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Evaluation of 4D BIM Tools Applicability in Construction Planning Efficiency

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Evaluation of 4D BIM Tools Applicability in Construction Planning Efficiency

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International Journal of Construction Management

ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/tjcm20

Evaluation of 4D BIM tools applicability in


construction planning efficiency

Sávio Santana Martins, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista, Ahmed W. A.


Hammad, Vivian W. Y. Tam & Assed Haddad

To cite this article: Sávio Santana Martins, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista, Ahmed W. A.
Hammad, Vivian W. Y. Tam & Assed Haddad (2022) Evaluation of 4D BIM tools applicability in
construction planning efficiency, International Journal of Construction Management, 22:15,
2987-3000, DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2020.1837718

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1837718

Published online: 03 Nov 2020.

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https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjcm20
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
2022, VOL. 22, NO. 15, 2987–3000
https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1837718

Evaluation of 4D BIM tools applicability in construction planning efficiency


Savio Santana Martinsa, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelistab, Ahmed W. A. Hammadc, Vivian W. Y. Tamd and
Assed Haddade
a
School of Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; bSchool of Civil Engineering, Engineering Institute of
Technology, Perth, Australia; cFaculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; dSchool of Built Environment,
Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; eEscola Politecnica/Programa de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Worldwide the construction industry presents a significant demand for new technologies ensuring cer- 4D; BIM; planning; cost;
tainty, cost-effectiveness and time efficiency. Modern construction relies on digital resources, and one of construction;
the most prominent novelties is Building Information Modelling (BIM). Construction planning effectiveness sustainability; simulation
is based on clear communication and integration between project planners and other participants, such
as engineers, architects, suppliers, and workforce. The possible connection between 3 D models and time
or scheduling potentially reduces misconception risks and lack of information to avoid re-scheduling and
project delivery delays. This study aims to investigate the integration of Revit, Navisworks, Tally and
Green Building Studio for identifying the challenges in applying 4 D BIM technology using a case study in
a developing country (Brazil). The research method used comprised these steps: objectives definition, lit-
erature review, development of the 4 D analysis and evaluation, case study for validation with comparison
to other comparable and contrasting studies, and discussion of the results. This paper demonstrates the
feasibility and challenges to adopt BIM technology to thrive better communication for teams and stake-
holders through the various construction stages via visual representation. Additionally, despite the
obstacles and difficulties to integrate different software, it is beneficial to the decision-makers, not only
focus on the constructability perspective but project’s environmental impacts, such as energy efficiency
and global warming effect.

Introduction verify the project’s design completeness and/or unconformities


(clash detection). The absence of a visual representation of the
Worldwide the construction industry is well known for being
execution process of construction can result in a severe risk to
inefficient and inconsistent regarding project performance issues
successful project completion; furthermore, making unclear the
such as on-time delivery (Crowther and Ajayi 2019). Alternatively,
construction sequence in terms of understanding and communi-
to modify the current state of the industry, the use of new tools
cation, compromising the possibilities to identify existing errors
based on productivity, safety, health and planning can ensure that
the operations in construction’s project would be carried in a in the execution sequence (Bansal and Pal 2011).
Building Information Modelling addresses several stages of
more planned way (Candelario-Garrido et al. 2017).
Over the years, the construction industry has increasingly construction, encompassing from 2 D to nD dimensions. For
adopted new tools based on information technologies for improv- example, the time factor became the 4th dimension of BIM as a
ing project management performance (Boton 2018). One of the result of the visualization provided by 3 D BIM in conjunction
most prominent of these tools is Building Information Modelling with punctual project delivery (Charef et al. 2018). The 4 D
(BIM). Primary benefits of BIM have been well documented, simulation links allows visualizing the construction process over
but Ayinla and Adamu (2018) reported that the pace and extent time using a three-dimensional (3 D) model of the facility to the
of BIM adoption within the Architecture, Engineering, and scheduling of the construction activities (Boton 2018). However,
Construction (AEC) sector are generally slower than what govern- some researchers (Allen and Smallwood 2008) cited that 3 D
ments worldwide expect from the construction industry to progress arises as a user friendly in comparison to 4 D models, mainly
in their digital economy strategies. BIM stands out in the model- because more educated AEC professionals are needed to over-
ling of a project and as an essential information tool, mitigating come the traditional trend to use MS Project, Gantt or bar charts
conflicts and miscommunications (Yang et al. 2019). (Allen and Smallwood 2008).
The construction industry has been adopting other types of The use of 4 D modelling in conjunction with on-site produc-
software, such as Primavera and Microsoft Project (Tomar and tion control methods has led to higher levels of on-site construc-
Bansal 2019). However, these types of software are not adequate tion performance to track actual progress and analyse the effects
to link non-spatial aspects, such as the construction sequencing, of delays on the overall project schedule (Jupp 2017).
planning and scheduling with the graphical visualization. The adoption and use of collaborative 4 D models and simula-
Additionally, the absence of a dynamic connection between the tions for planning and constructability analysis purposes are still
schedule and the plans and models makes it more challenging to facing significant challenges. Recent studies have suggested the

CONTACT Vivian W. Y. Tam [email protected]


ß 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2988 S. S. MARTINS ET AL.

Table 1. Alternative nomenclatures to BIM Adapted from (Gaspar and Ruschel 2017). the 3 D model, but all the processes related to the building pro-
Terms Origin and function duction of and its life cycle (Gaspar and Ruschel 2017).
Object-based design Bergin (2011): Terms used to Additionally, BIM is often perceived as a process or a tool;
Parametric manipulation identify other terms that could many practitioners have considered a human dimension, believ-
Relational database have relations to the meaning ing that BIM is about people and process as much as it is about
of BIM.
BIM (Building Information Model) Eastman et al. (2008): technology. ‘BIM deliverable’ (models) is another important
Contemporary term used. aspect of BIM. In this discussion, the human dimension in BIM
Building description system Bergin (2011): Terms found in the is the professional operating the software (Abdirad 2017).
Building design system preliminary research.
Parametric building model
Building a product model Terms found in the
Integrated product model secondary research
Revit and other BIM software
Design data model Since BIM is widely used around the globe, there are many
Computer-aided architectural design
Virtual design and construction options for the software available today. The following list
Integrated design model presents some of the most used BIM software in the AEC indus-
Integrated building model try (Freitas 2017, Amoah and Nguyen 2019): AECOsim Building
Designer; ArchiCAD; BIM Object; IrisVR; Navisworks; Revit;
SketchUp Bentley; Tekla BIMsight; Tekla Structure; Trimble
necessity to adapt collaborative 4 D tools to the real needs of Connect; Vectorworks; Virtual Construction Konstru.
practitioners (Boton 2018). Each of the beforementioned software focuses on one aspect
The origins of 4 D refer back to the late 1980s in collabor- since the BIM environment is highly open to developer imple-
ation between Bechtel and Hitachi Ltd together with the work of mentations and interpretations. For example, the Tekla Structure
Fischer & Associates from Stanford University. They created the is oriented to structural projects, and Vectorworks focuses on
original technique for producing visual 4 D models (Gledson and architectural rendering and interior design. In this manner, Revit
Greenwood 2016). fits this study well since it provides a broader scope and intero-
Tomar and Bansal (2019) identified the requirements for a perates between different project aspects well.
4 D model as: (i) a 3 D geometric model with building compo-
nents; (ii) a construction programme (with activity data, dura-
Context of BIM adoption
tions, logical relationships); and (iii) a 4 D simulation tool that
allows the linking of elements of the 3 D model with those of the Adoption of BIM technology has many stages: the first being
programme (Tomar and Bansal 2019). Since 4 D BIM increases object-based modelling spread across various disciplines; the
performance in construction, this paper aims to identify the chal- second, model-based collaboration and the third is network-
lenges in applying 4 D and 5 D BIM technology to construction based. According to the United Kingdom BIM Association
projects in a developing country (Brazil). The main goal is to (UKBIMA), these levels are defined as BIM levels 0, 1, 2 and 3.
explore the simulation process evaluating the technology avail- BIM levels are extensively used in countries such as the UK,
able (add-on software), providing a better understanding of the USA, Singapore and Australia (Ahuja et al. 2020).
4 D and 5 D BIM software integration to enhance and dissemin- It is essential to disclose that, in developing countries, AEC pro-
ate its adoption in the AEC industry. fessionals face difficulties in adopting BIM. For example, the adop-
tion rates in Brazil are still lower in comparison with developed
countries, but policymakers encourage BIM adoption by smaller
Literature review business players (Kassem and Succar 2017; Ahuja et al. 2020).
BIM has the potential to improve Building Sustainability
The term Building Information Modelling (BIM) presents itself Assessment through identifying and comparing different sustain-
for the first time between the keywords of an article from able design scenarios at an early stage of the project, without
Nederveen and Tolman, in 1992. Succar (2009) stated that BIM spending too much time, money, and other resources.
is a group of policies, processes, and technologies that, when Additionally, it must be noted that maximum benefits can only
interacting generate a methodology to the digital management to be achieved when the construction companies demonstrate the
projects of a building, and its associated data throughout its knowledge or integrate BIM in their processes. (Carvalho
whole life cycle (Succar 2009; Gaspar and Ruschel 2017). et al. 2019)
Other terms had already been used to describe the same tech- Considering the sustainability aspect, BIM can be used to
nology in different stages, as displayed in Table 1. evaluate the energy consumption of buildings in its operation
BIM precursor terms (Building Design System, Building phase through analysis of the building envelope while in the pro-
Description System, Integrated Building Model, Design Data ject stage. Najjar, Figueiredo, Hammad, et al. (2019) reported a
Model, and Integrated Product Model) have slightly different 45% reduction for the annual fuel use intensity, and the yearly
meanings where the emphasis lays in the technology that sup- electricity use intensity in residential buildings.
ports the computer-aided project. The term BIM, by Succar The adoption of BIM opens possibilities to the practitioners
(2009), is the one that gives sense beyond the limits of the com- as experimental designs can be considered and compared in early
putational technique. The meaning of this term is broader and stages of project development and therefore, compared. Najjar
relates to the process of project production and construction et al. found in their research that changes to design factors such
(Succar 2009; Gaspar and Ruschel 2017). as the window-to-wall ratio can improve about 15% of total
Gaspar and Ruschel’s research showed the evolution of the energy consumption; analysis of alternative designs is made sim-
term BIM in synchrony with the updated technologies. pler by the use of BIM, as their research suggested (Najjar
Currently, BIM technology is not limited to the elaboration of et al. 2019).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2989

Table 2. Applications and benefits of BIM 4 D (Jupp 2017). The use of 4 D BIM tools can positively impact risk mitiga-
Construction planning Site planning tion strategy planning by making it possible to (Sloot et al.
Winning work at tender stage Major plant activities 2019): evaluate various design and process alternatives given a
Construction method planning Site security. specific constraint; identify potential problems and develop the
Timescale communication Welfare facilities best alternative; and test of strategies
Design interrogation Pedestrian and traffic flow
Resource management Material delivery and storage
Additionally, other stages can also benefit from 4 D BIM, for
Identify workplace hazards Site logistics example: on-site management, life cycle assessment, operation
and safety planning stage of a building and its eventual demolition, but the emphasis
lies in the pre-construction phases of the development (Sloot
et al. 2019).
Guo et al. (2019) studied the data indexed in a BIM project, Observing 4 D planning as an expansion of BIM, all the prob-
and the sharing of this information with stakeholders as the pos- lems regarding BIM adoption cited previously also apply to the
sibility of the transparency associated with these platforms was simulation using BIM models. In numerous ways, the implemen-
analysed for negative impacts perspective. Also, the authors tation issues seem to increase by the inclusion of new concepts
showed that there are scenarios in which the influence of BIM and complexities to the project. In addition to the adoption of a
can be perceived in a negative manner, especially in cases where BIM 3 D modelling, other software is also needed to link this
there are unethical practices and conflicts of interests. information to the construction schedule. Furthermore, all the
Another barrier for BIM implementation within the AEC stakeholders should present a certain degree of understanding
industry is education. The deficiency of training in the industry about these applications promoting a reasonable collaboration
regarding BIM novelties is a barrier that still needs to be sur- between teams. The use of 4 D BIM may be according to client’s
passed (Crowther and Ajayi 2019). requirements since some contractors might not perceive its use-
fulness in certain project stages, e.g. pre-construction phases.
Environmental impacts of the construction sector Besides this, some stakeholders might have problems recognizing
the usefulness of 4 D BIM during a tender stage (Sloot
The AEC industry has a considerable impact on the environ- et al. 2019).
ment. In Europe, the sector is responsible for 40% of the total There are benefits of the integration and automatisation of
energy use, 32% of CO2 emissions and 25% of the generated facility management (FM) and BIM; a framework was proposed
waste on an annual basis (Carvalho et al. 2019). The estimated to provide a real-time combination of the maintenance work
construction and demolition waste annual generation is 20 mil- order and schedule (Chen et al. 2018).
lion metric tonnes in S~ao Paulo State and 100 million metric Over recent years, promising 4 D-BIM applications had been
tonnes in Brazil. Available resources, such as BIM and 4 D-BIM, reported in the area of work, health and safety (WHS). For
could be used to reduce impacts caused by the AEC industry example, it is demonstrated via a case study that there is the pos-
(Rosado et al. 2019). sibility to automatize the evacuation path considering the every-
The main aspects analysed when assessing the environmental day changes in the construction site, including work crews,
impacts in construction are those related to Life Cycle existing objects, scaffolds and existing structures, by the use of
Assessment (LCA), e.g. energy consumption, resources consump- BIM technology (Kim and Lee 2019).
tion and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Energy consumption
refers to the amount of energy needed in all the stages of a
Building’s life cycle (construction, operation and demolition Beyond 4 D-BIM
stages): Resources consumption is related to the materials used BIM, as a platform, is not restricted to its fourth dimension,
through the building’s life cycle; and greenhouse gas emissions which represents the timescale of the project, and the term nD
consider gases emissions such as CO2, CO, CH4 and others BIM has been used in published researches. For example, 4 D
(Wang et al. 2019). BIM highlights the time aspect of a construction project. 5 D
BIM is related to estimation in the BIM environment by using
4D planning innovative technologies for more competitive cost management.
Cost management can take benefits of 5 D BIM use by enabling
The 4D simulation consists in linking construction activities in simulation and exploring different scenarios. There is a consen-
planning to 3D objects in a building model to simulate the con- sus of what 4 D and 5 D mean. In contrast, there exists no agree-
struction process over time (Boton et al. 2015). According to ment between the 6 D and onwards. (Charef et al. 2018;
Gledson and Greenwood advantages of 4D planning upon trad- GhaffarianHoseini et al. 2019).
itional planning methods are (Gledson and Greenwood 2016): Authors referred to 6 D BIM as a tool for enhancing facility
Visualization of time and space relationships of construction management (Nicał and Wody nski 2016). Others cited that 6 D
activities; Analysing the construction schedule to assess its imple- BIM can embed operation and management manuals, plan and
mentation; and Reducing errors through plan interrogation/val- technical support; work as an ‘As-Built’ model that needs to be
idation, simultaneously improving communication between updated during the asset life-cycle; embedding all project life-
project team members. cycle information (Charef et al. 2018). In summary, 6 D can be
A 4D BIM can improve on the project performance in the perceived as a dimension, including information to support facil-
following ways (Crowther and Ajayi 2019): improvements in ity management and operation activities. The term 7 D BIM has
planning efficiency; encouragement to collaboration, benefiting been presented in published papers, though it is unclear as to
team’s education; and enhanced progress consistency, ensuring what the term refers to, as researchers and practitioners have not
the process does not falter and improving project agreed in this matter. In Europe, the attribution of the 6 D made
reliability.Table 2 presents suggestions of applications and bene- to sustainability, and the 7 D to facility management (Charef
fits of 4D-BIM for construction and site planning (Jupp 2017). et al. 2016).
2990 S. S. MARTINS ET AL.

Figure 1. Methodological framework of the study.

This study proposes a framework for 4 D-BIM project to inte- 2019) mainly survey-based, as shown in Figure 1. This compari-
grate 3 D model to the visual aspect of planning in real-time. son is made for a better understanding of how the results of this
Also, this research evaluates the integration of 4 D project with study, based in a particular case, fit with the state of the art, con-
the analysis of the environmental impact based on the projects tributing to fill a gap between the perception of the industry and
simulation via construction materials selection. the practitioner’s difficulties in developing a professional project
using a 4 D (even a 5 D) BIM approach. This comparison is also
relevant as this study findings are important to help expand the
Methodology perceptions of 4 D BIM, which is the focus of survey-
A wide variety of sources is available on BIM topics, including based studies.
journal articles, conference papers, reports, presentations, and To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages and to be able
academic theses. A literature review presented in this paper con- to draw the right conclusions we determined that the criteria of
textualizes the pros and cons of the current BIM application in decision are: Cost of project production (Jobim et al. 2017; Hasan
the construction sector (Keskin et al. 2020). Afterwards, we per- and Rasheed 2019; Marefat et al. 2019; Swallow and Zulu 2019;
form a case study to assess the software utilized applying it to Zhou et al. 2019), time spent in developing the project and taking
real-life project planning and its interference with the process of full advantage of the nD BIM tools(Jobim et al. 2017; Hasan and
project conception (Sloot et al. 2019). The case study includes a Rasheed 2019; Marefat et al. 2019; Swallow and Zulu 2019; Zhou
3 D BIM model, an explicitly tailored schedule to the 3 D model et al. 2019), commercial and regulatory compliance (Enshassi
and a 4 D simulation of the construction process. et al. 2016; Marefat et al. 2019; Zhou et al. 2019), and other soft-
There are several BIM softwares available in the market, and ware capabilities that may not be possible to achieve by trad-
the criteria for choosing the BIM software for this study are: itional methods of planning (Gledson and Greenwood 2016;
long-establishment of the software in Brazil; and integration Jupp 2017; Hamma-Adama and Kouider 2019; Hasan and
feasibility with other implemented software Rasheed 2019; Marefat et al. 2019).
Autodesk Revit software was chosen for this study as it fits
the established parameters and it is part of a suite from
Case study – 4 D BIM project
Autodesk, which contains other software to be used in this study;
offering a direct and straightforward integration to Navisworks The building utilized in this study is a three-story residential
and providing a wide variety of plugins from third-party devel- building, comprised of a total of 24 apartments with approxi-
opers, such as Tally to evaluate the environmental impacts. mately 75 m2 A of construction area. Figure 2 presents the pro-
Figure 1 presents the flowchart of the methodology used in posed project framework considering the aspects of a BIM
this study composed of five steps. After the completion of the project and the 4 D BIM particularities.
first, second and third steps of this study, results of the case The project starts with the architectural concept of the build-
study were compared (Sloot et al. 2019) to other articles ing. Once the idea was completed, then the architectural model-
(Enshassi et al. 2016; Gledson and Greenwood 2016; Jobim et al. ling is developed. After that, the next steps were structural
2017; Hamma-Adama and Kouider 2019; Hasan and Rasheed modelling and Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) sys-
2019; Marefat et al. 2019; Swallow and Zulu 2019; Zhou et al. tems development. The three main items in developing a 4 D-
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2991

Figure 2. A proposed framework for 4 D-BIM projects.

BIM project are the 3 D model, schedule, and the integration of BIM – 3 D model
both. The integration was implemented using a 3 D model (in
A complete BIM model consists of all the specific projects that are
this case, an Autodesk Revit model), a schedule file (for this
contained in the building. For this study, the 3 D model consists of
study, a Microsoft Project file) and the 4 D software
an architectural model, the structural model, and the MEP model.
(Autodesk Navisworks).

Architectural model
Scope of the case study
The architectural model is the representation of most of the vis-
 BIM – 3D model
ible parts of the building, so it carries significant data for the 4 D
 Architectural model
simulation. The components of the architectural model are walls;
 Walls
floors; doors and windows; stairs and rails; and elevators. All the
 Floors
 Doors and windows other components not included into the project’s scope are not
 Stairs and rails represented because they represent a smaller percentage of the
 Elevators costs and time necessary for the construction of the building
 Structural model described in the project when compared to the other parts.
 Columns To start a project in Autodesk Revit, it is necessary to have a
 Beams template and a family library. The template provides standards
 Foundations to represent the models for floor plans, sections, and elevations.
 Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) models It is possible to use standard templates already available in the
 Water components software, but often projects tend to have specific needs. Hence,
 Water pipes companies use and update customized templates to be applied in
 Water fittings their projects. The family library is an essential part of the BIM
 Plumbing components system, as the platform is built around them. They represent
 Plumbing pipes almost every graphical element present in the model, except for
 Plumbing fittings some texts and lines. Having an extensive library of families is
 Building Schedule crucial, as they represent a significant part of all the functional
 4D integration components of the model. Families contain all the non-graphical
2992 S. S. MARTINS ET AL.

Figure 3. Architectural layout of the apartments; to the left the base floor and to the right is the mezzanine.

data of the project, and that can include serial numbers, specific columns; beams; and foundations. Floors are also a vital part of
weight, mechanical resistance parameters, dimensions, and others. the structural system. Still, since the calculations for the struc-
Families are also what is quantified in the project in material take- tural model were not the main objective of this study, they were
offs, for example. Families can be created by professionals, edited categorized into the architectural model section. The foundations
from a generic model, or even purchased. are included in this model because of its close correlation with
In this part of the model, the first step is to build a family the structural system. Figure 6 presents the general representa-
library and choose a template to use in the project. From that tion of the structural model.
point, the architectural project itself began. At this specific case, It is important to note that different countries have specific
seeing that real-life site dimensions do not restrict the building, standards for calculations of the structural elements of buildings.
the start point was the apartment unit, and from there, the layouts The software used for the integration of the 3 D model to the
of the floors were thought up as shown in Figures 3 and 4. building schedule is Autodesk Navisworks. This software has
The apartments are themselves two story units, townhouse like, integration and interoperability with various formats of BIM
consisting of a living room, kitchen, bathroom, and balcony on the platforms, reinforcing that the adoption of Autodesk Revit for
first floor and a bedroom on the mezzanine, resulting in a total of the structural model is not restrictive.
75 m2. These areas were readily displayed side by side and in front
of each other, creating a total of four apartments. This layout was
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) models
copied with a gap fitting staircase and elevator shaft in the middle, The components of the MEP models are water components;
showing a total of three floors within the same design. The ground water pipes; water fittings; plumbing components; plumbing
floor includes reception and laundry room for all the apartments in pipes; and plumbing fittings. Modelling using Autodesk Revit is
addition to the parking spaces, as shown in Figure 5. done using a 3 D platform, but the project views are 2 D or emu-
lated 3 D. Visual simulations of a 3 D environment are not per-
Structural model fect, so Revit constrains modelling on Z-Axis within a 3 D view.
While the platform contains solutions to the matter, the process
The structural model was built on top of the architectural layout of modelling sloped pipes is critical on Revit demanding rework
of the apartments. The components of the structural model are mainly on sanitary systems.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2993

Figure 4. Architectural layout of the first floor.

All modelled objects should be associated to the levels at year version and if not, Navisworks might identify as a corrupt
which they are connected. Navisworks has a selection system file (even if this is not the real situation).
that involves the organization of elements, families, and types As soon as the software processes the model, integration can
using the levels to which they are attached, so this organization begin, starting with importing the schedule file. Navisworks
helps with the next steps. supports several different file types that can be seen in
Figure 8.
After the schedule is loaded, the model can be attached to
tasks present in the planning. There are several ways in which
Building schedule this process can be done, ranging from manual to rule-based
The process of developing a schedule for a 4 D project is similar automated attachment. The manual process was implemented in
to regular plans. Technical capabilities required of the profes- this study since the model is small to medium, besides being
sional that elaborates the schedule are the same. A sample of the simple. In summary, the manual attachment process is efficient
Microsoft Project file used in this case study is shown in and can also be conducted in several ways. In this study, the
Figure 7. objects were selected with assistance from the selection tree,
The main difference from a conventional project lays in the saved to selection sets and then manually attached to each corre-
fact that every single object modelled must be associated with a sponding task in the schedule.
task on the schedule, meaning that the model must be integrated It is essential to highlight that the tasks are designated within
into the schedule from scratch. The professional commissioned the planner panel on Navisworks to their corresponding task
to develop the schedule must be capable of identifying the type, those being: construct, demolish or temporary. If the task
objects present in the model and associate them with the activ- type is not selected, the animation will not be displayed.
ities planned. However, if an object has not been associated with As the schedule and model are loaded, objects attached to
a task, simulations may not display the construction within the tasks and file types set, the construction animation can be
scheduled timeframe. Events with no objects associated will not shown, using the ‘simulate’ tab on the task planner. The model
be part of the construction simulation. can be tweaked to display different scenarios for better decision
making, avoiding problems with the actual construction process.
4D Integration. For this purpose, the versions of the Autodesk The simulations loaded can be exported to video format for
Revit and Navisworks must be compatible, preferably the same other uses that can involve presentations or archiving. A
2994 S. S. MARTINS ET AL.

Figure 5. Ground floor.

Figure 6. 3 D representation of the structural model.


INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2995

Figure 7. Sample of the schedule structure.

impacts of building materials for whole building analysis as well


as comparative analyses of design options (KT Innovations
2019). While working on a Revit model, the user can define rela-
tionships between BIM elements and construction materials from
the Tally database. The result is Life Cycle Assessment on
demand, and an important layer of decision-making information
within the same time frame, pace, and environment that building
designs are generated.
The developers of Green Building Studio describe Autodesk
Green Building Studio as ‘a flexible cloud-based service that
allows you to run building performance simulations to optimize
energy efficiency and to work toward carbon neutrality earlier in
the design process’. (Autodesk 2013). The software used in this
analysis has been employed in previous environmental impact
studies to provide Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) reports. The
Figure 8. Navisworks supported schedule file types. integration of BIM and LCA is an ideal procedure towards
achieving sustainable development, ecological protection and
empowering the decision-making process in the construction sec-
representation of the 4 D simulation of the construction is shown tor (Najjar et al. 2017).
in Figure 9.
In addition to the development of the project first version, it
is proposed a second version of the initial project aiming at sim- Results
ulating usage of construction materials options other than The use of BIM and LCA tools in project development, particu-
masonry walls and cast-in-place conventional concrete floors larly in early design stages is valuable. It is recommended that
regarding its cost and time and environmental impacts. This contractors and architects review the sustainable aspects of the
projects second version has external and internal walls using dry- selected building materials, simulating alternatives to mitigate the
wall panels; the external walls (25 cm thick) incorporating ther- environmental impacts of these materials. Particularly in early
mal acoustic resistant material between the boards. Internal walls design phases, since at these phases, there is a high potential to
(15 cm thick) are without thermal and acoustic insulation. reduce the weight and quantities of construction materials that
In addition to the wall’s materials replacement (masonry walls will passively affect the environment in the operation or end-of-
replaced by drywall), the conventional concrete floor is replaced life phases (Najjar, Figueiredo, Evangelista, et al. 2019).
by concrete steel deck floors. The impact of those modifications Table 3 shows the results for the cost and time obtained from
was evaluated from distinct perspectives: cost and time impacts, the original project (Masonry Walls and Conventional Floors),
and environmental impact. version one (Drywall and Conventional Floors) and version two
The cost and time impact of the modifications was assessed (Drywall and Steel Deck).
by reviewing the project planning considering the new compo- To improve the understanding of the results, Table 4 presents
nents added and those removed. The software and the methods the variation of the cost and the time previously shown in Table
of development of the planning were the same as described in its 3. The difference is given in percentage values, and the base val-
original version. ues upon which the calculation has been conducted are the ori-
Considering the changes made in the alternative versions of ginal project values, those being from the ‘masonry and
the project the environmental sustainability aspects were assessed conventional floors’.
by using two different plugins in Autodesk Revit: Green Building The Green Building Studio (GBS) tool, by Autodesk, was
Studio for energy efficiency and Tally for the building’s global used to assess the energy efficiency of the alternatives when com-
warming impact. pared to the original project. For this paper, the results consid-
Tally is an application that allows architects and engineers ered were only the ones related to the performance of the
working with Revit software to quantify the environmental materials that were swapped using the walls and the floors BIM
2996 S. S. MARTINS ET AL.

Figure 9. Simulation of the building’s execution from the early construction stage to end.

Table 3. Comparison between the original and alternative versions on cost (Revit family-cost) and time (Revit family-construction time).
Family Project total Family construction Project total
cost (BRL)a cost (BRL)a time (hours) timespan (days)
Masonry walls and conventional floors 692,317.23 1,381,456.00 900 302
Drywall and conventional floors 1,434,976,32 2,124,155.37 740 294
Drywall and steel deck 1,504,725.04 2,216,408.01 552 271
a
Reais – June/2020.

Table 4. Comparison between alternative designs of the project.


Drywall and conventional floors Variation Masonry walls and conventional floors Variation Drywall and steel deck
Family Cost (BRL) 1,434,976.32 107% ! 692,317.23 117% ! 1,504,725.04
Project Total Cost (BRL) 2,124,155.37 54% ! 1,381,456.00 60% ! 2,216,408.01
Family Construction Time (Hours) 740 18% ! 900 39% ! 552
Project Total Timespam (Days) 294 3% ! 302 10% ! 271
Reference value: Masonry Walls and Conventional Floors.

capabilities. GBS however has many other capabilities related to Table 7 presents the results of the same process applied to the
the standards considered by the Green Building Council for its second alternative, in which not only the masonry walls have
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certifi- been replaced by drywall, but the cast in place conventional
cation (Wang et al. 2018). The results assessed by GBS, from the floors, by steel deck type.
original project, are presented in Table 5. Those results were The last set of verifications is the impact of the building in
used as reference baseline values. global warming, which has been made using the Tally plugin for
Alternative one (1) is a variation of the original project, in Revit. Materials were set manually within the plugin since the
which the masonry walls were replaced by drywall, as previously composition of the walls and floors is not automatically incorpo-
stated. Results of the GBS assessments for Alternative 1 are pre- rated from the materials set in Revit. Components of the verifi-
sented in Table 6. cation are walls, panels and floors. Only the walls, panels and
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2997

Table 5. Energy efficiency assessment of the original design by GBS. Table 7. Energy efficiency assessment of Alternative 2 by GBS.
Original design - Masonry walls and conventional floors Alternative 2 – Drywall and steel deck floors
Energy, carbon and cost summary Energy, carbon and cost summary Variation from baseline
Annual Energy Cost $22,296 Annual energy cost $21,622 –3.12%
Life cycle Cost $3,03,671 Lifecycle cost $2,94,496 –3.12%
Annual CO2 emissions Annual CO2 emissions
Electric 0.0 Mg Electric 0.0 Mg –
On-site Fuel 5.1 Mg Onsite fuel 4.9 Mg –4.08%
Large SUV Equivalent 0.5 SUVs / Year Large SUV equivalent 0.5 SUVs / Year –
Annual energy Annual energy
Energy Use Intensity (EUI) 438 MJ / m2 / year Energy use intensity (EUI) 437 MJ / m2 / year –0.23%
Electric 1,75,702 kWh Electric 1,70,477 kWh –3.06%
Fuel 1,02,582 MJ Fuel 98,628 MJ –4.01%
Annual Peak Demand 24.2 kW Annual peak demand 23.5 kW –2.98%
Lifecycle energy Life cycle energy
Electric 52,71,054 kW Electric 51,14,313 kW –3.06%
Fuel 30,77,457 MJ Fuel 29,58,827 MJ –4.01%

Table 6. Energy efficiency assessment of Alternative 1 project by GBS. numbers, even though there are different variations, such as life
Alternative 1 - Drywall cycle cost (3.12% compared to a very similar 3.11%). The results
Energy, carbon and cost summary Variation from baseline show that the walls provide a higher impact on the energy effi-
Annual Energy Cost $ 21,623.00 –3.11% ciency of the building than the use of the different types of floors
Lifecycle Cost $ 294,501.00 –3.11% used in this project. Table 8 shows wall’s materials, panels, and
Annual CO2 emissions
Electric 0.0 Mg – floors environmental impact. It can be seen, the reduction of the
On-site Fuel 4.9 Mg –4.08% global warm indices replacing masonry walls by drywall, except
Large SUV Equivalent 0.5 SUVs / Year – for the use stage, in which the impact increased; even though the
Annual energy overall impact was still significantly mitigated by 26.11%. The
Energy use intensity (EUI) 437 MJ / m2 / year –0.23%
Electric 1,70,480 kWh –2.89% selection of a steel deck had a negative impact on the global
Fuel 98,628 MJ –4.01% warming impact results presented in Table 8. The overall global
Annual peak demand 23.5 kW –2.98% warming impact increase of Alternative 2, when compared to
Life cycle energy
Alternative 1, was 8.66%, and when compared to the original
Electric 5,114.412 kW –3.06%
Fuel 2,958.827 MJ –4.01% project, the impact was reduced by 19.71%.
The development of a 4 D-BIM project demands some extra
steps when compared to the development of 3 D BIM projects.
The schedule planning team must be integrated with the model-
the floors were included in the Tally report since those are the
ling team and vice versa and so the design products are compat-
elements that differ from the original project to the alterna-
ible (Zhou et al. 2019). The main aspect discussed in this study
tive ones.
is that, although the 4 D BIM shows significant benefits to pro-
Tally is an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) software (Najjar,
ject performance, it is not yet primarily utilized, especially in in-
Figueiredo, Evangelista, et al. 2019), which, provided the needed
development countries. This study investigated the integration
information is fed to the program, a complete report is presented
advantages and challenges adopting different BIM platform soft-
by the plugin. For this study, only the global warming impact
ware; here, the three leading different software were needed to
was assessed and is shown in Table 8.
cover schedule, cost and time and environmental impacts:
Autodesk Revit, for developing the 3 D-BIM model, Microsoft
Discussion Project, for the elaboration of the schedule and Autodesk
Navisworks, for the development of the construction simulations.
The combined software feasibility, integration and compatibility In many cases, the number of needed software could increase
resulted in a practical way to compare cost and time, as shown significantly, depending on the project’s complexity and scope.
in Tables 3 and 4 where it is clear the higher cost of the alterna- This aspect can elevate the project costs, especially to smaller
tive designs 1 and 2 in comparison with original (reference) pro- firms (Marefat et al. 2019).Since the use of software was exten-
ject. On the other hand, the adoption of prefabricated sive in the case study, all software imperfections can also be
components, i.e. drywall and steel deck floor, reduced the con- pointed out as difficulties faced by BIM users (Marefat et al.
struction time. Several researchers (Li et al. 2014; Tam and Hao 2019; Zhou et al. 2019). In this specific case, the main problem
2014) have reported the benefits of industrialization within the was the modelling of 3 D sloped piping that is still not as simple
construction sector. as could be expected, resulting in several working hours of mod-
Table 6 shows the benefits of using drywall presented in the elling and rework.
energy efficiency assessment by GBS. However, those indexes are Among the other difficulties, it was the feasibility of teams’
only marginally improved, ranging from 0.23% to a maximum of integration, training for professionals to use and understand the
4.08%.Table 7 shows that the replacement of the floors has a software for developing de models and simulations.
minimum impact on the energy efficiency indexes, according to Regarding these challenges, this study discusses the difficulties
the GBS analysis. The improvements by the use of drywall were and limitations of BIM software integration; providing the pro-
much more prominent, as shown by the range of the variations. cess of solving them and moving the subject towards the settling
Alternative 1 has variations ranging from 0.23% to 4.08%, and of those matters, since it is demonstrated to the scientific com-
Alternative 2 shows differences ranging through the same munity a straightforward approach to the case.
2998 S. S. MARTINS ET AL.

Table 8. Comparison of global warming impact of the project alternatives.


Global warming impact (kg CO2eq)
Product stage Construction stage Use stage End of life stage Module D Total
Masonry walls and conventional floors 794,732 21,455 74,466 63,803 27,779 982,235
Drywall and conventional floors 576.553 7,577 77,303 37,979 26,372 725,784
Alternative 2 - Drywall þ Steel Deck 654.442 8,059 77,303 37,559 11,311 788,674

The 4 D-BIM approach facilitated combined assessments of In the UK, there are government mandates for the use of
schedule, cost, time and sustainability impacts, when iterations BIM, but resistance to changes, lack of experts, investment cost,
were made within the tender stage of the project by making the and feeling at risk of starting something new are still lingering
development of alternatives more straightforward and providing concerns of the industry players since BIM development in UK
data to support the decision making associated with the pro- is an exclusive commitment of the UK government. Absence of
posed alternatives (Hasan and Rasheed 2019). This approach defined opportunities of adoption of BIM in the UK policy is
could also be associated with nod-BIM, since the sustainability one of the considered barriers to its adoption. Moreover, lack of
aspect is not commonly associated with 4 D-BIM, specifically. clear understanding of BIM by clients and BIM experts’ deficit
Throughout the development of the project’s design simula- were amongst persistent challenges of BIM utilisation even in a
tion, some issues within the initial iterations of the schedule relatively early adopter country. (Hamma-Adama and Kouider
were found, such as the railing and underground piping schedul- 2019). Another barrier to BIM adoption in the UK are the per-
ing. The detection of those issues was greatly facilitated by the ceived fragmented nature of the industry, long and intricate supply
graphical representation of the construction process since it was chains, presenting difficulties for information exchange between
not initially identified at the earlier stage when the schedules and the organisations involved, whereas the benefits of 4 D BIM are
3 D models were completed. It became easily detectable when the those related to understanding and communication, rather than
simulations were executed. the technical aspects of assessing, creating, validating and control-
The results discussed in this section are compared to other ling project timescales. (Gledson and Greenwood 2016)
studies that investigate the state of the use of 4 D and BIM in In Australia, BuildingSMART, an organization for BIM adop-
other countries (developed and under development countries), tion and standardisation was the motivator, organising a work-
and the barriers and benefits associated to the use of these tools. shop for industry stakeholders to accelerate the BIM adoption in
Those studies are mainly, but not exclusively, survey based. Australian AEC market. Standards and guides were developed
Survey based studies complement this type of study, since this is and available for use. However, there is significantly low adop-
a practical study on a single case; whereas questionnaires show tion by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) who are about
the large perception of the industry in the matter. 98% of the construction sector and more than 70% of them are
In Brazil, the greatest barriers to implementing BIM tools are: non-adopters; mostly due to lack of investment cost and lack of
subpar software interoperability, cost, training, restructuring of evident ROI. (Hamma-Adama and Kouider 2019)
pre-established workflow, lack of project team members’ construc- 4D (and nD) BIM can also be applied to other specific areas
tion processes knowledge (Jobim et al. 2017). Since Brazil is an of the AEC industry, such as health and safety management. The
under development country, other similar economies can provide challenges faced by professionals in this area are similar to gen-
insight on the reasons 4 D (or nD) BIM are not yet standard in eral management professionals. Some of barriers to the adoption
the industry. In the Gaza Strip, for example, the main barriers to of BIM and 4 D BIM for health and safety management are: cost,
the application of BIM were lack of universal use in the construc- time (training), and culture (including resistance to change).
tion sector, insufficient training available, not enough demand (Swallow and Zulu 2019)
from clients and/or other firms on projects, and uncertainty of the 5D BIM implementation issues and advantages have also been
safety benefits of BIM implementation. (Enshassi et al. 2016) This compared to the ones found in this study. Findings suggest that
shows that there are many similarities between the two countries’ 5 D BIM may provide advantages over traditional approach in
perceptions on the application of these tools. Similarly, in Iran, estimation by increasing collaboration among project team,
the major difficulties are lack of in-house expertise, lack of skilled increase understanding the project for best estimation of cost and
or trained employees, lack of collaboration, low demand from the time, increasing visualization of construction details, and link 3 D
clients and high cost of software (Marefat et al. 2019). with time and cost, 5 D models gives effective Quantities Take
In developed and early adopter countries, where some barriers Off (QTO), and Reduce Change Order. However there are per-
have already been surpassed, the list of potential barriers differs. ceived barriers to 5 D BIM implementation within the construc-
A literature review and survey study points that insufficient gov- tion industry: culture resistance, companies think that they have
ernment lead/direction, organizational issues, legal issues, high software more accurate than 5 D BIM, lack of protocols for coding
cost of application, resistance to change of thinking mode and objects within building information model, and lack of qualified
insufficient external motivation are issues to the implementation staff to adopt this technology. (Hasan and Rasheed 2019)
of BIM in China (Zhou et al. 2019).
Early BIM adopter countries, such as the United Kingdom,
Conclusion
the United States of America and Australia found distinct chal-
lenges along the adoption of BIM tools. In the US, a pioneer in The main findings of this paper include the usefulness of 4D
BIM adoption, where the industry has been initially developed BIM via integration between Navisworks and BIM-Revit.
with greatest initiative from the private sector and software Additionally, it is possible to point some limitations: extensive
developers, most of the barriers are regulative, since multiple use of different software, depending on project scope; potential
agencies have their own rules and requirements. (Hamma- increase in project costs; software imperfections carried out
Adama and Kouider 2019) through project flow; teams’ integration; AEC professionals
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 2999

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