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Module III

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7 views4 pages

Module III

Uploaded by

Akm Seve
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module III

MANAGING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Personalityrefers to the unique set of characteristics, behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that
define how an individual typically responds to situations.

Trait Theory
In psychology, trait theory is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait
theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined
as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective,
traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time.

OCEAN

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Psychoanalytic Theory/Sigmund Freud's Theory

 Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach and theory, founded by Sigmund Freud,


that seeks to explore the unconscious mind to uncover repressed feelings and
interpret deep-rooted emotional patterns, often using techniques like dream analysis
and free association.
Key Components of Psychoanalytic Theory

•Id: The primal, instinctual part of the mind driven by the pleasure principle. It seeks
immediate gratification of basic needs (e.g., hunger, thirst, sexuality).
•Ego: The rational part of the mind that operates on the reality principle, mediating
between the desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego.
•Superego: The moral and ethical component that represents internalized societal standards
and ideals. It often works to suppress the urges of the id.
Behavioral Theory

Behavioral theory, grounded in the work of psychologists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner,
is based on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the
environment. Behaviorists argue that our behaviors are shaped by the consequences they
receive and that changes in behavior can be achieved by manipulating environmental
factors.

Classical Conditioning, Developed by Ivan Pavlov and popularized in psychology by John


Watson, classical conditioning is the process of learning through association. A neutral
stimulus (e.g., a bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that
elicits an unconditioned response (e.g. salivation). Over time, the neutral stimulus alone can
trigger the response, turning it into a conditioned response.

Operant Conditioning: Developed by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning focuses on how


behavior is shaped by reinforcement (which increases behavior) and punishment (which
decreases behavior).
•Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., giving a
treat for good behavior).
•Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., ending
a loud noise when a task is completed).
•Positive Punishment: Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., scolding for
mis behavior).
•Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., taking
away privileges for rule-breaking).

Cognitive Theory
This approach focuses on how thought processes influence behavior and emotions.
Personality is seen as a result of internal thoughts and perceptions, and how an individual
interprets and processes information about the world.
Type Theory
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Based on Jungian psychology, this theory categorizes
people into 16 personality types based on preferences in perception and judgment
(Introversion/Extraversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, Judging/Perceiving).

Enneagram: A system of nine personality types, each with its own motivations, fears, and
growth paths, often used for self-awareness and personal development.

Resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and adapt well to adversity. It’s
the ability to bounce back from setbacks, stress, or trauma while maintaining mental and
emotional stability.

The term cognitive refers to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge,
understanding, and making sense of the world. Cognitive functions are essential for
everything we do, as they encompass the ways we perceive, think, remember, and solve
problems.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory, developed by Leon Festingerin 1957, explains the


psychological discomfort that arises when an individual experiences conflicting beliefs,
attitudes, or behaviors. This discomfort, known as cognitive dissonance, motivates people
to reduce the inconsistency and achieve a state of mental harmony, or cognitive
consistency.

Emotional Intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and use emotions
effectively, both in oneself and in others.
Operant Conditioningis a learning theory developed by B.F. Skinnerthat emphasizes the
role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. It suggests that behaviors that
are rewarded are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are punished are less
likely to occur.

Social Learning Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of


observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. It
suggests that people learn not only through direct experience but also by observing others
and the consequences of their actions.

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