CREATE TABLE customer_11 (

customer_id NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, -- Unique customer identifier

customer_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, -- Name of the customer

email VARCHAR2(100), -- Email address

phone_number VARCHAR2(15) -- Contact phone number

);

commit;
INSERT INTO customer_11 (customer_id, customer_name, email,
phone_number)

VALUES (1, 'John Doe', '[email protected]', '+1234567890');

INSERT INTO customer_11 (customer_id, customer_name, email,

phone_number)

VALUES (2, 'Jane Smith', '[email protected]', '+9876543210');

declare

lv_name varchar2(10);

begin

select customer_name into lv_name from customer_11 where

customer_id = 2;

dbms_output.put_line(lv_name);

end;

Alter table customer_11 modify phone_number number(100);

 Insert into customer_12(select * from customer_11);

 %type  When you want a variable to have the same type as a

database column.

 It’s a same datatype present in table and that datatype I want use
that time use it %type

-- %type and %rowtype

DECLARE

lv_name customer_11.customer_name%TYPE; -- Declares a variable

with the same type as emp.empno

BEGIN

lv_name := 'Jane Smith'; -- Assigns a value to the variable

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer Name: ' || lv_name);

END;
/

Type means  only one column takan from database

Rowtype  all the columns

 ( When you want to handle all columns of a table row in a single

variable.)

DECLARE

lv_record customer_11%ROWTYPE; -- Declares a record for all columns

of the emp table

BEGIN

SELECT * INTO lv_record

FROM customer_11

WHERE CUSTOMER_ID = 2;

-- Accessing individual columns of the record

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CUSTOMER Email: ' || lv_record.email);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CUSTOMER Phone: ' ||

lv_record.phone_number);

END;

Control statements:

1. If statement
a. IF-THEN
b. IF-THEN-ELSE
 c. IF-THEN-ELSIF

IF-THEN: Used for a single condition check.

Syntax:
IF condition THEN
-- Code to execute if condition is true
END IF;
/

Example :
BEGIN
IF 5 > 3 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('5 is greater than 3');
END IF;
END;
/

IF-THEN-ELSE: Used to handle one true and one false condition.

Syntax

IF condition THEN

-- Code to execute if condition is true

ELSE

-- Code to execute if condition is false

END IF;

Example :

BEGIN

IF 10 > 20 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 is greater than 20');

ELSE

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 is not greater than 20');

END IF;
END;

IF-THEN-ELSIF: Allows multiple condition checks in sequence.

Syntax:

IF condition1 THEN

-- Code to execute if condition1 is true

ELSIF condition2 THEN

-- Code to execute if condition2 is true

ELSE

-- Code to execute if none of the conditions are true

END IF;

Example :

BEGIN

IF 10 > 20 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 is greater than 20');

ELSIF 10 = 10 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 is equal to 10');

ELSE

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No conditions are true');

END IF;

END;

/
 2. Case Statement

Syntax :

CASE

WHEN condition1 THEN

-- Code to execute if condition1 is true

WHEN condition2 THEN

-- Code to execute if condition2 is true

ELSE

-- Code to execute if no conditions are true

END CASE;

Example :

BEGIN

CASE

WHEN 10 > 20 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 is greater than 20');

WHEN 10 = 10 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 is equal to 10');

ELSE

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No conditions are true');

END CASE;

END;

/
Simple LOOP: Useful for infinite loops or when termination conditions are
complex.

WHILE LOOP: Best for conditions where the number of iterations isn't
fixed in advance.

FOR LOOP: Ideal for iterating over a fixed range of values.

Nested Loops: Helpful for processing hierarchical data or performing

operations on multiple levels.

Simple Loop :

Syntax

LOOP

-- Code to execute

EXIT WHEN condition;

END LOOP;

Example :

DECLARE

i NUMBER := 1;

BEGIN

LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value of i: ' || i);

i := i + 1;

EXIT WHEN i > 5; -- Exit the loop when i exceeds 5

END LOOP;

END;
While Loop –

Syntax :

WHILE condition LOOP

-- Code to execute

END LOOP;

Example :

DECLARE

i NUMBER := 1;

BEGIN

WHILE i <= 5 LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value of i: ' || i);

i := i + 1;

END LOOP;

END;

For Loop –

Syntax:

FOR counter_variable IN start_value..end_value LOOP

-- Code to execute

END LOOP;
Example:

BEGIN

FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value of i: ' || i);

END LOOP;

END;

The cursor is defined as a private work area where the SQL statement
( Select & DML ) is executed.

1. Implicit Cursor
2. Explicit Cursor

 Implicit Cursor 

Automatically created by Oracle whenever a DML operation (INSERT,

UPDATE, DELETE) or a SELECT statement (returning a single row) is
executed.

 Explicit Cursor 

Defined and managed explicitly by the programmer for SELECT

statements that return multiple rows.

Declare the cursor.

Open the cursor.
Fetch rows from the cursor.
Close the cursor.

Exception Example demo : Lv_name  scalar variable

If I want more than one rows

We have 2 ways
 1. Composite Variable

CLEAR SCREEN

declare

lv_phone varchar2(20);

lv_name varchar2(10);

begin

select phone_number , CUSTOMER_NAME into lv_phone, lv_name from

customer_11; --WHERE customer_id =1;

dbms_output.put_line(lv_phone||' - '||lv_name );

EXCEPTION

WHEN no_data_found THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO DATA FOUND');

WHEN too_many_rows THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TO MANY ROWS');

end.

If we fetch the record more than 1 row from the be table – Cursor (It’s a
looping statement )
BIND variable - & 
Isopen  return boolean value – yes or no

Found  return boolean value – yes or no

Notfound  return boolean value – yes or no ( true or false )

Rowcount  its returns how many records

ROWCOUNT

DELETE FROM employees WHERE department_id = 10;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT || ' rows deleted.');

begin

update customer_11 set phone_number ='+9191464236' where

CUSTOMER_ID = &CUSTOMER_ID;

if sql%notfound then

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('now rows updated');

else

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT ||' - ROWS UPADTED');

END IF;

end;

FOUND
UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE department_id = 20;

IF SQL%FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salaries updated.');

END IF;

NOTFOUND

UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE department_id =

999;

IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No rows updated.');

END IF;
set SERVEROUTPUT on;

declare

lv_custname customer_11.CUSTOMER_NAME%type;

CURSOR cur1 is select CUSTOMER_NAME from customer_11;

begin

open cur1;

fetch cur1 into lv_custname ;

dbms_output.put_line('CUSTOMER_NAME - '||lv_custname);

fetch cur1 into lv_custname ;

dbms_output.put_line('CUSTOMER_NAME - '||lv_custname);

fetch cur1 into lv_custname ;

dbms_output.put_line('CUSTOMER_NAME - '||lv_custname);

close cur1;

end;

-- all records
Select * from xxv_employee;

declare

lv_jobName xxv_employee.job_title%type;

cursor cursor_employee is select job_title from xxv_employee;

begin

open cursor_employee;

loop

fetch cursor_employee into lv_jobName;

exit when cursor_employee%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line(lv_jobName);

end loop;

dbms_output.put_line('Total number of records --> '||cursor_employee

%rowcount);

close cursor_employee;

end;

/
Two table – Info

-- Declare a variable to hold the department name fetched from the

cursor.

DECLARE

lv_deptname xxv_department.department_name%TYPE;

-- Define a cursor `all_info` to fetch distinct department names by joining

the `xxv_employee`

-- and `xxv_department` tables.

CURSOR all_info IS

SELECT DISTINCT DEPARTMENT_NAME

FROM xxv_employee emp, xxv_department dept

WHERE emp.department_id = dept.department_id;

-- The cursor retrieves distinct department names by matching

department IDs between the `xxv_employee`
select distinct
-- and `xxv_department` tables.
DEPARTMENT_NAME

from
BEGIN
xxv_employee emp,
-- Open the cursor to start fetching data.
xxv_department dept
OPEN all_info;
where

emp.department_id =
dept.department_id;
 -- Loop to process each record fetched by the cursor.

LOOP

-- Fetch the current record into the variable `lv_deptname`.

FETCH all_info INTO lv_deptname;

-- Exit the loop when there are no more records to fetch.

EXIT WHEN all_info%NOTFOUND;

-- Output the fetched department name to the console.

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_deptname);

END LOOP;

-- Close the cursor after all records have been processed.

CLOSE all_info;

END;

/ The BULK COLLECT keyword tells

Oracle to fetch all the rows at once
(instead of fetching them one-by-
one) and store the result into the
collection.
New page 

DECLARE

-- Declare a collection type 'EMAIL_TYPE' which is a table of

VARCHAR2(50)

-- to store email addresses (maximum 50 characters per email).

TYPE EMAIL_TYPE IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(50);

-- Declare a variable 'LV_EMAIL' of type 'EMAIL_TYPE' and

initialize it as an empty collection.

LV_EMAIL EMAIL_TYPE := EMAIL_TYPE();

BEGIN

-- Fetch all email addresses from the 'customer_11' table into

the 'LV_EMAIL' collection.

-- The BULK COLLECT operator allows fetching multiple rows at

once, which will be stored in 'LV_EMAIL'.

SELECT EMAIL

BULK COLLECT INTO LV_EMAIL

FROM customer_11;

-- Loop through the 'LV_EMAIL' collection from the first element

to the last element.

-- LV_EMAIL.FIRST returns the first index (usually 1), and

LV_EMAIL.LAST returns the last index.

FOR i IN LV_EMAIL.FIRST..LV_EMAIL.LAST LOOP

-- Print the email address at the current index 'i' from the
collection 'LV_EMAIL'.

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(LV_EMAIL(i)); -- Corrected the typo

from 'LV_MAIL' to 'LV_EMAIL'

END LOOP;

END;

/
For Loop 

-- for loop

declare

cursor dept_cursor is select department_name , location from

xxv_department;

begin

for rec in dept_cursor -- rec composite data type

loop

dbms_output.put_line(rec.department_name||' - '||rec.location);

end loop;

end;