PROJECT REPORT ON

MANUAL FLOOR CLEANING MACHINE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for

the degree of
BACHEOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IN
JLD ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE
UNDER
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology, West Bengal
BY
GROUP – 3

Under the supervision of

SOUGATA KUNDU sir
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

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 OUR GROUP MEMBERS

SL NO. Name Roll

1 SK Sabbir 34700722020
2 Krishna Barick 34700722021
3 Manotosh Samanta 34700722022
4 Pritam Koley 34700722025
5 Aditya Manna 34700722018
6 Soumitra Das 34700721009
7 Utsav Samanta 34700721026
8 Soumyadip Sardar 34700721012

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 CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION

This is to certify that SK Sabbir, Krishna Barik, Manotosh

Samanta, Pritam Kolay, Aditya Manna, Soumitra Das, Utsav
Samanta and Soumitra Sardar students of 3rd year Mechanical
Engineering branch in JLD ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT COLLEGE(2022-2025) have successfully
completed the 3rd year project “Mechanical floor cleaning machine”
the supervision of the project supervisor Mr. SOUGATA KUNDU
for the partial fulfilment of required for the award of the degree of
JLD ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

DATE :- Signature of Student

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 APPROVAL OF THE PROJECT

A project entitled “Mechanical floor cleaning machine” submitted by

SK Sabbir, Krishna Barik, Manotosh Samanta, Pritam Kolay,
Aditya Manna, Soumitra Das, Utsav Samanta and Soumitra Sardar
is approved for Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
branch.

Project Supervisor sign HOD sign

Examiner sign

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

From our all group members are heartedly express our sincere gratitude to
Mr. SOUGATA KUNDU sir, who guided us for the completion of this
project. We are also thankful to our all the teachers for explaining critical
aspects of topics related to the project. We are also helpful to our workers of
workshop for permitting us to have some help from them.

We would like to thank all the faculties of other

respective departments for the cooperation throughout the period of
completion of the project.

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 INDEX

SL PAGE
CONTENTS
NO. NO.
1. Abstract. 7
2. Introduction. 8
3. Construction of Mechanical floor cleaning machine. 9
4. Types of Mechanical floor cleaning machine. 10 - 12
5. Objective. 13
6. Literature review. 14 - 15
7. Working principle. 16 - 23
8. Application. 24
9. Future scope. 25
10. Conclusion. 25
11. Reference. 26

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 ABSTRACT

Cleaning is the essential need of current time. Cleaning machines are very
useful in cleaning floors, outside ground in hospitals, houses, auditoriums,
bus stands and public places etc. Many researchers have done so many works
in evaluation of design of cleaning machine to give better outcomes, but
many researchers were operating their machine with the help of any external
source like electrical energy, but this machine has been designed in such a
way that it can be operated by manual power and there is no need of electric
energy or any other energy. For the above said purpose the manual power is
transferred from the chain socket to the gear through chain mechanism then
its power transfer to bevel gear and it result to rotate the wheels and floor
cleaning work is performed, which makes this machine completely manually
operated without any external source of energy and its manufacture, and
design is also cheaper in cost and reliable for everyone. It is capable for the
cleaning purpose of both dry and wet floor and easily transfer from one place
to other due to its light weight and simple design. Also, a benefit is that it is
environmentally friendly. The components have been used In designing this
mechanically operated floor cleaning machine are steel bar, bevel gear,
wheel, wooden clips, bearing, rod, wiper, chain socket, gear. Building
maintenance is often characterized by an infinite series of drab, unclean,
time-consuming, and unpleasant duties such as floor washing. Abstract
Although there have been multiple precedents demonstrating the benefits of
deploying floor cleaning robots to maintain constructed structures, standard
platforms have performance issues. Their fixed morphological design, which
severely limits their navigation and access, is a primary contributor to their
performance shortfall. The designed robot can change its morphology to
seven one-sided tetrominoes in reaction to its sensed environment to
maximize its coverage area. This research examines the coverage area
performance of the robot and compares it to two widely available fixed
morphology robot platforms. The traditional mechanically operated floor
cleaning machine is most used in road, school, house, bus stand, mall, airport
and other commercial place. This machine does not require any type of
external source of energy for its operating. The aim of present work is to
design and develop process for cleaning the dry floor manually. This
mechanically operated floor cleaning machine is designed by keeping the
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basic consideration for reduction in cost and efforts while being environment
friendly and easy to handle.

INTRODUCTION

Effective cleaning and sanitizing Helps and protect the health of the human
beings Directly and indirectly. Also, cleaning and sanitizing Prevents the pest
infestations by reducing residues That can attract and support bees, pests etc.
It also Improves the self-life of the floor, walls etc. due to Regular cleaning
and maintenance. In recent years, Most of the people prefer to use trains or
buses for Commuting and hence these places are littered with Biscuits
covers, cold drink bottles etc. Hence, it is Necessary to clean the bus stands
and railways Stations at regular interval. There is no one single Cleaning
method that is suitable cleaning technique And also the equipment should be
user friendly.
Cleaning work can be physically demanding And a need has been identified
to developed methods For systematic ergonomics evaluation robots are
Getting more popular for busy and aging populations Due to lack of workers.
However in India, Unemployment is more and hence there is a need to
Develop less labor oriented cleaning machine. Hence, The present work is
aimed to design, development and Evaluation of a manually operated floor
cleaning Machine. In recent years, conventional floor cleaning Machines are
most widely used in airports , railway Stations, malls, hospitals and in many
commercial Places, as cleaning is one of the important parameter For the
sanitation and government regulations . For Maintaining such places,
cleaning the floor is the Major task novation publications international
journal Of innovations in engineering research and Technology [iciest] sins:
2394-3696 volume 4, issue 3, Mar.-2017 which is necessary. There are
conventional floor cleaning Machines available to perform floor cleaning
Operations in above said places. Generally a Conventional floor cleaning
machines requires Electrical energy for its operation. In India, especially In
summer there is power crisis, in majority of places.

Hence cleaning the floor using the conventional floor Cleaning machines is
difficult without electricity. In This project an effort has been made to
develop a Manually operated floor cleaning machine so that it Can be an
alternative for conventional floor cleaning Machines during power crisis.
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 CONSTRUCTION OF MECHANICAL FLOOR CLEANING
MACHINE

Materials:

1. Sturdy frame (wood or metal).

2. Wheels (to facilitate movement).
3. Cleaning brush or scrubber.
4. Handlebar (for pushing and steering).
5. Cleaning solution container (optional).
6. Squeegee or mop attachment (for drying).

Steps:

 Design the frame: Create a design for the frame of your cleaning
machine. Ensure it’s sturdy and can support the weight of the
components.
 Attach wheels: Install wheels to the bottom of the frame to allow for
easy maneuverability.
 Add cleaning mechanism: Attach a cleaning brush or scrubber to the
underside of the frame. This can be powered manually by hand or foot.
 Incorporate a handlebar: Install a handlebar at a comfortable height for
pushing and steering the machine.
 Optional: Include a cleaning solution container If desired, add a
container to hold cleaning solution, which can be dispensed onto the
floor as needed.
 Attach drying attachment: If you’re using a wet cleaning method,
consider adding a squeegee or mop attachment to dry the floor after
cleaning.
 Once you’ve assembled all the components, test your manual floor
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 cleaning machine to ensure it works effectively.

TYPES OF FLOOR CLEANING MACHINE

Floor cleaning machines are more powerful and sophisticated than ever —
empowering your cleaning team to achieve better results and improved
cleaning efficiency while ensuring greater safety for both machine operators
and facility users. But there’s no one-size-fits-all cleaning machine. The right
machine for the job depends on the type of floor you’re cleaning, the types of
soils you’re dealing with, the size of the space, the setup of your facility and
more.

Here’s a quick guide to the basic types of floor cleaning machines — and
when and where to use them:

1. Sweepers
Dirt and debris can accumulate quickly on floors of all types. Floor sweepers
help you remove this dust, dirt and debris efficiently and effectively — on
both hard and soft floors. From battery-powered walk-behind machines to
industrial ride-on machines, sweepers can be used to keep carpeted and hard
floors clean indoors — and to sweep sidewalks, walkways and even parking
lots outdoors.

2. Scrubbers
Frequent sweeping is great for removing dust and debris, but floor scrubbers
are used to remove other soils that have built up or adhered to the hard
surface. Scrubbers are almost always used indoors and only on hard flooring
surfaces. Smaller walk-behind scrubbers are ideal for small spaces and tight
areas, including bathroom stalls. Larger ride-on scrubbers can be used to
clean much larger areas — up to tens of thousands of square feet.

3. Burnishers
Many hard flooring surfaces are designed to provide a high-shine finish that
communicates clean at a glance. Floor burnishers bring out that shiny,
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lustrous finish. Burnishers are generally only used indoors and only on hard
surfaces. Because every facility is unique, burnishers come in a variety of
sizes, both walk-behind and ride-on options and power system
configurations.

4. Vacuums
Cleaning carpet with a vacuum is likely the most familiar floor cleaning task
for most individuals. But commercial grade vacuums deliver significantly
enhanced performance and durability — and come in a variety of types to
suit your need. Lightweight upright and backpack vacuums are highly mobile
and maneuverable for stairways and small, tight spaces. There are two power
source options, corded and battery. Battery vacuums increase productivity
and help prevent trip and fall hazards. For larger lobbies, hallways or aisles,
an upright vacuum — wide area, single- or dual-motor — delivers the simple
usability and powerful performance you want. To manage small debris,
spills, oily residues and even floods, you can use a wet-dry vacuum. Canister
vacuums can clean hard and soft floors efficiently with their easy
maneuverability.

5. Carpet Extractors
Soft flooring surfaces like carpet can present additional cleaning challenges.
Carpet extractors make it easy to keep carpet clean and dry with powerful
soft-floor cleaning capabilities that can be deployed for regular, fast-drying
interim cleaning in high-traffic areas — or spot-cleaning to address stains,
spills and moisture that is tracked into the facility.

6. Specialty Cleaning Machines

No two facilities’ cleaning challenges are exactly alike. Fortunately, several
types of specialty cleaning equipment can help tackle specific and unique
floor cleaning demands. All-surface cleaning machines like the Tennant
ASC-15 deliver 100% recovery of dirty water while blowing surfaces dry
with an integrated blower fan — perfect for cleaning restrooms. For tile
flooring with grout lines, multi-surface cleaning machines like the Tennant
Q12 provide adjustable-pressure jets to clean without damaging. And
standalone industrial blower fans can quickly and effectively dry hard floors,
carpet, and other wet surfaces

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SL. Machine
Application Style Functionality
NO. Type
Indoor & Walk-Behind Sweeping up dirt
1 Sweeper
outdoor or Ride-On and debris

Using water or
cleaning solution
Walk-Behind
2 Scrubber Indoor to scrub dirt and
or Ride-On
other grime from
hard flooring

Sweeping dust
Sweeper- Indoor & and debris;
3 Ride-On
Scrubber Outdoor scrubbing dust,
dirt, and grime
Achieve gloss-
Walk-Behind
4 Burnisher Indoor like results on
or Ride-On
hard flooring
Upright, Remove soils
5 Vacuum Indoor Canister, or from carpeted
Backpack surfaces

Cleaning, stain
Carpet Walk-Behind removal, and
6 Indoor
Extractor or Ride-On drying of
carpeted flooring

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 Specialty Specialized floor
Indoor &
7 Cleaning Walk-Behind cleaning and
Outdoor
Machines drying needs

OBJECTIVE

Manual floor cleaning machines typically have several objectives, including:

 Efficiency: To clean floors effectively and efficiently, saving time and

effort compared to traditional manual cleaning methods like mopping.
 Versatility: Ability to clean various types of flooring surfaces such as
tiles, hardwood, laminate, and concrete.
 Ease of Use: Designed to be user-friendly, requiring minimal training to
operate effectively.
 Ergonomics: Designed with ergonomic features to reduce strain and
fatigue on the user’s body during operation.
 Portability: Lightweight and compact design for easy transportation and
maneuverability around different areas.
 Hygiene: Ensure thorough cleaning to maintain hygiene standards,
especially in commercial and industrial settings.
 Durability: Constructed from sturdy materials to withstand frequent use
and harsh cleaning chemicals.
 Cost-effectiveness: Provide a cost-effective solution for floor cleaning
needs, with low maintenance and operational costs.
 Environmental Considerations: Some models may focus on eco-
friendly features such as using less water or energy-efficient
mechanisms.
 Safety: Incorporate safety features to prevent accidents or injuries
during operation.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Various researchers have worked on floor cleaning machines and related

properties, and a light has been thrown on some of the recent works done
by different scholars. A cleaning machine for the floor was designed and
prepared a 3D model of their project or, say, a machine in the modeling
software and then analyzed by applying boundary conditions as their project
conclusion and found that the level of stress on a handheld machine is
within the safe range . A Street Cleaning Machine operated by Tricycle
was manufactured. This research article depicts that it has been made for
most use in rural areas and concluded that cleansing is working less when the
road seems too heavy again damaged . A multi-use floor cleaning machine
using A.C. induction Motor and speed reduction method was designed
and manufactured. The machine produced was highly efficient and showed
flexibility. The operational capacity of the given mechanical project is also
fulfilled by using the machine; the process of cleaning the floor can be done
quickly and easily in an effective manner. An automatic floor cleaner using a
Direct Current Motor and configured a wiper mechanism was designed and
fabricated. The proposed machine produced shows flexibility and
laboriousness. Successful utilization of Solar Energy saves electricity.
The main aim for this project is achieved, and using the device, floor
cleaning can be done quickly. In 1868, the first W. McGuffey in Chicago. In
the late 1990s & early 2000s, many different companies came into the
market to develop robotic vacuum cleaners. But again, the only problem
with these cleaning devices is the consumption of electricity for operating
them. A floor cleaning machine that was manually operated, which is
simply a bicycle working on the same concept up to some extent. But
this project lacks efficiency with a high margin of error. Besides the fact
that it was not so efficient, it deals with the problem that women could
not operate it as efficiently as men. Effective cleaning and sanitizing play an
essential role in human beings’ health. Several studies on human-robot
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interaction with floor cleaning robots have been published. Fink et al.
describe ethnographic research of floor cleaning robots conducted in various
residences over six months. User perception, usage analysis, and social
activities involving cleaning robots are all thoroughly researched in their
research. Sakamoto et al. offer a computer screen interface for engaging
with a floor cleaning robot based on stroke gestures.

Their experiments show that the proposed interface can manage a cleaning
robot and obtain various views from ceiling cameras. Based on a bio-inspired
neural network technique, Luo and Yang suggest multi-robot cooperative
sweeping. The authors investigate the total coverage and path planning
challenges associated with unstructured workspaces using many cleaning
robots. Another critical study describes a cellular decomposition method for
dividing a cleaning space into cells and providing a good coverage plan for
two indoor floor cleaning robots over the cells. With the market for floor
cleaning robotic goods increasingly crowded, interest in benchmarking
various automatic systems has developed. Present performance indicators
for autonomous cleaning robots. Most cleaning robots identify independent
mobility, dust collection, and operating noise as essential performance
indices. Wong et al. propose and validate two criteria to capture robotic
cleaning performance and coverage efficiency. Cleaning is a physically
demanding and labor-intensive job. Cleaners frequently use heavy
powered tools (e.g., buffing machines/floor polishing machines, wet and
dry vacuums) in addition to a variety of physically demanding tasks such as
mopping, wiping surfaces, polishing, and heavy manual handling (e.g.,
carrying and emptying rubbish, moving furniture, filling, taking, and
emptying buckets of water), often under time constraints. According to
several studies, cleaning activity is physiologically stressful for both the
cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal systems. Cleaning chores have a
high degree of physical demand, including high aerobic strain, static
muscle loads and repeated motions (ibid), a high frequency of
undesirable postures such as stooping and crouching, and a subjective
sensation that the labor is stressful. Furthermore, various studies have
identified psychosocial risk factors associated with cleaning labor, such as
a lack of control over work and breaks, a heavy workload, and time
constraints. Several studies have found that cleaners are at a high risk of
developing health issues, notably musculoskeletal issues that impact the
back, neck, shoulders, elbows, and hands. Among the many occupations

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studied, female domestic servants had the worst health. A high frequency of
neck and shoulder issues in a study of Swedish cleaners’ musculoskeletal
disorders was discovered . Other research has shown similar difficulties that
have resulted in high absenteeism. A survey of Danish female cleaners
revealed a considerably greater 1-year frequency of musculoskeletal
complaints than an age-matched control group.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The system is assembled with a pair of existing wheels that rotates with the
help of a shaft. The shaft and wheels are joined together. The wheels provide
power to the gear through the chain mechanism, and the bevel gears are
connected perpendicularly. The help of bevel gear rotates the brush. The
revolutions start to move when we exert forces on this machine manually.
As the wheel starts spinning, it becomes straightforward to move it
forward or backward, and as the lower end of the machine is installed with a
brush, the brush starts operating, cleaning the surface where it is interacting.

Chain mechanism :

A chain mechanism is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one

shaft to another shaft. The socket used in the chain mechanism, it is used to
give power to the wheels. The emphasis is conveyed by a roller chain, known
as the drive chain or transmission chain. Two wheels made of plastic
material with dimensions, in thickness were fitted on the backside. One
caster wheel. A bevel gear has its axis perpendicular to each other, and the
standard value of the gear ratio is 1:2, 2:1 and 3:1. This gear is used for speed
reduction; in this machine.

 Bevel gear

Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the

two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing
faces of the gears themselves are conically
shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted
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on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone, known as a pitch
cone. Bevel gears change the axis of rotation of rotational power delivery and
are widely used in mechanical settings.The cylindrical gear tooth profile
corresponds to an involute (i.e. a triangle wave projected on the
circumference of a circle), whereas the bevel gear tooth profile is an octoid
(i.e. a triangle wave projected on the normal path of a circle of a sphere). All
traditional bevel gear generators (such as Gleason, Klingelnberg, Heidenreich
& Harbeck, WMW Modul) manufacture bevel gears with an octoidal tooth
profile.

 Bearing

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only

the desired motion and reduces friction between
moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for
example, provide for free linear movement of
the moving part or for free rotation around a
fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by
controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear
on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the
desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings
are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions
allowed, or the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts. The
term “bearing” is derived from the verb “to bear”; a bearing being a
machine element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another.
The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part,
with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness, and
location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed
into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the
most demanding applications are very precise components; their
manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current
technology.
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to
reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid
overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing
can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by
introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the
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 surfaces with an electromagnetic field.

Shape: gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers, or by

forming flexure bearings.
Material: exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example
would be using plastics that have low surface friction.)
Fluid: exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant
or as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts from touching,
or by reducing the normal force between them.
Fields: exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, to keep
solid parts from touching.
Air pressure: exploits air pressure to keep solid parts from touching.
Combinations of these can even be employed within the same bearing.
An example is where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the
rollers/balls, which reduce friction by their shape and finish.

 Rotatable and fixed wheel

A wheel is a rotating component (typically circular in shape) that is

intended to turn on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key
components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple
machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be
moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting
a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other
purposes, such as a ship’s wheel, steering wheel, potter’s wheel, and
flywheel Common examples can be found in transport applications. A
wheel reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with
the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be
applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the
application of another external force or torque. Using the wheel,
Sumerians invented a device that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the
desired object. A wheeled vehicle requires much less work to move
than simply dragging the same weight. The low resistance to motion is
explained by the fact that the frictional work done is no longer at the
surface that the vehicle is traversing, but in the bearings. In the simplest
and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle
passes (a “plain bearing”). Even with a plain bearing, the frictional
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 work is greatly reduced because:

1. The normal force at the sliding interface is same as with simple

dragging.
2. The sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.
3. The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.

 Chain and sprocket

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place

to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle,
particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety
of machines besides vehicles.

 Roller chain and sprocket

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain,[1] passing over a sprocket gear, with the
teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The
gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical force into the
system. Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain, invented by the
Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York, United States. This has
inverted teeth.
Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can
be used to lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is
placed and the power is recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this
gear. Though drive chains are often simple oval loops, they can also go
around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears
that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are generally
known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output
gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered. For
example, when the bicycle pedals' gear rotates once, it causes the gear
that drives the wheels to rotate more than one revolution. Duplex chains
are another type of chain which are essentially two chains joined side
by side which allow for more power and torque to be transmitted.
A sprocket or chain wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth that mesh with
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 a chain, rack or other perforated or indented material. The name
'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections
engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that
sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley
in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth except for timing
pulleys used with toothed belts. Sprockets are used in bicycles,
motorcycles, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either to transmit
rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to
impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common
form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft
carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn,
drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles
were also largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice
largely copied from bicycles. Sprockets are of various designs, a
maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by its originator.
Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with
timing belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets
and chains are also used for power transmission from one shaft to
another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being used
instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They
can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as
to be noiseless even at high speed.

 Screw nut washer

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always
used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together.
The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads’
friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt,
and compression of the parts to be held together. In applications where
vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms
may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, eccentric double nuts,
specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid such as Loctite, safety pins
(split pins) or lock wire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon
inserts (nylon nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used
to be the most common largely because they were much easier to
manufacture, especially by hand. While rare today[as of?] due to the
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reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are
occasionally used in some situations when a maximum amount of
torque and grip is needed for a given size: the greater length of each
side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface area and more
leverage at the nut. The most common shape today is hexagonal, for
similar reasons as the bolt head: six sides give a good granularity of
angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and
smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. It takes only
one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon and grip is
optimal. However, polygons with more than six sides do not give the
requisite grip and polygons with fewer than six sides take more time to
be given a complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain
needs, such as wingnuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts (e.g.
cage nuts) for inaccessible areas.

A screw is an externally helical threaded fastener capable of being

tightened or released by a twisting force (torque) to the head. The most
common uses of screws are to hold objects together and there are many
forms for a variety of materials. Screws might be inserted into holes in
assembled parts or a screw may form its own thread.[1] The difference
between a screw and a bolt is that the latter is designed to be tightened
or released by torqueing a nut. The screw head on one end has a milled
slot that commonly requires a tool to transfer the twisting force.
Common tools for driving screws include screwdrivers, wrenches, coins
and hex keys. The head is usually larger than the body, which provide a
bearing surface and keeps the screw from being driven deeper than its
length; an exception being the set screw (aka grub screw). The
cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip
is called the shank; it may be fully or partially threaded with the
distance between each thread called the pitch. Most screws are
tightened by clockwise rotation, which is called a right-hand thread.[4]
[5] Screws with a left-hand thread are used in exceptional cases, such as
where the screw will be subject to counterclockwise torque, which
would tend to loosen a right-hand screw. For this reason, the left-side
pedal of a bicycle has a left-hand thread.
The screw mechanism is one of the six classical simple machines
defined by Renaissance scientists. There are three steps in
manufacturing a screw: heading, thread rolling, and coating. Screws are
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 normally made from wire, which is supplied in large coils, or round bar
stock for larger screws. The wire or rod is then cut to the proper length
for the type of screw being made; this work piece is known as a blank.
It is then cold headed, which is a cold working process. Heading
produces the head of the screw. The shape of the die in the machine
dictates what features are pressed into the screw head; for example a
flat head screw uses a flat die. For more complicated shapes two
heading processes are required to get all of the features into the screw
head. This production method is used because heading has a very high
production rate, and produces virtually no waste material. Slotted head
screws require an extra step to cut the slot in the head; this is done on a
slotting machine. These machines are essentially stripped down milling
machines designed to process as many blanks as possible.
The blanks are then polished[citation needed] again prior to threading.
The threads are usually produced via thread rolling; however, some are
cut. The work piece is then tumble finished with wood and leather
media to do final cleaning and polishing.[citation needed] For most
screws, a coating, such as electroplating with zinc (galvanizing) or
applying black oxide, is applied to prevent corrosion. Washer a thin
usually disc-shaped plate with a hole in the middle typically used with a
bolt or nut.

 Cleaning pad

A Cleaning pad is use to clean the floor by the application of friction. It

is made with plastic and cotton fiber attached the gum. Here we are
attached it with the bevel gear connected rod to get the rotation motion.

 TMT rod

Thermomechanical processing is a metallurgical process that combines

mechanical or plastic deformation process like compression or forging,
rolling, etc. with thermal processes like heat-treatment, water
quenching, heating and cooling at various rates into a single processThe
quenching process produces a high strength bar from inexpensive low
carbon steel. The process quenches the surface layer of the bar, which
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pressurizes and deforms the crystal structure of intermediate layers, and
simultaneously begins to temper the quenched layers using the heat
from the bar’s core. Steel billets 130mm² (“pencil ingots”) are heated to
approximately 1200°C to 1250°C in a reheat furnace. Then, they are
progressively rolled to reduce the billets to the final size and shape of
reinforcing bar. After the last rolling stand, the billet moves through a
quench box. The quenching converts the billet’s surface layer to
martensite, and causes it to shrink. The shrinkage pressurizes the core,
helping to form the correct crystal structures. The core remains hot, and
austenitic. A microprocessor controls the water flow to the quench box,
to manage the temperature difference through the cross-section of the
bars. The correct temperature difference assures that all processes
occur, and bars have the necessary mechanical properties.
The bar leaves the quench box with a temperature gradient through its
cross section. As the bar cools, heat flows from the bar’s center to its
surface so that the bar’s heat and pressure correctly tempers an
intermediate ring of martensite and bainite.
Finally, the slow cooling after quenching automatically tempers the
austenitic core to ferrite and pearlite on the cooling bed.These bars
therefore exhibit a variation in microstructure in their cross section,
having strong, tough, tempered martensite in the surface layer of the
bar, an intermediate layer of martensite and bainite, and a refined, tough
and ductile ferrite and pearlite core.
When the cut ends of TMT bars are etched in Nital (a mixture of nitric
acid and methanol), three distinct rings appear: 1. A tempered outer
ring of martensite, 2. A semi-tempered middle ring of martensite and
bainite, and 3. A mild circular core of bainite, ferrite and pearlite. This
is the desired micro structure for quality construction rebar.
In contrast, lower grades of rebar are twisted when cold, work
hardening them to increase their strength. However, after thermo
mechanical treatment (TMT), bars do not need more work hardening.
As there is no twisting during TMT, no torsional stress occurs, and so
torsional stress cannot form surface defects in TMT bars. Therefore
TMT bars resist corrosion better than cold, twisted and deformed
(CTD) bars. After thermomechanical processing, some grades in which
TMT Bars can be covered includes Fe: 415 /500 /550/ 600. These are
much stronger compared with conventional CTD Bars and give up to
20% more strength to concrete structure with same quantity of steel.
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 APPLICATION

Manual floor cleaning machines have several applications across various

industries and settings:

 Small Businesses: They are commonly used in small businesses like

cafes, small shops, or boutiques where there might not be a large
enough area to justify investing in a larger, automated cleaning system.
 Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities: In areas where hygiene is critical,
manual floor cleaning machines can provide a more thorough cleaning
than traditional mopping, helping to maintain a sterile environment.
 Schools and Educational Institutions: These machines can efficiently
clean floors in classrooms, corridors, and common areas, ensuring a
clean and safe environment for students and staff.
 Hotels and Hospitality: Manual floor cleaning machines are used to
maintain the cleanliness of hotel lobbies, hallways, and dining areas,
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 enhancing the overall guest experience.
 Warehouses and Industrial Facilities: They can be utilized to clean
floors in warehouses, factories, and manufacturing plants, helping to
remove dirt, debris, and spills that can accumulate in these
environments.
 Retail Stores: Manual floor cleaning machines are effective in retail
environments, where cleanliness and presentation are essential for
creating a positive shopping experience.
 Office Buildings: They can be used in office buildings to clean
common areas, hallways, and conference rooms, contributing to a clean
and professional workspace.
 Public Spaces: Manual floor cleaning machines are also used in public
spaces such as airports, train stations, and shopping malls to keep floors
clean and free from debris.
 In summary, manual floor cleaning machines offer versatility and
efficiency in various settings, contributing to improved cleanliness and
hygiene standards.

FUTURE SCOPE

Manual-operated floor cleaning machines have a bright future, Especially in

settings where sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and Flexibility are valued.
With advancements in ergonomic design and Material technology, these
machines can become even more efficient And user-friendly. Additionally,
integrating smart features like sensors For precise cleaning and data
collection for performance analysis Could further enhance their utility and
appeal. As businesses and Individuals increasingly prioritize eco-friendly and
human-centric Solutions, manual-operated floor cleaning machines are likely
to Continue evolving to meet these demands.

CONCLUSION

We mainly conclude through the findings of Our project how different flow

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rates play a major role In the working of a solar parabolic trough collector.
As the efficiency shown by a parabolic trough Collector is more than that of
a flat plate collector, There is a scope for wider use as to increase the
Outcome of such. But there is a short disadvantage of Parabolic trough
collector as there needs to be a Tracking device so as to check the
functioning of the Parabolic trough type collector. We further see that Nature
of reflecting surface also plays a major role in The output of the working of a
solar collector. As the renewable sources of energy is a Prime concern in the
fulfilment of energy supply in Today’s world, technical upgradation in the
field of Design of such technology is a must to gather Maximum output. The
solar parabolic trough Collector is indeed a better alternative to the flat plate
Solar collector which is widely used today to extract Solar energy,
modification of the same will surely Boost for a better yield.

REFERENCE
1. M. Ranjit Kumar and N. kapilan, ‘Outline and Examination of
physically worked floor Cleaning machine, “IJERT ISSN:22780181
Vol. 4, Issue 04,April-2015
2. Mohsen Azadbakht, ali kiapey, ali jafari-“Design and fabrication of a
tractor powerd Leaves collectorb equipped with suction blower
System , - September 2014 agaricengine : CIGER Journal
3. M.Ranjit Kumar M.Tech Student, mechanical Engineering, college of
engineering and Technology, Bangalore, india. ISSN:2278-0181 Vol.4
Issue 04,aprill-2015
4. SOLAR OPERATER FLOOR CLEANER MACHINE Akash
A.Nagtodel, Amit P. Kamdi2, Issue 6-ICRTEST January 2017.
5. Automatic floor cleaner machine Manya Jain 1, Pankaj singh rawat
international Journal of Soft computing and artificial intelligence,
ISSN:2321-404X

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