Equipment in Power System
Sumate Naetiladdanon
1 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Outline of Presentation
} Transmission & Distribution Line Components
– Line Supports – Insulators
– Accessories – Underground Cable Installation
} Terminal Station & Substation Components
– Transformers – Circuit Breakers
– Disconnecting Switches – Instrument Transformers
– Current Limiting Reactors – Surge Arresters
} GIS(Gas Insulated Switchgear)
} Grounding System
} New Technologies in Power System
2 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Transmission Line Design Consideration
} ElectricField on Conductor (High Voltage) ð Corona
ð Bundled Conductor
} Flashover Distance ð Conductor Spacing
} Lightning ð Shield Wires
} Electric Field on Ground Tower Height
Width Right-of-way Line Geometry
Visual Impact
3 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Shield conductor Shield
Examples of Overhead Lines conductor
Insulator
Phase
Composite conductor
insulator
Steel tower
Tower
69kV
Line
Composite
Crossarm Insulator
Two
conductor
bundle
EEE 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 4
Lightning Strokes
} Charge separation takes place inside clouds, so that positive
charges move to the upper part of the cloud while negative
charges stay below.
} Electric charge transfer sets up an electric field within the cloud
} Also the negative charges
at the base of the clouds
repels the free electrons
on the ground below and
accordingly the ground
becomes positively
charged.
5 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Lightning and Transmission Lines
} When lightning makes a direct hit on a transmission line, it
deposits a large electric charge, producing an enormous
over voltage between the line and ground
} The dielectric strength of air is exceeded and the flashover
occurs.
} The line discharge itself and the over voltage disappears in
less than 50 microsecond.
} Adequate protection against lightning requires good
grounding
6 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Overhead Ground wires
} Transmission lines are usually
protected from lightning strikes
with a ground wire.
} This topmost wire (or wires)
helps to attenuate the transient
voltages/currents that arise
during a lighting strike.
} The ground wire is typically
grounded at each pole.
7 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Transmission line area
} The
transmission
line area is
composed of
the right-of-
way and of
border
zones on
both sides of
the right-of-
way.
8 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Hydro Energy Cycle
} Hydropower:
9 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Hydro Energy Cycle
} Hydropower:
10 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Main Threats in Transmission Lines
} Transmission lines are usually
protected from lightning strikes
with a ground wire.
} This topmost wire (or wires)
helps to attenuate the transient
voltages/currents that arise
during a lighting strike.
} The ground wire is typically
grounded at each pole.
11 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Hydro Energy Cycle
} Hydropower:
12 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Transmission Line Structures
} Supporting structure for overhead line conductors are
various types of poles and towers.
} Properties:
} High mechanical strength to withstand weight of conductors
and wind loads.
} Light in weight without the loss of mechanical strength.
} Cheap in cost and economical to maintained
} Longer life
} Easy accessibility of conductors for maintenance
13 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Frequently Used Line Structures
} Lattice
tower, used for 220 kV and above
} Tapered steel tube with cross-arm, 230 kV and below
} Concrete tower, for distribution and sub-transmission
} Wooden pole, for distribution to 220 V
14 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Wooden Poles
Properties
} Suitable for shorter span line (up to 50 m)
} Used for distribution in rural areas
} Cheap, easily available
Drawback
} Tendency to rot below ground level.
(impregnated preservative compounds
like Creosote Oil is used)
} Smaller life (20-25 yrs)
} Used for voltage less than 20 kV
} Less mechanical strength
} Require periodical inspection
15 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Steel Poles
} Used as substitute for wooden
poles
} Poses greater mechanical
strength, longer life and permit
longer spans to be used.
} Used for distribution purpose in
the city.
} Should be galvanized or painted
for long life (no corrosion)
} Types:
- Rail poles -Tubular poles
16 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Reinforced Concrete Poles (R.C.C. Poles)
} Popular line supports in
recent age.
} Greater mechanical strength,
longer life and permit longer
spans than steel poles.
} Good outlook and less
maintenance.
} Good insulating properties.
} Drawback: High cost of
transport because of its heavy
weight. So manufactured at
the site itself.
17 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Steel Towers
} Used for long distance
transmission at higher
voltage (wooden, steel,
RCC are used for
distribution purpose up
to 11 kV)
} Greater mechanical
strength, longer life, can
withstand most severe
climatic conditions.
18 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Steel Towers (Cont.)
} Permit the uses of
longer span
} Tower footings are
grounded by driving
rods into earth (reduce
lightning troubles).
} Double circuit ensures
continuity of supply.
19 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Stringing and Sagging the conductor
} Placing the conductor in position at each pole, tensioning the
conductor so that the tension does not exceed a certain
percentage of its ultimate strength.
} Tensioning the conductor is referred to a “sagging” because tension
and sag are directly related to each other; the proper horizontal
tension “H” is generally determined by measuring sag “S”
} Before any work on stringing and sagging the conductor can
commence, the appropriate sag tables must be obtained.
20 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Sag and Span of Tower
} Sag is defined as the vertical distance between the point where
the line is joined to the tower and the lowest point on the line.
21 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Sag Calculation
δ - sag (m)
w - weight of the
conductor per unit
length (kg/m or N/m) Consider OB is the equilibrium tension of the conductor and
L - span (m) force acting on it are the horizontal tension H at O.
H – tension in the
conductor at the point of
maximum deflection O
TB – tension in the
conductor at the point of
support B.
22 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Sag and Tension: Example
} For high tensions,
the sag should be
small.
} For low tensions,
the sag should be
high.
23 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Sag-tension Envelope
24 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Normal Clearances for Overhead Lines
Voltage Level Clearance to Ground
less than 66kV 20 feet (6.1m)
66kV to 110kV 21 feet (6.4m)
110kV to 165kV 22 feet (6.7m)
greater than 165kV 23 feet (7.0m)
} Maximum sag so that clearance to ground and other conductors can
be maintained.
} Maximum tension so that structures can be designed to withstand it.
} Minimum sag to control structure uplift problems.
25 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Insulators
} Mechanical support for conductors that prevents current to
flow to ground via supports and provides necessary insulation
between line conductors and support (ground).
Properties:
} High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind
load.
} High electrical resistance of insulator material in order that dielectric
strength is high.
} Material should be non-porous, free from impurities and crack.
} High ratio of puncture strength to flashover.
26 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Causes of Insulation Failure
} Insulators required to withstand both mechanical and
electrical stress.
} High electrical stress may cause breakdown of insulators.
} Flashover (due to arc formation in the surface between
conductor and pin)
} Puncture (discharge occurs from conductor to pin via body of
insulator)
27 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Insulator Materials
} Porcelain, glass, steatite or some other composite materials.
} Porcelain less effected by temperature change and gives less
trouble from leakage
} New technology uses polymer composite insulators
} Less cost, lighter in weight and excellent hydrophobic capability.
} Long-term service life not yet proven
} Commonly Used Insulators
} Pin Insulators / Suspension Insulators / Strain Insulators / Shackle
Insulators
28 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Insulator: Pin Type
} Placed in the cross arm of the pole.
} Used for transmission and distribution
up to 33 kV.
} Groove is provided for housing of the
conductor.
} Cost of this type of insulators increases
rapidly as working voltage increases.
(not economical beyond 33 kV)
29 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Insulator: Pin Type (Cont.)
} Installation Example
30 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Insulator: Suspension Type
} Used for high voltage (>33kV)
} Consists of number of porcelain discs
connected in series by metal links in
the form of string.
} Conductor is suspended at the bottom
end of the string and other end is fixed
in the cross arm of the tower.
} Each disc can insulate 11 kV (Higher voltage rating 15KV). So
number of disc in a string depends upon the voltage level of
transmission.
31 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Advantages of Suspension Insulator
} Cheaper than pin type beyond 33 kV
} Desired number of disc can be connected
in series for the working voltage.
} If one of the disc insulators is damaged, it
can be replaced much easily.
} Mechanical stresses is less since the line
hanged on a flexible suspension string.
} Conductors may be much safer from
lightning.
32 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Disadvantages of Suspension Insulator
} Requires more height of supporting
structure than that for pin or post
insulator to maintain same ground
clearance of current conductor.
} The amplitude of free swing of
conductors is larger in suspension
insulator system, hence, more
spacing between conductors
Corona Ring
should be provided.
33 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Hydro Energy Cycle
} Hydropower:
34 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Typical Number of Disc Insulator Units
} Hydropower:
35 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Insulator: Strain Type
} Used in dead end of the line
where the line is subjected
to greater tension.
} For HV transmission line, it
consists of assembly of
suspension insulators as
shown.
} For high tension in the line two or more strings of strain insulators
can be used in parallel.
} For low voltage (< 11 kV), Shackle Insulator used as strain insulator
36 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Stay Insulator
} For low voltage lines, the stays are to be
insulated from ground at a height.
} The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay
insulator and is usually of porcelain and is so designed
that in case of breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will
not fall to the ground.
37 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Shackle Insulator or Spool Insulator
} Can also be used as strain insulator.
} Frequently used for low voltage (400 V)
distribution line.
} Can be used both horizontal and
vertical position.
} Directly fixed to the pole with bolt or
can be fixed in the crossarm.
} Used where we need to run the line
with certain bending with some angle.
38 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Transmission Line Accessories
39 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Bundling Spacer
40 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Pole Top Hardware
} Hydropower:
41 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Underground Cable Installation
} Direct-buried cable
} Direct-buried conduit
} Concrete-encased conduit (duct bank)
} Cable trenches (partially underground)
} Tunnel
42 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Underground Network with Manhole
} Hydropower:
43 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Concrete-encased Conduit (Duct Bank)
} Hydropower:
44 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Examples of Underground Transmission Lines
} Hydropower:
Underground
Covering the transmission line transmission line tunnel
EEE: Cable installation of
Transmission line EEE: 330
330 Power
CableGeneration,
Power Transmission
Transmission and
snaking through
Generation, and Distribution
Distribution Systems
45
Systems 45
EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution underground transmission
Systems
laid in a45
trench underground transmission tunnel
line
Utilities Power Systems - EHV Cable systems reference
} Hydropower:21km tunnel and 400kV cable circuit
Conduit
46 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Underground Substation
Cable
Riser
Pole
47 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Terminal Station & Substation Components
} Steel structure & Bus bars
} Transformers
} Circuit breakers
} Disconnecting switches
} Instrument transformers (voltage and current transformers)
} Lightning arresters (or Surge arresters)
} Line trap (for PLC communication)
} Auto-Recloser
48 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 49
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 50
Equipment in Substation
} Hydropower:
Bus bar
Current CT
Disconnect Circuit Disconnect
breaker
51 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 52
Steel Structure
} Hydropower:
53 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Busbar
} Made from copper or aluminum and installed on the post insulator
} Approximate diameter 100 – 250 mm.
54 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
3 Phase Busbar Arrangement
} Hydropower:
Fm: Force to busbar
due to the
symmetrical
short circuit
current
55 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Power Transformer
} Hydropower:
56 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Transformer Components
} Body with winding and core
} Oil level gauge
} OLTC (On-Load Tap Changer)
} Motor drive
} Buchholz relay
} Oil flow protection relay
} Pressure Relief Valve
} Air Breather } Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Filter } Oil Temperature Indicator
57 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Hydro Energy Cycle
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
58 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Hydro Energy Cycle
} Hydropower:
59 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Solid Type Bushing
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
60 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Condenser Bushing
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
61 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
62 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
OLTC INSPECTION
Diverter Switch
63 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Motor Drive & On Load Tap Changer
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
64 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Buchholz Relay
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
65 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Oil Flow Protection Relay & Pressure Relief Valve
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
66 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Conservator
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
67 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Dehydrating Breather
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
Oil Filter
68 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Heat Radiation of Transformer
} O.N. – Oil Natural } O.F.A.F. – Oil Forced Air Forced
} O.N.A.N. – Oil Natural Air Natural } O.F.W.F – Oil Forced Water Forced
} O.N.A.F. – Oil Natural Air Forced
69 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Circuit Breaker
} A circuit breaker is a device used to complete, maintain,
and interrupt high current flowing in a circuit under
normal or faulted conditions.
} Hidden contact with Protection
} Type of HV Circuit Breakers:
} Air Circuit Breaker
} Oil Circuit Breaker
} Vacuum Circuit Breaker
} SF6 Circuit Breaker
70 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Operating Mechanisms
} The operating mechanisms are generally operating spring.
The closing force is obtained from the following means:
a. Solenoid
b. Spring charged manually or by motor
c. Pneumatic
} Fixed and movable contacts
71 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Principle of Arc Quenching
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
72 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Air Circuit Breaker
} Air circuit breakers are
used to interrupt
circuits while current
flows through them.
} Compressed air is
used to quench the
arc when the
connection is broken.
73 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Oil Circuit Breaker
} Oil circuit breakers use Dielectric
oil (Transformer oil) for the
purpose of arc extinction.
} Arc extinction takes place in a
tank; whereas in minimum oil
circuit breakers the arc extinction
takes place in insulating housing
enclosed in ceramic enclosures.
} Due to the maintenance
problem, the oil circuit breakers
became unpopular.
74 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Oil Circuit Breaker: Cutaway Model
} The valves are actuated by a
motor drive which is via rods and
levers with the connected
centrally in the inner switching
pole mounted.
} The interior is in normal
operation completely filled with
insulating oil.
} Short-circuit power: 1.3 GW
} Operating voltage: 110 kV
75 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
} Utilizes a vacuum to extinguish
arcing when the circuit breaker is
opened and to act as a dielectric
to insulate the contacts after the
arc is interrupted.
} Despite the high performance,
the high cost installation made
the vacuum circuit breakers
preferable in distribution system.
76 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
SF6 Circuit Breaker
} Filled with compressed sulfur-
hexafluoride gas which acts to
open and close the switch
contacts.
} Now being widely used in
electrical equipment like high
voltage metal enclosed cables;
high voltage metal clad
switchgear, capacitors, circuit
breakers, current transformers,
bushings, etc.
77 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
} SF6 : An inert, heavy gas having
good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties.
} The dielectric strength of the
gas increases with pressure and
is more than of dielectric
strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2.
} The gas is liquefied at certain
low temperature, liquefaction
temperature increases with
pressure.
78 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
SF6 Circuit
Breaker
} Cross section
detials
79 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
SF6 Circuit Breaker
80 EEE: 330 Power Generation,
EEE: 330 PowerTransmission
Generation, and Distribution Systems
Transmission 80
and Distribution Systems
Circuit Breaker, CB
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 81
Disconnecting Switches
} Used to isolate equipment or
to redirect current in a
substation.
} Provide equipment protection
for transformers, lines, cables,
and capacitor banks.
} Interrupt small current also used to energize and de-
energize capacitor banks and other circuits.
} Visible interruption with manual control
82 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Disconnecting Switches Operation
} Contact arm will open or close the circuit
} Earthing switch provides the path in order to discharge the
trapped charge to earth prior to maintenance and repairs.
83 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
3 Column Rotary Disconnecting Switch
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
84 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Open
Disconnecting Switch
Open
Ground
Switch
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 85
22 kV Disconnecting Switches
Disconnecting Switch Ground Switch
86 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Current Transformer
} Reduces current for monitoring
} Turns ratio (400/5, 1000/5, 2000/5)
} Secondary side is never open-circuited
to avoid the high voltage occurs.
87 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Current Transformer: Example
Pole type constant
current transformer
88 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Instrument Transformers
} Voltage & Current A combined optical CT/VT
89 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Potential Transformer (Voltage Transformer)
} Reduce voltage for monitoring
} Turn ratio (X kV / 220 V)
} Also C voltage divider
90 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
91 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Voltage Transformer: Example
92 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Lightning Arrester (Surge Arrester)
} Provides protection for substation major
equipment against overvoltage
93 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Metal Oxide Surge Arrester
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
94 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Metal Oxide Characteristics
} Voltage Regulating Relay
} Oil Temperature Indicator
95 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Lightning Arrester: Example
Pole mounted type -
lightning arrester
96 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Recloser
} A circuit breaker equipped with a
mechanism that can automatically
close the breaker after it has been
opened due to a momentary fault.
} Used on overhead distribution
systems
} Improves service continuity by
automatically restoring power to
the line after a fault.
97 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Current Limiting Reactors
} Reduce short-
circuit currents to
levels that can
be adequately
handled by
existing
distribution
equipment
98 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Power-line Carrier
} Communication equipment that operates at radio-frequencies,
generally below 600 kHz, to transmit information over electric
power transmission lines.
99 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Power-line Carrier (Cont.)
} A high frequency signal is
superimposed on the normal
voltage on a power circuit.
Line Tuner Transmitter/Receiver
CVT Mounted Line Trap
100 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Drop-out Fuse (Load Break Fuse)
} Single-pole disconnecting switch combined with a fuse,
} Used at consumer service drop
} Also called as a fused cutout
101 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
102 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Consumer Service Drop
} Hydropower:
103 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Gas Insulated Switchgear
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 104
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)
} Conductors and contacts 115 kV GIS
are insulated by
pressurized sulfur
hexafluoride gas (SF6)
} Oil, air and vacuum are
also used
} The combination of equipment within the switchgear enclosure
allows them to interrupt fault currents of thousands of amps.
} A circuit breaker (within a switchgear enclosure) is the primary
component that interrupts fault currents.
105 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Switchgear Components
1. Busbar with
combined
disconnector and
earthing switch
2. Circuit breaker
3. Current transformer
4. Voltage transformer
5. Line disconnector
with earthing switch
6. Make-safe earthing
switch
7. Cable sealing end Bay with double busbar and cable connection
8. Control cubicle
106 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Enclosure
} Three phase enclosure: Alloy or Steel
107 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 108
BUSBAR
Switchgear Components
} the conductors and contacts are insulated by
pressurized sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6)
Bolt
Insulation
Spacer
109 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 110
Substation Grounding
} To protect the equipment from surges and lightning strikes
and to protect the operating persons in the substation.
} Connecting neutral points of transformers and generators to
ground and also for connecting the non-current carrying metal
parts such as structures, overhead shielding wires to earth.
} A grounding mat below the earth surface in and around the
substation which will have uniformly zero potential with respect
to ground and lower earth resistance (to minimize the rise in
earth potential).
111 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 112
Earth Voltage Rise
3 voltages have to be considered.
1. Touch Voltage: voltage between the energized object and the
feet of a person in contact with the object
2. Step Voltage: voltage between the feet (0.5 m) of a person
standing near an energized grounded object
3. Mesh Voltage: the voltage difference between the metallic
object connected to the grid, and the potential of the soil
within the grid.
113 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
EEE: 330 Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems 114
Types of Grounding
} Unearthed Systems: Neutral is not connected to the earth, no more
use.
} Solid grounding or effective grounding: Neutral is directly connected
to the earth without any impedance between neutral and ground.
} Resistance grounding: Resistance is connected between the neutral
and the ground.
} Resonant Grounding: An adjustable reactor of correctly selected
value to compensate the capacitive earth current is connected
between the neutral and the earth. The coil is called Arc Suppression
Coil or Earth Fault Neutralizer.
115 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Grounding: Example
116 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Grounding: Example
117 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Grounding Components
} In switchyard, the
ground is covered by
the crushed rock in
order to maintain
the ground humidity.
} The grounding
resistance is kept
under the limit
as well as increasing the resistance between the human
and the ground.
118 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Power System Automation
} Automation became integrated
with preventative/predictive
maintenance
} Need computers to process
grid’s operational and non
operational data
} Achieved through automation
called SCADA
119 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Power
System
Automation
120 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Power
System
Automation
121 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Increasing Pressure Ratio
} Cause
122
New Technologies in Power System
SMART GRID
} Sensing and Measurement
} Communications and Security
} Components and Subsystems
} Interfaces and Decision Support
} Control Methods and Topologies
} Trading in Smart Grid
123 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Sensing and Measurement
} Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
} Phasor measurement unit (PMU)
} Distributed weather sensing
124 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Components and Subsystems
125 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Artificial Intelligence
} Advanced Pattern Recognition
} Visualization Human Interface
126 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Autonomous Power System
} Nano / Micro / Mini / Super Grid
} IDAPS Agent Technology
127 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
} P2P
Trading in Smart Grid } Blockchain
128 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Robots & Drones in Power System
Robots & Drones in
Power System
129 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
VR & AR and etc.
130 EEE 330: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
