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7 views10 pages

computer networking syllabus preparation

jskssk

Uploaded by

suryaa8877
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1: Introduction to Computer Networks

1.1 Network Definition


A computer network is an interconnection of devices that share data, software, and hardware resources.
Example: Offices with multiple computers sharing printers, files, or internet access.

1.2 Network Topologies


1.
Bus Topology:

Single communication line (backbone) to which all devices are connected.


Advantages: Easy to set up, inexpensive.
Disadvantages: If the backbone fails, the entire network goes down.

2.
Star Topology:

All devices connect to a central hub or switch.


Advantages: Easy to manage; fault in one device doesn’t affect others.
Disadvantages: Hub failure brings down the entire network.

3.
Ring Topology:

Devices connected in a circular pattern, each forwarding data to the next.


Advantages: Efficient for smaller setups.
Disadvantages: Failure in one node affects the entire ring.

4.
Mesh Topology:

Each device is interconnected with every other device.


Advantages: Redundancy ensures reliability.
Disadvantages: Expensive to implement.

5.
Hybrid Topology:

Combination of two or more topologies.


Advantages: Flexible, scalable.
Disadvantages: Complex to design and maintain.

1.3 Network Classifications


PAN (Personal Area Network): Covers a small area like a room. Example: Bluetooth devices.
LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices in a limited area like an office. Example: Ethernet.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city. Example: City-wide Wi-Fi.
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographical areas. Example: The Internet.

1.4 Network Protocols


Protocol
: A set of rules for communication.
HTTP: Web browsing.
SMTP: Email.
FTP: File transfer.

1.5 Layered Network Architecture


1.
OSI Reference Model (7 Layers):

Physical Layer: Handles hardware and electrical signals.


Data Link Layer: Responsible for framing and error detection.
Network Layer: Routing and addressing (e.g., IP).
Transport Layer: Reliable data delivery (e.g., TCP).
Session Layer: Manages communication sessions.
Presentation Layer: Data encryption, compression.
Application Layer: User-facing applications (e.g., HTTP).
2.
TCP/IP Model:

Network Access Layer: Combines OSI’s physical and data link layers.
Internet Layer: IP routing and addressing.
Transport Layer: TCP/UDP for reliable/unreliable delivery.
Application Layer: Protocols like HTTP, SMTP, FTP.

1.6 Data Communication Fundamentals


1.
Signals:

Analog: Continuous signals, e.g., sound.


Digital: Discrete, binary signals.

2.
Line Encoding: Converts digital data into signals for transmission.

Examples: NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero), Manchester Encoding.

3.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
Converts analog signals into digital by sampling, quantization, and encoding.

4.
Multiplexing:

FDM: Different frequencies for multiple signals.


TDM: Divides time slots among signals.

5.
Transmission Media:

Wired: Copper cables, fiber optics.


Wireless: Radio waves, microwaves.

Unit 2: Switching Techniques and Data Link Layer


2.1 Network Switching Techniques
1.
Circuit Switching:

Dedicated path established before communication starts.


Example: Telephone systems.

2.
Packet Switching:

Data divided into packets sent independently.


Example: Internet communication.

3.
Dial-up Modems:

Converts digital signals to analog for transmission over telephone lines.

4.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):

Uses existing telephone lines for high-speed internet.

5.
Cable TV for Data Transfer:

Uses cable television networks for internet access.


2.2 Data Link Layer Functions
1.
Error Detection and Correction:

Parity Check: Adds a parity bit for error detection.


CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check): Detects burst errors.

2.
Error Recovery Protocols:

Stop-and-Wait ARQ: Retransmits a frame if no acknowledgment is received.


Go-Back-N ARQ: Transmits multiple frames but retransmits from the point of error.

3.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP):

Used in direct communication between two systems over serial links.

Unit 3: Multiple Access Protocols and Network Layer


3.1 Multiple Access Protocols
1.
CSMA/CD:

Prevents collisions on shared communication channels.


Example: Ethernet.

2.
Connecting LANs:

Devices used include:


Repeaters: Strengthen weak signals.
Switches: Forward packets based on MAC addresses.
Routers: Direct packets between different networks.
Gateways: Translate between incompatible protocols.

3.2 Network Layer Functions


1.
Routing:

Determines the best path for packet delivery.


2.
Routing Algorithms:

Distance Vector: Shares distance to nodes.


Link State (SPF): Computes the shortest path.

3.
Network Layer Protocols:

IP Protocol: Handles addressing and routing.


ICMP: Used for diagnostics and error reporting.

Unit 4: Transport and Application Layer


4.1 Transport Layer Functions
1. Error and Flow Control: Ensures data is received correctly and at the right pace.
2. Three-Way Handshake
: Establishes connections in TCP:
SYN: Request to establish.
SYN-ACK: Acknowledgment.
ACK: Confirmation.
4.2 Application Layer Protocols
1.
DNS:

Converts human-readable domain names into IP addresses.

2.
HTTP:

Protocol for transferring web pages.

3.
WWW:

A system of hyperlinked documents and media accessible via the Internet.

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