SUBJECT-PYTHON PROGRAMMING

SUBJECT CODE- BCC302

FACULTY NAME – PRATEEK AGARWAL

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• Python is a widely used general-purpose, high level programming
language.
• It was initially designed by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and
developed by Python Software Foundation.
• It was mainly developed for emphasis on code readability, and its
syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of
code.
• Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly
and integrate systems more efficiently. There are two major
Python versions- Python 2 and Python 3.

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 Python IDE
• An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software
application that helps programmers develop software code more
efficiently.

• An IDE combines many features into one place, such as editing,

building, testing, and packaging software.

• An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is software

that combines commonly used developer tools into a compact
GUI (graphical user interface) application.
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• It is a combination of tools like a code editor, code compiler,
and code debugger with an integrated terminal.

Why are IDEs important?

Even a simple text editor like notepad can be used to write code.
However, IDEs offer some stunning features that go beyond
ordinary editing. By providing frequently used developer tools all
in one simple interface, one can directly get on to building their
applications

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 Why use Python
The following are the primary factors to use python in day-to-day
life:
1. Python is object-oriented Structure supports such concepts as
polymorphism, operation overloading and multiple inheritance.
2. Indentation is one of the greatest feature in python
3. It’s free (open source) Downloading python and installing
python is free and easy.
4. Python is a dynamically typed language. It doesn’t know about
the type of the variable until the code is run. So declaration is of
no use.
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5. . It’s Portable - Python runs virtually every major platform used
today As long as you have a compaitable python interpreter
installed, python programs will run in exactly the same manner,
irrespective of platform.

6. It’s easy to use and learn .

7. Interpreted Language - Python is processed at runtime by

python Interpreter

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Python Install
Can Install Python from : http://python.org/downloads/

Now Let’s code First Program Hello World

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First Program :
On cmd (command prompt)

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On Notepad
• Open Notepad and type code and save using .py extension in
computer drive (suppose in C Drive and P name folder)

• now open cmd and type

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On VScode:
• Open terminal and simply open new folder and create new file in it
and type
print(“hello world”) and run the program.

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• Output :

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Python Indentation :
• Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
• Where in other programming languages the indentation in code
is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very
important.

Eg is on next page

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• If you skip an
indentation ,
the python will
give error :

See Terminal :
Showing error
In line 2

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• You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code,
otherwise Python will give you an error:

• Output :

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 Python Variables

• In Python, a variable is a container that stores data

values. Variables are created when you assign a value to them,
and you don't need a separate command to declare them.

• A Python variable may be assigned a value of one type an then

later re-assigned a value of a different type . For example ,
X =“apple” can later be X = 5 .

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Example :

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You can get the data type of a variable with
the type() function

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• String variables can be declared either by using single ,double or
triple quotes:

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• Variable names are case-sensitive.

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 Variable Names
• A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more
descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume). Rules for Python
variables:A variable name must start with a letter or the
underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three
different variables)
• A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.
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• Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John“

• Illegal variable names:

2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"

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• In print() function , multiple variable output are separated by a
comma :

• Can also use + operator to output multiple variable :

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Python Variables - Assign Multiple Values
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:

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One Value to Multiple Variables

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• If you have a collection of values in a list, tuple etc. Python allows you
to extract the values into variables. This is called unpacking.

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 Python Operators
• Operators are used to perform operations on variables and
values.
Python divides the operators in the following groups:
> Identity operators
> Membership operators
> Bitwise operators

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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS :

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Relational Operators :

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• ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

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• Logical
Operators :

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Data Types in Python
• In programming, data type is an important concept.
• Variables can store data of different types, and different types can
do different things.
• Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these
categories :
Text Type: str
Numeric int, float, complex
Types:
Sequence list, tuple, range
Types:
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 Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryvi
ew

None Type: NoneType

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Numberic Type
There are three numeric types in Python:

• Int = Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative,

without decimals, of unlimited length.
eg: x = 1
y = 35656222554887711
z = -3255522

• Float = Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive

or negative, containing one or more decimals.
eg: x = 1.1 , y = 1.0 , z = -35.59
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• Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the
power of 10.
Eg : x = 35e3
y = 12E4
z = -87.7e100

• Complex = Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the

imaginary part
Eg : x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j

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Python Strings
• Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation
marks, double quotation marks or triple quotation marks.
Eg: 'hello' is the same as "hello".
Can display string literal with print() function ie; print("Hello").
• Like many other popular programming languages, strings in
Python are arrays of bytes representing unicode characters.
• However, Python does not have a character data type, a single
character is simply a string with a length of 1

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• Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string
Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has
the position 0):

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String Length
To get the length of a string, use the len() function.

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Check String
• To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string, we can
use the keyword in .
Example :Check if "free" is present in the following text:

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Python - Slicing Strings
• You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
• Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a
colon, to return a part of the string.

Eg : next slide

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• Slice From the Start
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[:5])

• Slice To the End

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:])

• Negative Indexing
b = “ankita!“ b=“ankita!”
print(b[-5:-2]) output: kit eg:- print(b[2,-2])
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Few more methods can be used in string
are :

Remove Whitespace : The strip() method removes any

whitespace from the beginning or the end

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• Replace String

• Split String : The split() method splits the string into substrings if
it finds instances of the separator

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String Concatenation
• To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the + operator

• . To add a space between them, add a " “

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• F-String was introduced in Python 3.6, and is now the preferred way
of formatting strings.

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What are Mutable Data Types?
Mutable objects are those that allow you to change their value
or data in place without affecting the object’s identity.

What are Immutable Data Types?

immutable objects don’t allow this kind of operation. You’ll
just have the option of creating new objects of the same type
with different values.

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List :
• Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Lists are
one of built-in data types in Python used to store collections of
data.

• List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.

• List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second
item has index [1] etc
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• List Length
To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:

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Tuple :
• Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable

• Tuples are written with round brackets. Tuple items are ordered,
unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.
• Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second
item has index [1] etc.

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• Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add
or remove items after the tuple has been created.

• To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function:

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• Create Tuple With One Item

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• A tuple can contain different data types:
Eg - tuple1 = ("abc", 34, True, 40, "male“)
Access Tuple Items

Negative indexing means start from the end.

-1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.

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Change Tuple Values
• Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples
are unchangeable, or immutable as it also is called.
• But there is a workaround. You can convert the tuple into a list,
change the list, and convert the list back into a tuple.

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Example
• Convert the tuple into a list, add "orange", and convert it back into a
tuple:
Since tuples are immutable, they do not have a built-in append()
method, but you can convert it into a list, add your item(s), and convert
it back into a tuple.

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• Add tuple to a tuple. You are allowed to add tuples to tuples, so if you
want to add one item, (or many), create a new tuple with the item(s), and
add it to the existing tuple:
Example
Create a new tuple with the value "orange", and add that tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

y = ("orange",)
thistuple += y
print(thistuple)

O/P : ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')

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• Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but
you can use the same workaround as we used for changing and
adding tuple items:
Example :
Convert the tuple into a list, remove "apple", and convert it back into a
tuple:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(thistuple)
y.remove("apple")
thistuple = tuple(y)

O/P: ('banana', 'cherry')

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Unpacking a Tuple
• When we create a tuple, we normally assign values to it. This is called
"packing" a tuple:

• But, in Python, we are also allowed to extract the values back into
variables. This is called "unpacking":

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Using Asterisk*
• If the number of variables is less than the number of values, you can
add an * to the variable name and the values will be assigned to the
variable as a list:

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If the asterisk is added to another variable name than
the last, Python will assign values to the variable until
the number of values left matches the number of
variables left.

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Dictionary in Python
• A Python dictionary is a data structure that stores the value in
key: value pairs, which makes it easier to find values.
Example:

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• Python Dictionary Syntax
dict_var = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2, …..}

• In Python, a dictionary can be created by placing a sequence of

elements within curly {} braces, separated by a ‘comma’.

• Dictionary keys are case sensitive, the same name but different
cases of Key will be treated distinctly.

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• Different Ways to Create a Python Dictionary

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• Output :

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Accessing Items
• You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its
key name, inside square brackets:

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• There is also a method called get() that will give you the
same result

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• The keys() method will return a list of all the keys in the
dictionary.

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• Add a new item to the original dictionary, and see that the keys list gets
updated as well:

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• The values() method will return a list of all the values in the
dictionary.
x = thisdict.values()

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To determine if a specified key is present in a
dictionary use the in keyword:

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 Range()
• The Python range() function returns a sequence of numbers,
in a given range. The most common use of it is to iterate
sequences on a sequence of numbers using Python loops.

for i in range(5):
print(i, end=" ")
print()

Output:

01234
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Syntax of Python range() function
Syntax: range(start, stop, step)
Parameter :
start: [ optional ] start value of the sequence
stop: next value after the end value of the sequence
step: [ optional ] integer value, denoting the difference
between any two numbers in the sequence.

Return : Returns an object that represents a sequence of

numbers
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Example of Python range (start, stop)
• In this example, we are printing the number from 5 to 19.
We are using the range function in which we are passing the
starting and stopping points of the loop.
# printing a natural
# number from 3 to 6 or
for i in range(3, 20):
print(i, end=" ")
Output: 3 ,4 ,5

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Example of Python range (start, stop, step)
printing the number from 0 to 9 with the jump of 2.

for i in range(0, 10, 2):

print(i, end=" ")
print()
Output:

02468
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Python range() using Negative Step
If a user wants to decrement, then the user needs steps to be
a negative number.
# incremented by -2
for i in range(25, 2, -2):
print(i, end=" ")
print()
Output :
25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3
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Mutable and Immutable Data Types :
• Every variable in Python holds an instance of an object. There are two
types of objects in Python i.e. Mutable and Immutable objects.

****When an object is instantiated (created) in a programming

language like Python, Java, or C++, it is assigned a unique identifier,
known as an object ID (An object ID is a value that uniquely identifies
an object at runtime,. It represents the memory location where the
object is stored.) *****

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 Even though
x and y holds
same data ,
they will have
different
object ids
because they
are distinct
objects

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Question:

Q.1> Explain why program generates an error

• x= ['12','hello',456]
• x[0]*=3
• x[1][1]='bye‘

Q.2> Python program to print even length words in a string

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