ASSIGNMENGT

On
Historical Development of American Education

Advised by:

Prof. William Ositha

Researched by

Ms. Nat Navy

Bachelor’s Degree
Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and Linguistics
Major: English Literature
Batch 21

Academic Year 2024 - 2025

 Contents

I. Make 30 questions with answers.................................................................................. 1

II. Find 50 new words, listen to their pronunciation in both the UK and US .................... 5

III. Write the definition of each of the new word ............................................................... 6

IV. Make easy sentences for each of the new word ............................................................ 9

V. Get five antonyms and five synonyms of the new word ............................................... 11

References .................................................................................................................................
Cambodian University for Specialties Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and Linguistics

Chapter 5: Historical Development of American Education

I. Make 30 questions with answers

1. What did the colonization of North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries produce?

The colonization of North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries produced complex

cultural encounters and often violent conflicts between Europeans and indigenous peoples.

2. Who were a crucible for the development of American educational ideas and institutions?

The New England colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire were a crucible for

the development of American educational ideas and institutions.

3. What did the Massachusetts colonists believe?

The Massachusetts colonists believed that educated persons who knew God’s commandments as

preached by their Puritan ministers could resist the devil’s temptations.

4. In 1642, what did the Massachusetts General Court pass?

In 1642, the Massachusetts General Court passed a law requiring parents and guardians to ensure that

children in their care learned to read and understand the principles of religion and the commonwealth’s

laws.

5. What did the New England colonists re-create?

The New England colonists re-created the European dual-track system, establishing primary town

schools for the majority of students and Latin grammar schools for upper-class boys.

6. What was the school’s curriculum include for the Town School?

The school’s curriculum included reading, writing, arithmetic, catechism, and religious hymns.

7. What were children learned about?

Children learned the alphabet, syllables, words, and sentences by memorizing the hornbook, a sheet

of parchment covered by transparent material made by flattening cattle horns

8. When was entering the Latin grammar school and what did students’ study?

Entering the Latin grammar school at age eight, the student would complete his studies at fifteen or

sixteen. They studied such Latin authors as Cicero, Terence, Caesar, Livy, Vergil, and Horace. More

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advanced students studied such Greek authors as Isocrates, Hesiod, and Homer.

9. After completing Latin grammar school, what did New England upper-class young men seek?

After completing Latin grammar school, New England upper-class young men sought admission to

Harvard College.

10. Established in 1636, What was Harvard founded on?

Established in 1636, Harvard was founded on the Puritan belief that future ministers and other leaders

needed a thorough classical and theological education.

11. What had the Middle Atlantic colonies been settled by?

The Middle Atlantic colonies had been settled by the Dutch in New York, Swedes in Delaware, and

Germans in Pennsylvania.

12. Who founded Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony and what did it become?

Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony founded by William Penn, became a haven for the Society of

Friends, or Quakers, a religious denomination.

13. What did Quaker schools teach?

Quaker schools taught the reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion found in other colonial primary

schools but were unique in including vocational training, crafts, and agriculture.

14. What did Britain’s American colonies enjoy?

In the late colonial period, Britain’s American colonies enjoyed economic growth, especially in the

commercial cities of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston

15. Where was the earliest federal education legislation incorporated and what did it require?

The earliest federal educational legislation was incorporated in the Northwest Ordinance of 1785,

which required that a section of each thirty-six-square-mile township be reserved for education.

16. How many political and intellectual leaders did make educational proposal during the early

national period?

During the early national period, several political and intellectual leaders such as Benjamin Franklin,

Thomas Jefferson, and Noah Webster made educational proposals for the emergent republic.

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17. And what did this plan argue about?

These plans generally argued that education should: (1) prepare people for republican citizenship; (2)

include utilitarian and scientific skills and subjects to aid in developing the nation’s vast expanses of

frontier land and abundant natural resources; and (3) be divested of European cultural attitudes and

create a uniquely American culture.

18. Who was Benjamin Franklin and what did he find?

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), a leading statesman, scientist, and publicist, founded an academy, a

private secondary school, and described its rationale in his “Proposals Relating to the Education of

Youth in Pennsylvania.

19. What did children do during public schools were established and what did Sunday schools provide?

During public schools were established, many children worked in the factories of the industrializing

Northeast. Sunday schools provided a minimal basic education, consisting of writing, reading,

arithmetic, and religion.

20. What did the monitorial method use?

The monitorial method used monitors—older and more experienced pupils trained by a master

teacher—as aides in teaching classes, taking attendance, and maintaining order.

21. What did the common school, the forerunner of today’s elementary public-school offer?

The common school, the forerunner of today’s elementary public school offered a basic curriculum of

reading, writing, spelling, and arithmetic. Over time, history, geography, hygiene, and singing were

added.

22. What was three stages of legislation?

First, they permitted residents to organize local school districts with approval of local voters.

Second, they deliberately encouraged, but did not mandate, establishing school districts, electing

school boards, and levying taxes to fund schools.

Third, they made common schools compulsory by mandating the establishment of districts, election

of boards, and raising taxes to support schools.

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23. When did the Massachusetts legislature establish a state board of education and who was Horace

Mann?

The Massachusetts legislature established a state board of education in 1837, Horace Mann, (1796–

1859), a prominent Whig political leader and a steadfast proponent of common schools.

24. In addition to providing publicly supported elementary education for the majority of American

children, how many the important complementary did the common school movement have?

In addition to providing publicly supported elementary education for the majority of American

children, the common school movement had two important complementary consequences: (1) it led to

the establishing of normal schools, which set the patterns of preservice teacher-preparation, and (2) it

made elementary-school teaching an important career path for women.

25. What did the establishment of common schools create?

The establishment of common schools created a demand for trained teachers, and many women were

attracted to teaching careers in the expanding elementary school system.

26. The pupils, who ranged in age from five to seventeen, what did they study?

The pupils, who ranged in age from five to seventeen, studied a basic curriculum of reading, writing,

grammar, spelling, arithmetic, history, geography, and hygiene.

27. What did McGuffey readers emphasize?

McGuffey readers emphasized the moral values of white, middleclass, Protestant Americans. Stressing

patriotism and heroism, reading selections included the orations of Patrick Henry, Daniel Webster, and

George Washington.

28. What was the three patterns of Academy programs?

Academy programs followed three patterns: (1) the traditional college preparatory curriculum with

emphasis on Latin and Greek; (2) the English-language program, a general curriculum for those who

would end their formal education with completion of secondary school; and (3) the normal course,

which prepared elementary- school teachers. Some males attended military academies.

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29. By the 1920s, what was the four curricular patterns of high school?

By the 1920s, high schools had developed four curricular patterns: (1) the college preparatory program,

which included English language and literature, foreign languages, mathematics, natural and physical

sciences, and history and social studies; (2) the commercial or business program with courses in

bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing; (3) industrial, vocational, home economics, and agricultural

programs; and (4) a general academic program for students whose formal education would end with

graduation.

30. What did Educators design the junior high school as?

Educators designed the junior high school as a transitional institution between elementary and high

school that was oriented to early adolescents’ developmental needs.

II. Find 50 new words, listen to their pronunciation in both the UK and US

1 formative 2 diffusion 3 indigenous 4 decimated 5 socioeconomic

6 arithmetic 7 crucible 8 preached 9 temptation 10 theology

11 rationale 12 indoctrinate 13 depravity 14 puritan 15 gibberish

16 adage 17 pioneers 18 ratified 19 hemisphere 20 segregation

21 compensatory 22 dissemination 23 commonwealth 24 outwit 25 catechism

26 parchment 27 corporal 28 rhetoric 29 metaphysics 30 homogeneous

31 creed 32 missionary 33 bookkeeping 34 proprietary 35 denomination

36 frontier 37 egalitarianism 38 vernacular 39 prophetically 40 monolithic

41 philanthropists 42 forerunner 43 hygiene 44 steadfast 45 proponent

46 acumen 47 coalition 48 evangelical 49 accreditation 50 janitors

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III. Write the definition of each of the new word

1. Formative (adj) (of tests, information, etc.) done or collected while a student is being taught about

a subject in order to check their progress, rather than at the end of a year or unit of work:

2. Diffusion (n) the action of spreading in many directions:

3. Indigenous (adj) used to refer to, or relating to, the people who originally lived in a place, rather

than people who moved there from somewhere else:

4. Decimated (v) to kill a large number of something, or to reduce something severely:

5. Socioeconomic (adj) used to describe the differences between groups of people relating to their

social class and financial situation:

6. Arithmetic (n) the part of mathematics that involves the adding and multiplying, etc. of numbers:

7. Crucible (n) a place or situation in which different cultures or styles can mix together to produce

something new and exciting:

8. Preached (v) to try to persuade other people to believe in a particular belief or follow a particular

way of life:

9. Temptations (n) the wish to do or have something that you know you should not do or have:

10. Theology (n) the study of religion and religious belief:

11. Rationale (n) the reasons or intentions that cause a particular set of beliefs or actions:

12. Indoctrinate (v) to often repeat an idea or belief to someone until they accept it without criticism

or question:

13. Depravity (n) the state of being morally bad, or an action that is morally bad

14. Puritan (n) a member of an English religious group in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to

make church ceremonies simpler, and who believed that it was important to work hard and control

yourself and that pleasure was wrong or unnecessary:

15. Gibberish (n) spoken or written words that have no meaning:

16. Adage (n) a wise saying or proverb:

17. Pioneers (n) a person who is one of the first people to do something:

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18. Ratified (v) (esp. of governments or organizations) to agree in writing to a set of rules, or to

officially approve a decision or plan:

19. Hemisphere (n) one of two halves of the earth, especially above or below the equator:

20. Segregation (n) the policy of keeping one group of people apart from another and treating them

differently, especially because of race, sex, or religion:

21. Compensatory (adj) given or paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or

damaged, or to pay for something that has been done:

22. Dissemination (n) the act of spreading news, information, ideas, etc. to a lot of people:

23. Commonwealth (n) a group of countries with the same political or economic aims:

24. Outwit (v) to get an advantage over someone by acting more cleverly and often by using a trick:

25. Catechism (n) a group of questions and answers, especially about a set of Christian beliefs.

26. Parchment (n) the dried, pale skin of some animals which was used in the past for writing on, or a

paper made to look like this:

27. Corporal (n) a person of low rank in the army or the air force:

28. Rhetoric (n) the study of the ways of using language effectively

29. Metaphysics (n) the part of philosophy that is about understanding existence and knowledge.

30. Homogeneous (adj) consisting of parts or people that are similar to each other or are of the same

type:

31. Creed (n) a set of beliefs that influences the way you live.

32. Missionary (n) a person who has been sent to a foreign country to teach their religion to the people

who live there:

33. Bookkeeping (n) the job or activity of keeping an exact record of the money that has been spent or

received by a business or other organization.

34. Proprietary (adj) owned and legally controlled by a particular company:

35. Denomination (n) a religious group that has slightly different beliefs from other groups that share

the same religion:

36. Frontier (n) a border between two countries:

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37. Egalitarianism (n) the belief in or practicing of egalitarian principles (= the idea that all people

should have the same rights and opportunities):

38. Vernacular (n) the form of a language that a particular group of speakers use naturally, especially

in informal situations:

39. Prophetically (adv) in a way that correctly tells what will happen in the future:

40. Monolithic (adj) too large, too regular, or without interesting differences, and unwilling or unable

to be changed:

41. Philanthropists (n) someone who gives money to help people who are poor or sick, or to pay for

things such as museums or schools that are good for society:

42. Forerunner (n) something or someone that acts as an early and less advanced model for what will

appear in the future, or a warning or sign of what is to follow:

43. Hygiene (n) the degree to which people keep themselves or their environment clean, especially to

prevent disease:

44. Steadfast (adj) staying the same for a long time and not changing quickly or unexpectedly:

45. Proponent (n) a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action:

46. Acumen (n) skill in making correct decisions and judgments in a particular subject, such as

business or politics:

47. Coalition (n) the joining together of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose,

usually for a limited time, or a government that is formed in this way:

48. Evangelical (adj) belonging to one of the Protestant Churches or Christian groups that believes that

the teaching of the Bible and persuading other people to join them is extremely important:

49. Accreditation (n) the fact of being officially recognized, accepted, or approved of, or the act of

officially recognizing, accepting, or approving of something:

50. Janitors (n) a person employed to take care of a large building, such as a school, and who deals

with the cleaning, repairs, etc.

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IV. Make easy sentences for each of the new word

1. This involved his formative experiences as a young anthropologist.

2. We are not talking simply of the diffusion of a particular weaving and color pattern.

3. Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.

4. The population was decimated by a plague.

5. Fernandez studied the socioeconomic backgrounds of new recruits.

6. I've never been very good at arithmetic.

7. The Lake District in 1800 was the crucible of the new Romantic movement in English poetry.

8. She preached to the congregation about forgiveness.

9. He was surrounded by temptations.

10. In the Middle Ages, philosophy and theology were inextricable.

11. What is the rationale behind these new exams?

12. They have those political opinions because they've been indoctrinated all their lives.

13. It is a mark of depravity to make a mock of good advice and kind rebuke.

14. She came from a very serious, Puritan family.

15. I was so nervous, I just started talking gibberish.

16. Remember the old adage — buy cheap, buy twice!

17. They were the pioneers of the American West.

18. The law was ratified by popular vote.

19. This weather pattern of the southern hemisphere has no parallel in the north.

20. We oppose segregation on religious grounds.

21. She was awarded a large sum in compensatory damages.

22. He promoted the dissemination of scientific ideas.

23. The city and the Commonwealth have lost a great leader.

24. Somehow, he always manages to outwit his opponents.

25. She knew her times tables and her Catechism.

26. Where can I get parchment paper?

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27. He was demoted to the rank of corporal.

28. Do you know something about rhetoric?

29. All students receive tuition in logic and metaphysics.

30. The population of the village has remained remarkably homogeneous.

31. What is his political creed?

32. He spent 15 years as a missionary in Africa.

33. The finance department is always scrupulous about their bookkeeping.

34. We had to take action to protect the proprietary technology.

35. The firm is still operating under another denomination.

36. They lived in a town close to the frontier.

37. The ideology of egalitarianism is still very much alive.

38. He lapsed into the local vernacular.

39. He prophetically anticipated the disaster.

40. Secondly, none of these ethnic categories are monolithic.

41. Philanthropists and clergymen had to admit that their own reforming schemes had completely

failed.

42. She is a forerunner of the modern women's movement.

43. Poor hygiene led to high mortality among children.

44. He has been a steadfast supporter of balanced budgets and shrinking the size of government.

45. Gephardt is a leading proponent of tax relief for middle-income families.

46. He had demonstrated considerable business acumen.

47. The two parties have united to form a coalition.

48. He took up the cause with evangelical fervor.

49. The Hague rules also govern the agencies' accreditation.

50. Their work was so secret they had neither janitors nor secretaries.

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V. Get five antonyms and five synonyms of the new word

1. Formative

Antonyms: developmental, determinative, sensitive, shaping, constructive

Synonyms: destructive, noninfluential, nonconstructive, nonproductive, negative

2. Diffusion

Antonyms: collection, concentration, assemblage, suppression, directness

Synonyms: dissemination, scattering, dispersion, distribution, spread

3. Indigenous

Antonyms: foreign, alien, exotic, nonnative, immigrant

Synonyms: native, aboriginal, original, local, endemic

4. Decimated

Antonyms: build, constructed, created, amended, benefited

Synonyms: destroyed, ruined, demolished, devastated, wrecked

5. Socioeconomic

Antonyms: at high cost, expensive, overpriced, costing millions, high-ticket

Synonyms: socio-economically, socio, social and economic, society, economic

6. Arithmetic

Antonyms: analogue, non- numerical, decrease, estimate, proof

Synonyms: mathematics, calculation, algebra, reckoning, geometry

7. Crucible

Antonyms: delight, happiness, joy, contentment, defense

Synonyms: melting pot, caldron, ordeal, tribulation, alembic

8. Preached

Antonyms: concealed, mumbled, murmured, muttered, unannounced

Synonyms: lectured, evangelized, orated, moralized, advocated

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9. Temptations

Antonyms: discouragement, hates, dislikes, indifference, abhorrence

Synonyms: lures, inducements, attractions, persuasions, enticements

10. Theology

Antonyms: insurgent, painful, tormented, bothered, tortured

Synonyms: divinity, religion, study of god, doctrine, credo

11. Rationale

Antonyms: discouragement, aftereffect, charge, proof, consequence

Synonyms: reason, justification, basis, explanation, logic

12. Indoctrinate

Antonyms: unlearn, rehabilitate, deprogram, misguide, mislead

Synonyms: teach, inculcate, drill, train, instruct

13. Depravity

Antonyms: good, honor, morality, virtue, uprightness

Synonyms: corruption, immorality, vice, degeneracy, perversion

14. Puritan

Antonyms: sybarite, libertine, liberal, hedonist, sensualist

Synonyms: prude, ascetic, prig, moralist, pietist

15. Gibberish

Antonyms: sense, logic, possessions, truth, expression

Synonyms: nonsense, drivel, rubbish, twaddle, balderdash

16. Adage

Antonyms: distinct word, individual word, particular word, specific word, fact

Synonyms: proverb, maxim, saying, motto, dictum

17. Pioneers

Antonyms: indigenous, last, emigrant, inheritor, conclude

Synonyms: initiate, innovator, explorer, establish, institute

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18. Ratified

Antonyms: rejected, revoked, illegalized, vetoed, abolished

Synonyms: sanctioned, approved, validated, authorized, confirmed

19. Hemisphere

Antonyms: whole, angle, center, terrain, disadvantage

Synonyms: half, orb, area, bisection, region

20. Segregation

Antonyms: combination, integration, connection, together, integrating

Synonyms: isolation, discrimination, division, separation, racism

21. Compensatory

Antonyms: damaging, harmful, punitive, deadly, destructive

Synonyms: redeeming, offsetting, remunerative, balancing, repaying

22. Dissemination

Antonyms: gathering, collection, concealment, withholding, appearance

Synonyms: diffusion, distribution, circulation, spreading, broadcasting

23. Commonwealth

Antonyms: isolation, monarchy, autocracy, subservience, division

Synonyms: democracy, nation, republic, state, country

24. Outwit

Antonyms: aid, give, assist, undeceive, help

Synonyms: outsmart, outfox, trick, outmaneuver, circumvent

25. Catechism

Antonyms: confusion, destruction, harm, hurt, agree

Synonyms: examination, creed, ideology, interrogation, test

26. Parchment

Antonyms: publication, gray, navy, delete, speech

Synonyms: sheepskin, paper, scroll, diploma, lambskin

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27. Corporal

Antonyms: cerebral, spiritual, intangible, immaterial, mental

Synonyms: bodily, somatic, physical, embodied, fleshly

28. Rhetoric

Antonyms: quiet, gibberish, silence, dullness, impotence

Synonyms: speech, discourse, oratory, wordiness, verbosity

29. Metaphysics

Antonyms: animal, bodily, carnal, concrete, corporal

Synonyms: esoteric, mystical, supernatural, mysterious, psychology

30. Homogeneous

Antonyms: different, diverse, heterogeneous, disparate, distinct

Synonyms: uniform, consistent, alike, identical, similar

31. Creed

Antonyms: atheism, disbelieves, betrayal, skepticism, doubt

Synonyms: belief, faith, doctrine, religion, ideology

32. Missionary

Antonyms: catechumen, covert, follower, new believer, adherent

Synonyms: preacher, evangelist, apostle, minister, priest

33. Bookkeeping

Antonyms: chaos, disorganization, neglect, carelessness, mismanagement

Synonyms: accounting, clerical, auditing, secretarial, typing

34. Proprietary

Antonyms: generic, customer, nonspecific, helper, maid

Synonyms: ownership, proprietor, copyrighted, holder, trademarked

35. Denomination

Antonyms: atheism, unknown, anonymity, nobody, namelessness

Synonyms: designation, appellation, church, name, persuasion

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36. Frontier

Antonyms: interior, inland, center, extend, hinterland

Synonyms: boundary, border, limit, line, edge

37. Egalitarianism

Antonyms: bias, inequity, discrimination, favoritism, elitism

Synonyms: equality, fairness, impartiality, justice, democracy

38. Vernacular

Antonyms: standard, formal, quiet, literary, parole

Synonyms: jargon, lingo, patois, dialect, slang

39. Prophetically

Antonyms: blindly, carelessly, fecklessly, hastily, impolitically

Synonyms: predictively, fatefully, physically, clairvoyantly, portentously

40. Monolithic

Antonyms: diversified, tiny, diminutive, little, manifold

Synonyms: massive, monumental, uniform, huge, homogeneous

41. Philanthropists

Antonyms: misanthropist, receiver, addressee, beneficiary, miser

Synonyms: benefactor, patron, humanitarian, donor, contributor

42. Forerunner

Antonyms: descendant, successor, offspring, aftercomer, result

Synonyms: precursor, predecessor, antecedent, harbinger, portent

43. Hygiene

Antonyms: uncleanliness, dirtiness, filthiness, foulness, grubbiness

Synonyms: sanitation, cleanliness, disinfection, purity, healthiness

44. Steadfast

Antonyms: disloyal, inconstant, fickle, unreliable, untrustworthy

Synonyms: firm, unwavering, resolute, determined, persistent

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45. Proponent

Antonyms: opponent, enemy, detractor, antagonist, adversary

Synonyms: supporter, advocate, champion, promoter, exponent

46. Acumen

Antonyms: insanity, stupidity, ignorance, inability, disregard

Synonyms: discernment, intelligence, insight, wisdom, perception

47. Coalition

Antonyms: isolation, discord, separation, disconnection, dissension

Synonyms: alliance, union, league, federation, association

48. Evangelical

Antonyms: irreligious, layman, indifferent, apathetic, careless

Synonyms: scriptural, proselytizing, protestant, Christian, religious

49. Accreditation

Antonyms: disapproval, refusal, rejection, denial, veto

Synonyms: diploma, authorization, card, certificate, character

50. Janitors

Antonyms: attacker, freeholder, holder, hazard, menace

Synonyms: attendant, custodian, sitter, superintendent, concierge

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 References

1. Foundations of Education Tenth Edition by Allan C. Ornstein and Daniel U. Levine

2. https://www.powerthesaurus.org

3. https://sentencedict.com/grape.html

4. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/

5. https://www.thesaurus.com/