JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDHYALAYA NALUTHA
(PANIPAT)
“ACADEMICS YEAR 2024-25”
CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK
NAME : DEV SWAMI
ROLL NO. : 20
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED TO: MRS. ANNU ARYA
[PGT CHEMISTRY]
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
DEV SWAMI
[12th ‘SCIENCE’]
HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HIS CHEMISTRY PROJECT
TITLED: BIOMOLECULES
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF MRS. ANNU ARYA IN THE
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE CHEMISTRY ASSESSMENT
WHICH HAS BEEN CONDUCTED DURING.
“ACADEMICS YEAR 2024-25”
MRS. ANNU ARYA DEV SWAMI
[PGT CHEMISTRY] [12TH SCIENCE]
MR. RAJESH KUMAR NARWAL EXTERNAL
[PRINCIPAL] [EXAMINER]
ACKNOWLEDMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY IMMENSE
GRATITUDE TO MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER MRS.
ANNU ARYA FOR THE HELP AND GUIDENCE HE
PROVIDED FOR COMPLETING HIS PROJECT.
I ALSO THANK MY PARENTS WHO GAVE ME IDEAS
AND INPUTS IN THE MAKING OF THIS PROJECT.
MOST OF ALL I THANK
OUR SCHOOL
MANAGEMENT, FOR PROVIDING US THE FACILITIES
AND OPPORTUNITY
TO DO THIS PROJECT.
LASTLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK TO MY PRINCIPAL
AND MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER FOR SUPPORT.
DEV SWAMI
{12TH ‘SCIENCE’}
Chemistry Project: Biomolecules
Introduction
Biomolecules are chemical compounds that form the
basis of life. These include carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and nucleic acids. They play a critical role in
the structure and function of cells, supporting life
processes.
Classification of Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates
Definition: Organic compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the
ratio of Cx(H2O)yC_x(H_2O)_yCx(H2O)y.
Types:
I. Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like
glucose and fructose.
II. Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked
together (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
III. Polysaccharides: Long chains of
monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose,
glycogen).
Functions:
o Energy source (e.g., glucose).
o Structural material (e.g., cellulose in plants).
2. Proteins
Definition: Polymers of amino acids linked by
peptide bonds.
Structure:
I. Primary Structure: Sequence of amino
acids.
II. Secondary Structure: α\alphaα-helix or
β\betaβ-sheet.
III. Tertiary Structure: 3D folding of the
polypeptide chain.
IV. Quaternary Structure: Aggregation of
multiple polypeptide chains.
Functions:
o Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions.
o Provide structural support (e.g., keratin,
collagen).
o Act as hormones and antibodies.
Diagram: General Structure of an Amino Acid
@amino group −NH2-NH_2−NH2, carboxyl group
−COOH-COOH−COOH, and variable RRR-group@
3. Lipids
Definition: Organic compounds that are
hydrophobic and non-polar, consisting mainly of
carbon and hydrogen.
Types:
Fats and Oils: Energy storage molecules.
Phospholipids: Components of cell
membranes.
Steroids: Hormones like cholesterol.
Functions:
Energy storage.
Cell membrane formation.
Act as signaling molecules.
Diagram: Structure of a Phospholipid
4. Nucleic Acids
Definition: Polymers of nucleotides, which
consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and
nitrogenous base.
Types:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Double-
stranded molecule storing genetic
information.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid): Single-stranded
molecule involved in protein synthesis.
Functions:
Storage and transmission of genetic
information
Protein synthesis (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).
# Biochemical Tests for Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates:
Test: Benedict’s test for reducing sugars (color
changes from blue to red).
2. Proteins:
Test: Biuret test (purple color indicates presence
of proteins).
3. Lipids:
*Test: Grease spot test (translucent spot-on paper).
4. Nucleic Acids:
Test: Dische’s diphenylamine test for DNA.
Importance of Biomolecules
a. Carbohydrates: Primary energy source for
metabolic activities.
b. Proteins: Essential for growth, repair, and
enzymatic functions.
c. Lipids: Long-term energy storage and insulation.
1. Nucleic Acids: Carry genetic information crucial
for heredity and protein synthesis.
# Applications in Daily Life
Medicine: Proteins and nucleic acids help in
drug development and disease diagnosis.
Food Industry: Carbohydrates and lipids are
significant components of nutrition.
Biotechnology: Nucleic acids are used in genetic
engineering and gene therapy.
Conclusion
Biomolecules are vital for sustaining life. They
regulate biological processes and ensure proper
growth and development. Understanding
biomolecules helps advance scientific fields like
medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
References
1. CBSE Chemistry Textbook, Class XII.
2. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles
of Biochemistry.
3. NCERT Study Materials for Class XII Chemistry.
Diagram: DNA Double Helix Structure: -
