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DC Module 2 (my notes)

DC vtu 5th sem notes

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10 views13 pages

DC Module 2 (my notes)

DC vtu 5th sem notes

Uploaded by

hajiraa.2903
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE 2:-

Q:1- Line Coding


Ans:- Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals.

Q:2:- UNIPOLAR SCHEME - NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero)


Ans:- In a Unipolar scheme, signal levels are on one side of the time axis. In NRZ,
a positive voltage represents bit 1, and zero voltage represents bit 0.

Q:3:- POLAR SCHEMES


Ans:- (a) Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) : In Polar NRZ, voltages are on both sides of
the time axis. There are two versions:
1. NRZ-L (Level): Voltage level determines the bit (e.g., positive for 0,
negative for 1).
2. NRZ-I (Invert): A voltage change represents bit 1, while no change
represents bit 0.

(b) Return-to-Zero (RZ) : In NRZ, synchronization issues arise between sender


and receiver clocks. The solution is the Return-to-Zero (RZ) scheme, which uses
three voltage levels (positive, negative, zero). Each bit has a transition in the
middle: high to zero for 1, low to zero for 0.
Advantages: Simple
Disadvantages: Requires high bandwidth (B = N) and lacks error correction.
(c) Biphase: Manchester & Differential Manchester
Manchester Encoding: Combines NRZ-L and RZ schemes with a transition at the
middle of the bit. For 0, it’s high to low; for 1, low to high.
Differential Manchester: Combines NRZ-I and RZ schemes. A transition for 0, no
transition for 1.

Q:4:- Explain PCM in detail.


Ans:- Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) the most common technique to change an
analog signal to digital data (digitization) is called pulse code modulation (PCM).
A PCM encoder has three processes. 1. The analog signal is sampled. 2. The
sampled signal is quantized. 3. The quantized values are encoded as bits.
Sampling: In PCM, sampling is the first step, where the analog signal is sampled
every Ts seconds (sample interval). The sampling rate (fs) is the inverse of Ts, i.e.,
fs = 1/Ts. There are three sampling methods: ideal, natural, and flat-top.
Quantization: After sampling, the amplitude values fall between Vmin and
Vmax. These values are approximated by dividing the range into L zones, each of
height Δ = (Vmax - Vmin) / L. The quantized values are assigned to the midpoint
of each zone, and the sample amplitude is approximated to these values.
Encoding: The final step in PCM is encoding, where each quantized sample is
converted into an n-bit code word.

Q5:- ASK
Ans:- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
In ASK, the carrier signal's amplitude varies to represent different signal
elements, while frequency and phase remain constant.
Binary ASK (OOK):
Binary ASK, or On-Off Keying (OOK), uses two amplitude levels: one with a peak
amplitude (same as the carrier) and the other with zero amplitude.
Implementation:
To implement ASK, a unipolar NRZ digital signal (1V for high, 0V for low) is
multiplied by the carrier signal. When the NRZ signal is 1, the carrier’s amplitude
is maintained; when 0, the carrier’s amplitude is zero.
Bandwidth for ASK: B=(1+d)*S
Q:6:- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Ans:- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):
In FSK, the carrier signal's frequency varies to represent data, with the frequency
remaining constant during one signal element and changing for the next.
Binary FSK (BFSK):
BFSK uses two carrier frequencies:
• f1 for data-element 1
• f2 for data-element 0
Coherent BFSK:
The phase remains continuous between signal elements. It uses a single voltage
to maintain phase continuity.
[Bandwidth for BFSK: B=(1+d)*S + 2 ΔΦ] 2delta phi
Non-Coherent BFSK:
The phase may have discontinuities between signal elements. It uses a Voltage-
Controlled Oscillator (VCO) that adjusts frequency based on the NRZ signal,
changing frequencies according to the signal's amplitude.

Q:7:- Phase Shift Keying (PSK)


Ans:- Phase Shift Keying (PSK):
In PSK, the carrier's phase varies to represent data, while amplitude and
frequency remain constant.
Binary PSK (BPSK):
There are two signal elements:
• Phase 0° for one element
• Phase 180° for the other.
ASK vs. PSK:
• ASK detects bits based on amplitude.
• PSK detects bits based on phase.
Advantages:
• PSK is less noise-sensitive than ASK.
• PSK doesn’t require two carrier frequencies like FSK.
Disadvantage:
• PSK is limited by the equipment's ability to detect small phase differences.
MULTIPLEXING

Q:8:- Explain with a neat diagram FDM with applications.


Ans:-

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):


FDM is an analog technique that combines multiple analog signals for
transmission over a single link. It is used when the link's bandwidth exceeds the
combined bandwidths of the signals.
Multiplexing Process:
1. Each device generates modulated signals with different carrier frequencies.
2. These signals are combined into a single multiplexed signal.
3. The multiplexed signal is transmitted.
Guard bands separate channels to prevent interference.
Demultiplexing Process:
1. The demultiplexer uses filters to separate the multiplexed signal.
2. Individual signals are passed to a demodulator, which extracts the original
signals.
Application:
FDM is used in AM and FM radio broadcasting.

Q:9:- What is wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)?


Ans:- Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM):
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique used in optical fiber cables to
combine multiple high-frequency light signals, increasing data transmission
capacity. It is similar to FDM but with optical signals and much higher
frequencies.
How it works:
A multiplexer combines narrow light bands into a wider band, while a
demultiplexer splits the wide band into individual narrow bands. Prisms are used
for combining and splitting light based on frequency and angle.
Applications:
• SONET network: Multiplexing and demultiplexing multiple optical fibers.
• Dense WDM (DWDM): Efficiently multiplexes many channels with closely
spaced frequencies.

Q:10:- What is time division multiplexing (TDM)? What are the types of TDM?
Ans:- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a digital multiplexing technique that
combines multiple low-rate channels into a higher-rate one by allocating time
slots for each connection. Unlike Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), which
shares bandwidth, TDM shares time. It can handle both analog (by sampling and
converting to digital) and digital signals.
There are two types of TDM:
1. Synchronous TDM – Fixed time slots for each signal.
2. Statistical TDM – Time slots are dynamically assigned based on demand.
PROBLEMS:
1)

2)
3)
4)

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