the pieces on a chessboard and know how each moves..
What is Limited Memory?
Limited Memory AI trains from past data to make decisions. The memory of such systems is short-lived.
They can use this past data for a specific period of time, but they cannot add it to a library of their
experiences. This kind of technology is used in self-driving vehicles.
• Limited Memory AI observes how other vehicles are moving around them, at present, and as time
passes.
• This ongoing, collected data gets added to the AI machine's static data, such as lane markers and
traffic lights.
• They are included when the vehicle decides when to change lanes, avoid cutting off another
driver, or hit a nearby vehicle.
What is the Theory of Mind?
Theory of mind AI represents an advanced class of technology and exists only as a concept. Such a kind of
AI requires a thorough understanding that the people and things within an environment can alter feelings and
behaviors. It should understand people's emotions, sentiments, and thoughts. Even though many
improvements are there in this field, this kind of AI is not fully complete yet.
• One real-world example of the theory of mind AI is Kismet. Kismet is a robot head made in the
late 90s by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher. Kismet can mimic human
emotions and recognize them. Both abilities are key advancements in theory of mind AI, but
Kismet can’t follow gazes or convey attention to humans.
• Sophia from Hanson Robotics is another example where the theory of mind AI was
implemented. Cameras present in Sophia's eyes, combined with computer algorithms,
allow her to see. She can sustain eye contact, recognize individuals, and follow faces.
What is Self Awareness?
Self-awareness AI only exists hypothetically. Such systems understand their internal traits, states, and
conditions and perceive human emotions. These machines will be smarter than the human mind. This type of
AI will not only be able to understand and evoke emotions in those it interacts with, but also have emotions,
needs, and beliefs of its own.
➢ Uses of AI in Past , Present And Future
SECTOR PAST(%) PRESENT(%) FUTURE(%)
E-COMMERCE 20 40 60
INDUSTRIES 15 30 50
EDUCATION 10 25 45
MANUFACTURING 25 45 65
HEALTHCARE 30 50 70
CUSTOMER SERVICE 20 40 60
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES 15 35 55
FINANCE 25 45 65
SOCIAL MEDIA 15 35 55
Estimated percentage of AI use in the past,present & future
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
PAST(%) PRESENT(%) FUTURE(%)
➢ Artificial Intelligence Vs Human
S.
No. Feature Artificial Intelligence Human Intelligence
AI is an advancement made by human insights; On the other hand, human
its early improvement is credited to Norbert creatures are made with the
1. Emergence
Weiner who theorized on criticism intrinsic capacity to think,
mechanisms. reason, review, etc.
S.
No. Feature Artificial Intelligence Human Intelligence
Human intelligence seeks to
Artificial intelligence (AI) strives to build
adapt to new situations by
2. Nature machines that can mimic human behavior and
combining a variety of
carry out human-like tasks.
cognitive processes.
The human brain is
3. State Machines are digital.
analogous.
Humans use their brains’
AI-powered machines rely on input of data and
4. Function memory, processing power,
instructions.
and cognitive abilities.
As compared to people, computers can handle
Pace/Rate of more data at a speedier rate. For occurrence, in In terms of speed, humans
5. AI and the event that the human intellect can solve a cannot beat the speed of AI
human math problem in 5 minutes, AI can solve 10 or machines.
problems in a minute.
As machines are unable to reason abstractly or
Learning from various
draw conclusions from the past. They can only
Learning events and prior experiences
6. acquire knowledge through information and
ability is the foundation of human
frequent training, but they will never develop a
intelligence.
human-specific thinking process.
➢ Advantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Reduction in Human Error
One of the biggest achievements of Artificial Intelligence is that it can reduce human error. Unlike humans, a
computer machine can't make mistakes if programmed correctly, while humans make mistakes from time to
time.
24/7 Support
Unlike humans, a computer does not require breaks and refreshers. A normal human can continue work till 8-
9 hours, including breaks and refreshers, while a computer machine can work 24x7 without any breaks and
don't even get bored, unlike humans.
➢ Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
High production cost
We are living in a technological world where we have to manipulate ourselves according to society. Similarly,
a computer machine also requires time to time software and hardware updates to meet the latest requirements.
Emotionless
We have always learned since childhood that computers or machines don't have emotions. Humans work like
a team, and team management is a key factor for completing a target.
➢ CONCLUSION
In conclusion, delving into the mind of machines reveals the intricate landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
From machine learning algorithms to neural networks, AI's evolution mirrors our quest to comprehend and
replicate human intelligence. As we navigate this technological frontier, ethical considerations, responsible
development, and ongoing exploration will shape the future of AI, offering both unprecedented opportunities
and challenges. Understanding the overarching principles of AI is pivotal for harnessing its potential while
ensuring a thoughtful and responsible integration into our ever-evolving digital landscape.
➢ REFERENCE
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