4.

1 Sampling variable, central limit theorem and confidence limits

Sampling variable: Variables sampling is a process used to predict the value of a specific
variable within a population.

Central limit theorem: The sample mean 𝑥̅ follows approximately the normal distribution with
𝜎
mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝑛 .
√

𝜎
That is, 𝑥̅ ~𝑁 (𝜇, ), where 𝜇 and 𝜎 are mean and standard deviations of the population from
√𝑛
where the sample was selected and the sample size becomes large (𝑛 ≥ 30).
Z value of a standard normal distribution:
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 𝜎
𝑧= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) =
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) √𝑛
Probability of a sample mean in an interval:

𝑎−𝜇 𝑥̅ − 𝜇 𝑏−𝜇
𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑥̅ < 𝑏) = 𝑃 ( < < )
̅̅̅ 𝑆𝐸(𝑥)
𝑆𝐸(𝑥) ̅̅̅ 𝑆𝐸(𝑥)
̅̅̅

𝑎−𝜇 𝑏−𝜇
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
̅̅̅
𝑆𝐸(𝑥) ̅̅̅
𝑆𝐸(𝑥)
Confidence limits:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧=| 𝜎 |
√𝑛
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
±𝑧 = 𝜎
√𝑛
𝜎
±𝑧 = 𝑥̅ − 𝜇
√𝑛
𝜎
𝜇±𝑧 = 𝑥̅
√𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
Lower limit is 𝜇 − 𝑧 and upper limit is 𝜇 + 𝑧 .
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎 𝜎
Confidence interval is (𝜇 − 𝑧 , 𝜇+𝑧 )
√𝑛 √𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

 ̅ < 𝟓𝟔) where 𝒙
1. Using central limit theorem evaluate 𝑷(𝟓𝟎 < 𝒙 ̅ represents the mean of
a random sample of size 100 from an infinite population with mean 𝝁 = 𝟓𝟑 and
variance 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎.

By data, 𝑛 = 100, 𝜇 = 53 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 20.

𝜎 20 20
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = = = =2
√𝑛 √100 10
𝜎
By central limit theorem 𝑥̅ ~𝑁 (𝜇, 𝑛). That is, 𝑥̅ ~𝑁(53, 2)
√
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −53
For a standard normal distribution, 𝑧 = 𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = 2
Therefore,
50−53 𝑥̅ −53 56−53
𝑃(50 < 𝑥̅ < 56) = 𝑃 ( 2 < 2 < 2 ) = 𝑃(−1.5 < 𝑧 < 1.5) = 0.8664

2. An unknown distribution has a mean of 90 and a standard deviation of 15. Samples of

size 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓 are drawn randomly from the population. Find the probability that The
sample mean is between 85 and 92 using central limit theorem.

By data, 𝑛 = 25, 𝜇 = 90 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 15.

𝜎 20 20
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = = = =2
√𝑛 √100 10
𝜎
By central limit theorem 𝑥̅ ~𝑁 (𝜇, 𝑛). That is, 𝑥̅ ~𝑁(90, 3)
√
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −90
For a standard normal distribution, 𝑧 = 𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = 3
Therefore,
85−90 𝑥̅ −90 92−90
𝑃(85 < 𝑥̅ < 92) = 𝑃 ( 3 < 3 < 3 ) = 𝑃(−1.6667 < 𝑧 < 0.6667) = 0.6997

3. A random sample of size 64 is taken from an infinite population having mean 112 and
variance 144. Using central limit theorem find the probability of getting the sample
mean 𝒙̅ greater than 114.5.

By data, 𝑛 = 64, 𝜇 = 112 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 12.

𝜎 20 20
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = = = =2
√𝑛 √100 10
𝜎
By central limit theorem 𝑥̅ ~𝑁 (𝜇, 𝑛). That is, 𝑥̅ ~𝑁(112, 1.5)
√
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −112
For a standard normal distribution, 𝑧 = 𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = 1.5
Therefore,
𝑥̅ −112 114.5−112
𝑃(𝑥̅ > 114.5) = 𝑃 ( 1.5 > ) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.6667) = 0.0477
1.5

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

4. An electric lamp manufacturers light bulbs that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 800 hours and a standard
deviation of 40 hours. Using the central limit theorem, find the probability that the
random sample of 16 bulbs will have an average life of less than 775 hours.

By data, 𝑛 = 16, 𝜇 = 800 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 40.

𝜎 20 20
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = = = =2
√𝑛 √100 10
𝜎
By central limit theorem 𝑥̅ ~𝑁 (𝜇, 𝑛). That is, 𝑥̅ ~𝑁(800, 10)
√
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −800
For a standard normal distribution, 𝑧 = 𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = 10
Therefore,
𝑥̅ −800 775−800
𝑃(𝑥̅ < 775) = 𝑃 ( 10 < 10 ) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −2.5) = 0.0062

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

 4.2 Test of significance - t test
Working rule:
❖ Write the null hypothesis H0.
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑠2
❖ Find the calculated value using |𝑡| = |𝑆.𝐸 (𝒙̅)| , Where 𝑆. 𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = √𝑛−1

❖ Find the critical value using the table at 𝑛 − 1 degrees of freedom.

❖ If calculated value < critical value, Accept H0. H0 is the conclusion.
❖ If calculated value > critical value, Reject H0. H1 is the conclusion.
Notation: Mean S.D

Sample ̅
𝒙 𝒔
Population 𝝁 𝝈

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

Problems:
1. A Machinist making engine parts with axle diameter of 0.7 inches. A random sample
of 10 parts shows mean diameter 0.742 inches with a SD of 0.04 inches. Based on this
sample, would you say that the work is inferior at 5% level of significance?
[𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟗) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔]

Since n = 10, small sample, apply t test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇 = 0.7, The work is not inferior.
Calculated value:
By data, 𝑥̅ = 0.742, 𝑠 = 0.04, 𝜇 = 0.7, 𝛼 = 0.05
𝑠2 0.042
𝑆. 𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = √𝑛−1 = √ = 0.0133
9

𝑥̅ −𝜇 0.742−0.7
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 3.1579
S E(𝑥̅ ) 0.0133

Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 1 = 9
𝑡0.05,9 = 2.26
Comparison:
Calculated value = 3.1579 and Critical value= 2.26
Therefore, Calculated value > Critical value
Conclusion:
Reject H0. The work is inferior.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

2. The nine items of the sample have the following values: 45, 47, 50, 52, 48, 47, 49, 53
and 51. Does the mean of these differ significantly from the assumed mean of 47.5?
[𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟖) = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏]

Since n = 9, apply t test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇 = 47.5, There is no significant difference from the assumed mean 47.5
Calculated value:
By data, 𝜇 = 47.5, 𝛼 = 0.05
∑𝑥 442
𝑥̅ = = = 49.11,
𝑛 9

∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 21762
𝑠2 = −( 𝑛 ) = − 49.112 = 2418 − 2411.79 = 6.2079
𝑛 9

𝑠2 6.2079
𝑆. 𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = √𝑛−1 = √ = 0.8809
8

𝑥̅ −𝜇 49.11−47.5
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 1.8276
𝑆.𝐸(𝑥̅ ) 0.8809

Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 1 = 8
𝑡0.05,8 = 2.31
Comparison:
Calculated value= 1.8276
Critical value= 2.31
Calculated value < Critical value
Conclusion:
Accept H0. There is no significant difference from the assumed mean 47.5

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

3. A random sample of 10 boys had the following IQ: 70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 98,
107, 100. Does this data support the hypothesis that the population mean of IQ’s is
100 at 5% level of significance? [𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟗) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔
Since n = 10, apply t - test.
Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇 = 100, The population mean of IQ’s is 100.
Calculated value:
∑𝑥 972
𝑥̅ = = = 97.2
𝑛 10

∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 96312
𝑠2 = −( 𝑛 ) = − 97.22 = 183.36
𝑛 10

𝑠2 183.36
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = √𝑛−1 = √ = 4.5136
9

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 97.2 − 100
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 0.6203
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) 4.5136
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 1 = 10 − 1 = 9
𝑡0.05,8 = 2.26
Comparison:
Calculated value = 0.6203
Critical value = 2.26
Calculated value < Critical value
Conclusion:
Accept H0. The population mean IQ is 100 at 5% level of significance.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

4. A certain stimulus administered to each of 12 patients resulted in the following
increases of blood pressure: 5, 2, 8, -1, 3, 0, -2, 1, 5, 0, 4, 6. Can it be concluded that
the stimulus will in general be accompanied by an increase in blood pressure?
[𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟏𝟏) = 𝟐. 𝟐

Since n = 12, apply paired t - test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇 = 0, The stimulus will not increase in blood pressure.
Calculated value:
∑𝑑 31
𝑑̅ = 𝑛 = 12 = 2.5833
∑ 𝑑2 ∑𝑑 2 185 31 2
𝑠2 = −( ) = − (12) = 15.4167 − 6.6734 = 8.7433
𝑛 𝑛 12

𝑠 2
8.7433
𝑆𝐸(𝑑̅) = √𝑛−1 = √ 11 = 0.8915

𝑑̅ −𝜇 2.5833−0
|𝑡| = | | =| | = 2.8977
𝑆𝐸(𝑑̅ ) 0.8915

Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 1 = 12 − 1 = 11
𝑡0.05,11 = 2.2
Comparison:
Calculated value = 2.8977
Critical value = 2.2
Calculated value > Critical value
Conclusion:
Reject H0. The stimulus will increase blood pressure.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

5. Eleven students were given a test in statistics. They were given a month’s further
tuition and a second test of equal difficulty was held at the end of it. Do the marks
give evidence that the students have benefitted by extra coaching?
Boys: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Marks I test: 23 20 19 21 18 20 18 17 23 16 19
Marks II test: 24 19 22 18 20 22 20 20 23 20 17
[𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑]

n = 11, apply paired t test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇 = 0, The students did not have benefitted by extra coaching.
Calculated value:
Σ𝑑 = Σ(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) = 11
∑𝑑
𝑑̅ = =1
𝑛
∑ 𝑑2 ∑𝑑 2 61 50
𝑠2 = −( ) = 11 − 1 = 11
𝑛 𝑛

𝑠 2
50/11 50
𝑆𝐸 (𝑑̅) = √𝑛−1 = √ 10 = √110 = 0.6742

𝑑̅ − 𝜇 1−0
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 1.4832
𝑆𝐸(𝑑̅) 0.6742
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 1 = 11 − 1 = 10
𝑡0.05,11 = 2.23
Comparison:
Calculated value = 1.4832
Critical value = 2.2
Calculated value < Critical value
Conclusion:
Accept H0. The students did not have benefit by extra coaching.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

6. A group of boys and girls were given an intelligent test. The mean score SD’s and
numbers in each group are as follows:
Mean S.D n
Boys 124 12 18
Girls 121 10 14
Is the mean score of boys significantly different from that of girls?

[𝒕(.𝟎𝟓,𝟑𝟎) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒]

Since 𝑛1 = 18, 𝑛2 = 14, apply two samples t- test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 , the mean score of boys does not differ significantly from that of girls.
Calculated value:
By data, ̅̅̅
𝑥1 = 124, 𝑥
̅̅̅2 = 121, 𝑠1 = 12, 𝑠2 = 10
𝑛1 𝑠12 +𝑛2 𝑠22 18(144)+14(100)
𝑠2 = = = 133.07
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 18+14−2

2 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝐸(𝑥
̅̅̅1 − 𝑥 2 = √𝑠 (𝑛 + 𝑛 ) = √133.07 (18 + 14) = 4.1106
̅̅̅)
1 2

𝑥1 − ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 𝑥2 124 − 121
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 0.7298
𝑆. 𝐸(𝑥̅̅̅1 − ̅̅̅̅)
𝑥2 4.1106
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 = 30
𝑡0.05,30 = 2.04
Comparison:
Calculated value = 0.7298
Critical value = 2.04
Calculated value < Critical value
Conclusion:
Accept H0. The mean score of boys does not differ significantly from that of girls.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

7. The means of two random samples of sizes 9 and 7 are 196.42 and 198.82 respectively.
The sum of squares of the deviations from the mean are 26.94 and 18.73 respectively.
Can the sample be considered to have been drawn from the same normal population?
[𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟏𝟒) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒]

Since 𝑛1 = 9, 𝑛2 = 7, apply two samples t test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 , sample is drawn from the same normal population.
Calculated value:
By data, ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅2 = 198.82, 𝑛1 𝑠12 = 26.94, 𝑛2 𝑠22 = 18.73
𝑥1 = 196.42, 𝑥
𝑛1 𝑠12 +𝑛2 𝑠22 26.94+18.73
𝑠2 = = = 3.2621
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 9+7−2

2 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝐸(𝑥
̅̅̅1 − 𝑥
̅̅̅)
2 = √𝑠 ( + ) = √3.2621 ( + ) = 0.9102
𝑛1 𝑛2 9 7

𝑥1 − ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 𝑥2 196.42 − 198.82
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 2.6368
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅̅̅1 − ̅̅̅̅)
𝑥2 0.9102
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 = 9 + 7 − 2 = 14
𝑡0.05,140 = 2.14
Comparison:
Calculated value = 2.6368
Critical value = 2.14
Calculated value > Critical value
Conclusion:
Reject H0. Sample is not drawn from the same normal population.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

8. From a random sample of 10 pigs fed on diet A, the increases in weight in a certain
period were 10, 6, 16, 17, 13, 12, 8, 14, 15, 9 lbs. For another random sample of 12
pigs fed on diet B, the increases in the same period were 7, 13, 22, 15, 12, 14, 18, 8, 21,
23, 10, 17 lbs. Test whether diets A and B differ significantly as regards their effect on
increases in weight? [𝒕(.𝟎𝟓, 𝟏𝟒) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗]

Since 𝑛1 = 10, 𝑛2 = 12, apply two samples t test.

Null hypothesis:
H0: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 , diets A and B do not differ significantly.
Calculated value:
∑ 𝑥1 120
By data, ̅̅̅
𝑥1 = = = 12
𝑛1 10
∑ 𝑥2 180
𝑥
̅̅̅2 = = = 15
𝑛2 12

∑ 𝑥1 2 ∑𝑥 2 1560
𝑠12 = − ( 𝑛 1) = − 144 = 12
𝑛1 1 10

∑ 𝑥2 2 ∑𝑥 2 3014
𝑠22 = − ( 𝑛 2) = − 225 = 26.17
𝑛2 2 12

𝑛1 𝑠12 +𝑛2 𝑠22 10(12)+12(26.17)

𝑠2 = = = 21.7020
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 10+12−2

2 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝐸(𝑥
̅̅̅1 − 𝑥 2 = √𝑠 (𝑛 + 𝑛 ) = √21.7020 (10 + 12) = 1.9947
̅̅̅)
1 2

𝑥1 − ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 𝑥2 12 − 15
|𝑡| = | |=| | = 1.5040
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅̅̅1 − ̅̅̅̅)
𝑥2 1.9947
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 = 10 + 12 − 2 = 20
𝑡0.05,140 = 2.09
Comparison:
Calculated value = 1.5040
Critical value = 2.09
Calculated value < Critical value
Conclusion:
Accept H0. Diets A and B do not differ significantly.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

 Home work:
9. A machine is expected to produce nails of length 3 inches. A random sample of 25 nails
gave an average length of 31. Inches with standard deviation 0.3. Can it be said that the
machine is producing nails as per specifications? Given 𝑡0.05 (24) = 2.064
10. Two horses A and B were tested according to the time (seconds) to run a particular race
with the following results:
Horse A 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Test whether you can discriminate between the two horses.
Given that 𝑡0.05 = 2.20 for 11 degrees of freedom
11. Two types of batteries are tested for their length of life and the following results were
obtained:
Battery A Battery B
Mean 500 500
Variance 100 121
Sample size 10 10

Check whether there is a significant difference between two means. [𝑡0.05 (18) = 0.086]
12. A sample of 12 measurements of the diameter of a metal ball gave the mean 7.38 mm
with standard deviation 1.24 mm. Find 99% confidence limits for actual diameter.
[𝑡0.01 (11) = 3.11]
𝑠
Note: Confidence limits for the mean are 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡 (𝛾)
√𝑛−1 𝛼

13. A group of 10 boys fed on a diet A and another group of 8 boys fed on a different diet B
for a period of six months recorded the following increase in weight (lbs).

Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8
Test whether diet A and B differ significantly regarding their effort on increase in
weight

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

 t-table

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

 5.4 Test for goodness of fit
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Working rule:
Find Expected frequency using 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥)
Assume 𝑯𝟎 : Expected frequency distribution is a good fit to the observed frequency
distribution.
Calculated value:
(𝑶𝒊 −𝑬𝒊 )𝟐
Under H0, 𝝌𝟐 = ∑ with 𝑛 − 𝑐 degrees of freedom.
𝑬𝒊

Where 𝑂𝑖 − Observed frequency or tabulated frequency

𝐸𝑖 − Expected frequency or theoretical frequency
𝑛 − number of terms, 𝑐 − number of constraints
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 0.01 (Always upper tailed)
1, 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 𝑐. Where 𝑐 = {2, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Use table.
Conclusion:
If calculated value < critical value,
Accept 𝑯𝟎 .
The expected frequency distribution is a good fit to the observed frequency distribution.
If calculated value > critical value,
Reject 𝑯𝟎 .
The expected frequency distribution is not a good fit to the observed frequency distribution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

 1. A die is thrown 60 times and the frequency distribution for the number appearing
on the face x is given by the following table:

𝒙: 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝒇: 15 6 4 7 11 17
2 (5)
Test the hypothesis that the die is unbiased. [𝜒0.05 = 11.07]

Null Hypothesis: 𝐻0 : The die is unbiased.

Calculated value:

By data observed frequency 𝑂𝑖 : 15, 6, 4, 7, 11, 17.

1
Find expected frequency 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥) = 60 × 6 , 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

(𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
Under 𝐻0 , 𝜒 2 = ∑ with 𝑛 − 1 = 5 d.f
𝐸𝑖

𝑥𝑖 𝑂𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2
𝐸𝑖
1 15 10 25 2.5
2 6 10 16 1.6
3 4 10 36 3.6
4 7 10 9 0.9
5 11 10 1 0.1
6 17 10 49 4.9
13.6
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 𝑛 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5
2
𝜒0.05,5 = 11.07
Comparison:
Calculated value = 13.6
Critical value = 11.07
Calculated value > Critical value
Conclusion: Reject H0. The die is not unbiased.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

2. The following table gives the number of road accidents that occurred in a large city
during the various days of a week. Test the hypothesis that the accidents are
uniformly distributed over all the days of a week. [ 𝝌𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟓 (𝟔) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟗]

Day: Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Total

No. of accidents: 14 16 8 12 11 9 14 84
Null Hypothesis:

𝐻0 : The accidents are uniformly distributed over all the days of a week.

Calculated value:

Observed frequency 𝑂𝑖 : 14, 16, 8, 12, 11, 9, 14.

1
Expected frequency 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥) = 84 × 7, 𝑥: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

(𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
Under 𝐻0 , 𝜒 2 = ∑ with 𝑛 − 1 = 6 d.f
𝐸𝑖

𝑥 𝑂𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2
𝐸𝑖
Sun 14 12 4 4/12
Mon 16 12 16 16/12
Tue 8 12 16 16/12
Wed 12 12 0 0
Thu 11 12 1 1/12
Fri 9 12 9 9/12
Sat 14 12 4 4/12
50/12
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝛾 = 7 − 1 = 7 − 1 = 5
2
𝜒0.05 (6) = 12.59
Comparison:
Calculated value = 50/12
Critical value = 12.59
Calculated value < Critical value

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

 Conclusion: Accept 𝐻𝑜 . Accidents are uniformly distributed over all the days of a week.

3. A set of 5 similar coins is tossed 320 times and the result is

Number of heads: 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency: 6 27 72 112 71 32
Test the hypothesis that the data follows a binomial distribution. [𝝌𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟓 (𝟓) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟕]
Null hypothesis:

𝐻0 : The data follows Binomial distribution.

Calculated value:

Observed frequency 𝑂𝑖 : 6, 27, 72, 112, 71, 32.

Expected frequency 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥) = 320 × 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑥: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

𝐸𝑖 = 320 × 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
1 𝑥 1 5−𝑥
= 320 × 5𝐶𝑥 (2) (2) (n- no. of heads)
1
= 320 × 32 × 5𝐶𝑥 = 10 × 5𝐶𝑥
(𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
Under 𝐻0 , 𝜒 2 = ∑ with 𝑛 − 1 = 6 d.f
𝐸𝑖

𝑥 𝑂𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2
𝐸𝑖 (n-number of values of 𝒙)
0 6 10 16 1.6
1 27 50 529 10.58
2 72 100 784 7.84
3 112 100 144 1.44
4 71 50 441 8.82
5 32 10 484 48.4
78.68
Critical value:

Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05

Degrees of freedom 𝜈 = 𝑛 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5
2 (5)
𝜒0.05 = 11.07

Comparison:

Calculated value = 78.68

Critical Value = 11.07

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

 ∴ Calculated value > Critical Value.

Conclusion: Reject 𝐻𝑜 . The data does not follow Binomial distribution.

4. Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data and test for its goodness of fit at
level of significance 0.05.

𝒙: 0 1 2 3 4

𝒇: 419 352 154 56 19 [𝝌𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟓 (𝟑) = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟐]

Null Hypothesis:

𝐻𝑜 : The data follows Poisson distribution.

Calculated value:

Observed frequency 𝑂𝑖 : 419, 352, 154, 56, 19

𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚𝑥
Expected frequency 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑁 × , 𝑥: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
𝑥!
Σ𝑓𝑥 904
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 1000 = 0.904 and 𝑒 −𝑚 = 𝑒 −0.904 = 0.4049
Σ𝑓

(0.904)𝑥
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥) = 1000 × 𝑃(𝑥) = 404.9 ×
𝑥!
2 (𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
Under 𝐻0 , 𝜒 = ∑ 𝐸 with 𝑛 − 2 = 5 − 2 = 3 degrees of freedom.
𝑖

𝑥 𝑂𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2
(𝑖) 𝐸𝑖
0 419 405+1 169 0.4033
1 352 366 196 0.5355 (Numbers added in 𝐸𝑖 only to preserve
2 154 165 121 0.7333
3 56 50 36 0.7200 totality.)
4 19 11+2 36 2.7692
5.1613

Critical value:

Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05

Degrees of freedom 𝜈 = 𝑛 − 2 = 5 − 2 = 3 (∵ It follows Poisson distribution)

2 (5)
𝜒0.05 = 7.82

Comparison:

Calculated value = 5.1613

Critical value= 7.82

∴ Calculated value < Critical Value.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

 Conclusion: Accept 𝐻0 . Therefore, the data follows Poisson distribution.
5. Genetic theory states that children having one parent of blood type M and other
blood type N will always be one of the three types M, MN, N and that the
proportion of these types will on average 1:2:1. A report says that out of 300
children having one M parent and one N parent, 30% were found to be type M ,
45% of type MN and remainder of type N. Test the hypothesis by 𝝌𝟐 test.
[𝝌𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟓 (𝟐) = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟗]

Null Hypothesis:

𝐻0 : The proportion of these types is on average 1:2:1

Calculated value:

Observed frequency 𝑂𝑖 : 30% 𝑜𝑓 300, 45% 𝑜𝑓 300, 25% 𝑜𝑓 300.

Expected frequency 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑥: 𝑀, 𝑀𝑁, 𝑁

𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
1 2 1
300 × 4 = 75 300 × = 150 300 × = 75
4 4
(𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
Under 𝐻0 , 𝜒 2 = ∑ with 𝑛 − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2 degrees of freedom.
𝐸𝑖

𝑥 𝑂𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2
𝐸𝑖
M 30% of 300 = 90 75 225 3
MN 45% of 300 = 135 150 225 1.5
M 25% of 300 = 75 75 0 0
4.5
Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05

Degrees of freedom 𝜈 = 𝑛 − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2
2 (2)
𝜒0.05 = 5.99

Comparison:
Calculated value = 4.5

Critical value = 5.99

Calculated value < Critical Value.

Conclusion:

Accept 𝐻0 . The proportion of these types is on average 1:2:1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

 6. In experiments on Pea breading, the following frequencies of seeds were obtained:
Round Wrinkled Round Wrinkled Total
and yellow and yellow and green and green
315 101 108 32 556
Theory predicts that the frequencies should be in proportions 𝟗: 𝟑: 𝟑: 𝟏. Examine
the correspondence between theory and experiment. [𝝌𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟓 (𝟑) = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟐]

Null Hypothesis:

𝐻𝑜 : The frequencies are in proportions 9: 3: 3: 1

Calculated value:

Observed frequency 𝑂𝑖 : 315, 101, 108, 32

Expected frequency 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑁 × 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑥: 𝑅𝑌, 𝑊𝑌, 𝑅𝐺, 𝑊𝐺

𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐸3
9
556 × 16 = 313 556 × 3 = 104 556 × 3 = 104 556 × 1 = 35
16 16 16

(𝑂𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
Under 𝐻0 , 𝜒 2 = ∑ with 𝑛 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3 degrees of freedom.
𝐸𝑖

𝑥 𝑂𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 )2
(𝑖) 𝐸𝑖
RY 315 313 4 0.0128
WY 101 104 9 0.0865
RG 108 104 16 0.1538
WG 32 35 9 0.2571
0.5102

Critical value:
Level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05
Degrees of freedom 𝜈 = 𝑛 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
2 (3)
𝜒0.05 = 7.82
Comparison:
Calculated value = 0.5102
Critical value = 7.82
Calculated value < Critical Value.
Conclusion: Accept 𝐻𝑜 . The frequencies should be in proportions 9: 3: 3: 1.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 Tabulated values of 𝝌𝟐 𝜶 (𝝂)

𝜈 𝜒 2 0.05 (𝜈) 𝜒 2 0.01 (𝜈)

1 3.84 6.64
2 5.99 9.21
3 7.82 11.34
4 9.49 13.28
5 11.07 15.09
6 12.59 16.81
7 14.07 18.48
8 15.51 20.09
9 16.92 21.67
10 18.31 23.21

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. The theory predicates the proportion of beans in the four groups 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺4
should be in the ratio 9: 3: 3: 1. In an experiment with 1600 beans the numbers in the
four groups were 882, 313, 287 and 118. Does the experimental result support the
2 (3)
theory? [𝜒0.05 =
7.815]
8. Records taken of the number of male and female births in 800 families having four
children are as follows:
Number of male births 0 1 2 3 4
Number of female births 4 3 2 1 0
Number of families 32 178 290 236 94
Test whether the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the binomial law holds and
2 (4)
the chance of male birth is equal to that of female birth. [𝜒0.05 = 9.488]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

 4.3 F Distribution
Introduction:
❖ The F test is named in honour of the great statistician R A Fisher. The objective of the F
test is to find out whether the two independent estimates of population variance differ
significantly or whether the two samples may be regarded as drawn from the same
population having the same variance.
❖ For carrying out the test significance, The ratio F is defined as

𝑠12
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑠12 > 𝑠22
𝑠22
𝐹= 2
𝑠2
2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑠22 > 𝑠12
{𝑠1

where
∑(𝑥1 − 𝑥 2 ∑(𝑥2 − 𝑥 2
̅̅̅)
1 ̅̅̅)
2
𝑠12 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠22 =
𝑛1 − 1 𝑛2 − 1

❖ The calculated value of F is compared with the tabulated value for 𝜈1 and 𝜈2 at 5% or
1% level of significance. 𝜈1 – Degrees of freedom for sample having larger variance and
𝜈2 - Degrees of freedom for sample having smaller variance.
❖ If the calculated value is less than the tabulated value the null hypothesis is accepted and
it is inferred that both the samples come from the same population.
❖ Since F test is based on the ratio of two variances, it is also known as the variance ratio
test.
❖ The ratio of two variances follows a distribution called the F distribution.
❖ F- Test is based on the following assumptions:
(i) The values in each group are normally distributed.
(ii) The variance within each group should equal for all groups (𝜎12 = 𝜎22 = ⋯ = 𝜎𝑐2 )
(iii) The error (variation of each value around its own group mean) should be
independent for each value.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

1. Two random samples were drawn from two normal populations and their values are:
𝑨: 𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟕 𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟔 𝟖𝟐 𝟖𝟒 𝟖𝟖 𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟐
𝑩: 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟒 𝟕𝟖 𝟖𝟐 𝟖𝟓 𝟖𝟕 𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟑 𝟗𝟓 𝟗𝟕
Test whether two populations have the same variance at the 𝟓% level of significance.
(𝑭𝟏𝟎,𝟖 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔)
Assume 𝐻0 : The two populations have the same variance.

Σ𝑥1 720
𝑥1 =
̅̅̅ = = 80
𝑛1 9

Σ𝑥2 913
𝑥2 =
̅̅̅ = = 83
𝑛2 11

To Find: 𝑠12 and 𝑠22

𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥
̅̅̅1 𝑥2 𝑥1 2
(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) 𝑥2 − ̅̅̅
𝑥2 𝑥2 2
(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
= 𝑥1 − 80 = (𝑥1 − 80)2 = 𝑥2 − 83 = (𝑥2 − 83)2
66 −14 64 196 −19 361
67 −13 66 169 −17 289
75 −5 74 25 −9 81
76 −4 78 16 −5 25
82 2 82 4 −1 1
84 4 85 16 2 4
88 8 87 64 4 16
90 10 92 100 9 81
92 12 93 144 10 100
95 12 144
97 14 196
720 0 913 734 0 1298
2
Σ𝑥1 −−−− Σ𝑥2 Σ(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅)
𝑥1 −−−− 𝑥2 2
Σ(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
̅̅̅1̅)2
∑(𝑥1 −𝑥 734
𝑠12 = = = 91.75
𝑛1 −1 8
̅̅̅2̅)2
∑(𝑥2 −𝑥 1298
𝑠22 = = = 129.8
𝑛2 −1 10
Calculated value:
𝑠2 129.8
𝐹 = 𝑠22 = 91.75 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟓
1
Critical value:
Degrees of freedom 𝜈1 = 𝑛2 − 1 = 10, 𝜈2 = 𝑛2 − 1 = 8
At 5% level of significance, 𝑭𝟏𝟎,𝟖 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔
Conclusion:
Since Calculated value < Critical value, accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, the two populations have the same variance.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

2. In a sample of 8 observations, the sum of square of deviations of items from the mean
was 84.4. In another sample of 10 observations, the value was found to be 102.6. Test
whether the difference is significant at 𝟓% level. [𝑭𝟕, 𝟗 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟖, 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 ]

Assume 𝐻0 : There is no significant difference in the variances of the two samples.

By data,
𝑛1 = 8 ∑(𝑥 − ̅̅̅)𝑥 2 = 84.4
1 1

𝑛2 = 10 𝑥2 2 = 102.6
∑(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
Therefore,
𝑥1 2
∑(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) 84.4
𝑠12 = = = 12.06
𝑛1 − 1 8−1
∑(𝑥2 − 𝑥 2
̅̅̅)
2 102.6
𝑠22 = = = 11.4
𝑛2 − 1 10 − 1
Calculated value:
𝑠12 12.06
𝐹= 2= = 1.06
𝑠2 11.4
Critical value:
Degrees of freedom (𝜈1 , 𝜈2 ) = (𝑛1 − 1, 𝑛2 − 1) = (7, 9).
At 5% level of significance, 𝑭𝟕,𝟗 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟗

Conclusion:
Calculated value < Critical value. Accept 𝐻0 .
There is no significant difference in the variances of the two samples at 5% level of
significance.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25

3. Two samples are drawn from two normal populations. From the following data, test
whether the two samples have the same variance at 5% level:
Sample 1: 60 65 71 74 76 82 85 87
Sample 2: 61 66 67 85 78 63 85 86 88 91

Assume 𝑯𝟎 : Two samples drawn from two normal populations have the same variance.
Σ𝑥1 600
𝑥1 =
̅̅̅ = = 75
𝑛1 8

Σ𝑥2 770
𝑥2 =
̅̅̅ = = 77
𝑛2 10

To Find: 𝑠12 and 𝑠22

𝑥1 𝑥1 − ̅̅̅
𝑥1 𝑥1 2
(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥
̅̅̅2 𝑥2 2
(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
= 𝑥1 − 75 = (𝑥1 − 75)2 = 𝑥2 − 77 = (𝑥2 − 77)2
60 −15 225 61 −16 256
65 −10 100 66 −11 121
71 −4 16 67 −10 100
74 −1 1 85 8 64
76 1 1 78 1 1
82 7 49 63 −14 196
85 10 100 85 8 64
87 12 144 86 9 81
88 11 121
91 14 196
600 0 636 770 0 1200
Σ𝑥1 −−−− 𝑥1 2
Σ(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) Σ𝑥2 −−−− 𝑥2 2
Σ(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)

̅̅̅1̅)2
∑(𝑥1 −𝑥 636
𝑠12 = = = 90.857
𝑛1 −1 7

̅̅̅2̅)2
∑(𝑥2 −𝑥 1200
𝑠22 = = = 133.33
𝑛2 −1 9

Calculated value:
𝑠22 133.33
𝐹= = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟓
𝑠12 90.857
Critical value:
Degrees of freedom 𝜈1 = 𝑛2 − 1 = 9, 𝜈2 = 𝑛1 − 1 = 7
At 5% level of significance, 𝑭𝟗,𝟕 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖
Conclusion:
Since Calculated value < Critical value, accept 𝐻0 .

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

 Therefore, the two samples taken from the two populations have the same variance.

4. The following data present the yields in quintals of common 10 subdivisors of equal
area of two agricultural plots:
Plot 1: 6.2 5.7 6.5 6.0 6.3 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.8
Plot 2: 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.5 5.7 5.5
Test whether two samples taken from two random populations have the same
variance. (𝑭𝟗,𝟗 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖)
Assume 𝐻0 : Two samples drawn from two normal populations have the same variance.
Σ𝑥1 60 Σ𝑥2 57
𝑥1 =
̅̅̅ = = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
̅̅̅2 = = = 5.7
𝑛1 10 𝑛2 10
To Find: 𝑠12 and 𝑠22

𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥
̅̅̅1 𝑥1 2
(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) 𝑥2 𝑥2 − ̅̅̅
𝑥2 𝑥2 2
(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
= 𝑥1 − 6 = (𝑥1 − 6)2 = 𝑥2 − 5.7 = (𝑥2 − 5.7)2
6.2 0.2 0.04 5.6 −0.1 0.01
5.7 −0.3 0.09 5.9 0.2 0.04
6.5 0.5 0.25 5.6 −0.1 0.01
6.0 0 0 5.7 0 0
6.3 0.3 0.09 5.8 0.1 0.01
5.8 −0.2 0.04 5.7 0 0
5.7 −0.3 0.09 6.0 0.3 0.09
6.0 0 0 5.5 −0.2 0.04
6.0 0 0 5.7 0 0
5.8 −0.2 0.04 5.5 −0.2 0.04
60 −−−− 0.64 57 −−−− 0.24
Σ𝑥1 −−−− 𝑥1 2
Σ(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) Σ𝑥2 −−−− Σ(𝑥2 − 𝑥 ̅̅̅)
2
2
̅̅̅1̅)2
∑(𝑥1 −𝑥 0.64
𝑠12 = = = 0.071
𝑛1 −1 9

̅̅̅2̅)2
∑(𝑥2 −𝑥 0.24
𝑠22 = = = 0.027
𝑛2 −1 9

Calculated value:
𝑠12 0.071
𝐹= 2= = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑
𝑠2 0.027
Critical value:
Degrees of freedom 𝜈1 = 𝑛1 − 1 = 9, 𝜈2 = 𝑛2 − 1 = 9
At 5% level of significance, 𝑭𝟗,𝟗 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖
Conclusion:
Since Calculated value < Critical value, accept 𝐻0 .

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

 Therefore, the two samples taken from the two populations have the same variance.

5. Two samples of sizes 9 and 8 give the sum of squares of deviations from their
respective means equal to 160 square inches and 91 square inches respectively. Can
these be regarded as drawn from the same population?

Assume 𝐻0 : Two samples are drawn from the same population.

By data,
𝑛1 = 9 ∑(𝑥 − ̅̅̅) 𝑥 2 = 160
1 1

𝑛2 = 8 𝑥2 2 = 91
∑(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
Therefore,
𝑥1 2
∑(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) 160
𝑠12 = = = 20
𝑛1 − 1 9−1
∑(𝑥2 − 𝑥 2
̅̅̅)
2 91
𝑠22 = = = 13
𝑛2 − 1 8−1
Calculated value:
𝑠12 20
𝐹= 2= = 1.54
𝑠2 13
Critical value:
Degrees of freedom (𝜈1 , 𝜈2 ) = (𝑛1 − 1, 𝑛2 − 1) = (8, 7).
At 5% level of significance, 𝑭𝟖,𝟕 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑

Conclusion:
Calculated value < Critical value. Accept 𝐻0 .
Two samples are drawn from the same population.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

6. Measurements on the length of a copper wire were taken in two experiments A and B
as under:
A’s Measurements (mm): 12.29 12.25 11.86 12.13 12.44 12.78 12.77 11.90 12.47
B’s Measurements (mm): 12.39 12.46 12.34 12.22 11.98 12.46 12.23 12.06
Test whether B’s measurements are more accurate than A’s. (The readings taken in
both cases being unbiased.)
Assume 𝐻0 : Both measurements have the same variance.
Σ𝑥1 110.89 Σ𝑥2 98.14
𝑥1 =
̅̅̅ = = 12.32 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅ 𝑥2 = = = 12.27
𝑛1 9 𝑛2 8

To Find: 𝑠12 and 𝑠22

𝑥1 𝑥1 − ̅̅̅
𝑥1 𝑥1 2
(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) 𝑥2 𝑥2 − ̅̅̅
𝑥2 𝑥2 2
(𝑥2 − ̅̅̅)
= 𝑥1 = (𝑥1 − 6)2 = 𝑥2 − 12.27 = (𝑥2 − 5.7)2
− 12.32
12.29 −0.03 0.0009 12.39 0.12 0.0144
12.25 −0.07 0.0049 12.46 0.19 0.0361
11.86 −0.46 0.2116 12.34 0.07 0.0049
12.13 0.19 0.0361 12.22 −0.05 0.0025
12.44 0.12 0.0144 11.98 −0.29 0.0841
12.78 0.46 0.2116 12.46 0.19 0.0361
12.77 0.45 0.2025 12.23 −0.04 0.0016
11.90 −0.42 0.1764 12.06 −0.21 0.0441
12.47 0.15 0.0225
110.89 −−−− 0.8809 98.14 −−−− 0.2238
Σ𝑥1 −−−− 𝑥1 2
Σ(𝑥1 − ̅̅̅) Σ𝑥2 −−−− Σ(𝑥2 − 𝑥
̅̅̅)
2
2
̅̅̅1̅)2
∑(𝑥1 −𝑥 0.8809
𝑠12 = = = 0.1101
𝑛1 −1 8

̅̅̅2̅)2
∑(𝑥2 −𝑥 0.2238
𝑠22 = = = 0.032
𝑛2 −1 7

Calculated value:
𝑠12 0.1101
𝐹= = = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟏
𝑠22 0.032
Critical value:
Degrees of freedom 𝜈1 = 𝑛1 − 1 = 8, 𝜈2 = 𝑛2 − 1 = 7
At 5% level of significance, 𝑭𝟖,𝟕 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑
Conclusion:

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

 Since Calculated value < Critical value, accept 𝐻0 .
Therefore, Both measurements have the same variance.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30