Example 3.1 ‘Let us suppose a 15-minute count of vehicles hound for Manila was conducted at « particular location on Quezon Avenue. A summary is shown in the table below: TYPE 1§- MINUTE COUNT ‘Cavivan 207 Jeepney 3007 Bus. 16 Truck 2a “Estimate the flow rae ia vehicles per hour. Solution: ‘The total number of vehicles counted in 15 minutes is 420 + 300 + 16 + 2 ‘expanded to one hour by multiplying by 4. Therefore, the flow rate is q= 764 x 4 = 3,056 vehicles per hour 764, This is (Note thatthe count within the 15-minute interval is assumed to be the same for the other three 1S-minute intervals.) Example 32 “The speed of 25 cas was observed, 10 cars were noted to travel at 35 kph, 8 care at AO kph, 2 cars at $0 kph, and cars at 45 kph, Assuming tat cach ear was traveling at ‘constant speed, determine the time mean speed Solution: Applying equation 3.2 10x35 + 8x40 +.2x50 +5245 _ 995 “ 25 Bw Example 33 Using the same example determine the space mea speed. Soluti Applying equation 3.3:Example 3.4 During morning peak hour, the average headway of UP-Katipunan jeepneys is estimated at S minutes. Ifthe passenger demand during the same period is 240, determine wither there is « noed to increase the number of jeepney units (or shorten the headway) for this route, Assume that passenger demand is evenly distributed within that period and the average load/occupancy is 14 passengers per jeepney. (Note: This assumption may not necessarily be true do to fluctuation ‘of passenger demand and variability of passenger occupancy.) Solution: From equation 35, the numberof jeepneys per hour is 0 _60_,., 4 =F =F = lieepneys/ir With an average load of 14 passengers per jeepney, the total number of passengcts that can take a ride is 12x 14= 168 passengers Since the demand during moming peak hour is 240 passengers, it can be said that there is anced to increase the numberof jeepney units during peak period, Example 3.5, During heavy traffic congestion, it was observed that the average spacing of vehicles in {queue in the innermost lane of EDSA is 6.5 m. Determine the jam density of stopped vehicles. Solution: From equion 36 th jam density ie 1.000 35 ky 153.85 vehicles/kmExample 3.6 Data on density and speed were obtained from a four-ine, two-way rural highway (in one direction only): ‘veh 75, 15 Taz 100 Determine the relation between density and speed. Solution: ‘A common way of analyzing relation of two variables is through linear regression, The so-called best fit Hine represents the data points with the least error, A scatter diagram of the data points would show that a linear equation may be well suited forthe analysis, ‘The regression line takes the form usatbk where speed k—density 4, b~constants to be determined “The constants a and b are determined using the following formulas. (The reader is advised to refer to any statistics books for the derivation of these formulas, See And and Tang 1975) a=u-bk ‘The correlation coefficient r is given by:where Dtu;-w)? and 52 are the variances of u and k, respectively. 1 n-1 Dei ‘The two Variables will have a very good correlation ifthe absolute value ofr is elose 10 10, ‘To perform the repression analysis, it is convenient o prepare the table as shove: Point [ik u ku Kea] te03n2 | w-a2.sina 1 75 as | 375 | 562s ca | 635 2 15 as | 127s | 225 | 4624 | 100625 3 a2 10 | 1420 | 20168 | 34a1 | 1056.25 4 100 30 | 3000 | 10000 | 289 | 156.25 sum | 332 170 | 9070 | 36014 | ease | 3025 Mean | 63 425 =nku _ 9070—4(83)(42.5) 36014 4(83)7 ‘This is almost close to -1.0, which means that the correlation between the tvo variables is very high ‘Therefore the regression line is u=atbk=91.96—0.5959 k ‘The negative sign confirms that as density increases, speed decreases.Example 3.7 Using the results of the previous example, determine the free flow speed and jam density. Solution: ‘The density-speed relation obtained from the previous example is u= 91.96 0.5959 k Free flow speed occurs when density k= 0. u-= 91.96 ~0.5959 (0) = 91.96 kph Jam density occurs when speed u = 0. 091.960.5959 K; Kj= 91.96 /0.5959= 154.32 vehvkm Example 3.8 In the previous example, determine the capacity of the rural highway in one direction. Solution: AAs already shown, the density-speed relation can be modeled by a straight line, The formula for dmx can be used to compute forthe eapacity. 3,547.82 vehicle/he Example 3.9 From the example of section 3.3, if trafic volume in the same direetion where capacity ‘was estimated was 2,050 vehicles per hour at a particular period, determine the level of service ‘ofthe highway (in that direction). Solution: ‘The capacity computed in the previous example was qn = 3,547.82 vehicles per hour. ‘The volume-capacity ratio is ‘Comparing this Volume-capacity ratio withthe values provided in table 3.2, the LOS is C. 0578Table 3.1 Levels of service _ Tevel of service Description 36 A Free flow, with low volumes and high speeds. Drivers are virtually unaffected by the presence of others. Litle or no restriction in maneuverability and speed. ‘The level of comfort and convenience provided is somewhat less than at LOS A. Zone of stable flow with operating speeds beginning to be restricted somewhat by traffic conditions. Drivers will have. reasonable freedom to select their speed but there is a decline in freedom to maneuver within the traffic stream from LOS A. Still in zone of stable flow, but speed and maneuverability are most closely controlled by higher volumes. Most of the drivers are restricted in the freedom to select their own speed, lane changing, or overtaking maneuvers, The level of comfort and convenience declines noticeably at this level. Approaches unstable flow. Speed and freedom to maneuver are severely restricted, and driver experiences a generally poor level of ‘comfort and convenience. Small increases in traffic flow will ‘generally cause operational problems. Flow is unstable, and there may be stoppages of momentary condition. Represents operating conditions at or near capacity level. All speeds are reduced to allow but relatively uniform value. Freedom to ‘maneuver within the traffic stream is extremely restricted, and itis ‘generally accomplished by forcing a vehicle to “give way” to Accommodate such maneuver. Forced or breakdown flow. The amount of tafic approaching a. lexceeds the amount that can traverse the points. Queues form behind such locations. Operation within the queue is characterized by stop- and:go waves, and is extremely unstable. It i the point at which artival low causes the queue to form. Under the PHPM method, these levels of service correspond to the areas shown in figure speed 1.0 volume/capacity Figure 3.6 Levels of serviceFigure 3.6 is actually the same diagram as the volume-speed relation but with the horizontal axis normalized by dividing volume by the capacity Table 3.2 shows the value of ‘volume-capacity ratio for each LOS. Level of service Table 32 ‘Volume-capacity ratio and LOS Volume-capacity less than 0.20 021-050 051-070 0710.85 0.86.1.00 sreater than 1.0 ecaee pete eeee g y aene eee ‘Source: Mins Plc Wonks and Mighuay 1982 In the current US Highway Capacity Manual, the different measures of effectiveness that _most appropriately describe the LOS for different types of facility are shown in table 3.3, Table 33 Measure of effectiveness for different highway types Type of facility Measure of effetveness Basic expressway segments | density (passenger carfkmylane) Weaving areas Ramp junctions ‘Multlane highways Two-lane highways Signalized intersections Unsignalized intersect ‘Atrials Srerage Wave seed er) How ats (pasenge ar) density (passenger carne) ree tie dey Seeage ins spond dey Gch reserve copay (passenge cath ‘Reroge vel sped (i) [Sec Sexrce: Transporation Research Board 2000. Example 3.10 Consider a temporary single lane o-ramp/entrance to the expressway. While the entrance is open 24 hours, a fixed toll fee of P10 is charged from 7AM to 9AM as a form of congestion pricing. On the average, a vehicle is served for 7.5 seconds during which the teller receives the foe and gives back the charge, The flow rate is 600 vehicles/hour during the first 25 minutes after which, it is reduced to 360 vehicles/hour and remains constant for the next hours as shown in figure 3.8.