Basic concepts

Electrical Machines

Dr. Pedro Bañuelos Sánchez

 Pedro Banuelos-Sanchez
• PhD in Electrical Engineering, Université Paris VI
• 3 Patents:
– Wave energy generator
– Solar plow
– Capacitor-less rectifier
• 2 books concerning power converters, in Spanish
• 1 chapter in a book cocerning renewable energies,
in English
• TED talk speaker, in Spanish
• Member of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Generation Transmission Distribution Utilization
69 kV 600/480/240/120 V
3 F, 1 F
Fossil fuel EHV
generator HV MV Industry

13.8 kV 480/240/120 V

Industry

Hydroelectric 4.16 kV 240/120 V

generator
Industry

240/120 V
4.16 – 13.8 kV

Nuclear Commertial
generator
240/120 V

Residential

15 – 30 kV 115 – 765 kV 69 – 230 kV 1 – 100 kV

Transfo Transfo Transfo Transfo Transfo

 Electrical Machines
• MOTORS: an electric machine that
converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• GENERATORS: a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy
• TRANSFORMERS: an electrical device
that transfers energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction
 Magnetic circuit:
a toroid with a coil

C1
C2

u n

H, B AREA: A

C1, C2: Flux lines.

 Magnetic Field
• A magnetic field is a field of force
produced by a magnetic object or particle,
or by a changing electrical field and is
detected by the force it exerts on other
magnetic materials and moving electric
charges
Magnetic field around a permanent
magnet
 Magnetic field around a moving
charge in a conductor
• The left hand rule for Straight conductors:
– If a conductor is held in the left hand with the
left thumb pointing in the direction of electron
flow(electrons current), then the fingers will
curl around the conductor in the direction of
magnetic field lines.
 Right hand rule for straight
conductors
If a conductor is held in the right hand with the right
thumb pointing in the direction of conventional
current flow, then the fingers will curl around the
conductor in the direction of the magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field around a moving
charge in a conductor
 Right hand rule for coils
For a coil of wire, when the fingers of your right hand curl in the direction of
the current flow, your thumb points toward the north pole of the magnetic
field created by the coil
 Basic Principles
• A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the
area around it.
• A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a
coil of wire if it passes through that coil. (This is the basis
of transformer action.)
• A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a force induced on it. (This is the basis of motor
action.)
• A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it. (This is the basis of generator
action.)
 Basic concepts

• F : The magnetomotive force of a magnetic

circuit is equal to the effective current flow
applied to the core.[Amp-turns]

F   ni
 Basic concepts

• B: The relationship between the magnetic field

intensity H and the resulting magnetic flux
density B produced within a material is given
by:
B  H [T]
where
H = magnetic field intensity
μ = magnetic permeability of material
B = resulting magnetic flux density produced

lc is the mean path length of the core

 Basic concepts

• Permeability : represents the relative ease of

establishing a magnetic field in a given
material.
  r 0
The permeability of free space

 0  4x10 H / m 7

The permeability of any other material compared to the permeability of free space
is called its relative permeability:
 Basic concepts

• Magnetic flux: it is
defined as flux
density times area   BA
[Weber ].
 Basic concepts

• R :The reluctance of
a magnetic circuit is
the counterpart of
electrical resistance, F  R
and its units are lc
ampere-turns per R
weber. [A- A
turns/weber].

lc is the mean path length of the core

Electric circuit vs magnetic circuit

φ
I

I= V/R φ= F/R
 Basic concepts

• Then, magnetomotive force is given by:

F=φR

And also we have:

P=1/R; P :permeance
 Basic concepts
NiA
• In a rectangular core:   BA 
lc
 A 
  Ni 
 lc 
 A 
  F  
 lc 

• Considering F=φR, lc
R
then: A
 Basic concepts

• Reluctances in a magnetic circuit obey the

same rules as resistances in an electric
circuit:
Series:
Req= R1 + R2 +…

Parallel:
1/Req=1/R1 + 1/R2 +…
• Calculations of the flux in a core
performed by using the magnetic circuit
concepts are always approximations:
– all flux is not confined within a magnetic core
– Core area is not always constant, specially at
corners
– If there are air gaps in the flux path in a core,
the effective cross-sectional area of the air
gap will be larger than the cross-sectional
area of the iron core on either side.
All flux is not confined within a
magnetic core
Cross-sectional area of the air gap will be larger
than the cross-sectional area of the iron
 Example:
• A ferromagnetic core is shown in the figure. Three sides of this core
are of uniform width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The
depth of the core (into the page) is 10 cm, and the other dimensions
are shown in the figure. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped around the
left side of the core. Assuming relative permeability of 2500, how
much flux will be produced by a 1 A input current?
Problem
 Quiz:
The figure shows a simplified rotor and stator for a dc motor. The mean path length of
the stator is 50 cm, and its cross-sectional area is 12 cm2, The mean path length of the
rotor is 5 cm, and its cross-sectional area also may be assumed to be 12 cm2, each air
gap between the rotor and the stator is 0.05 cm wide, and the cross sectional area of
each air gap (including fringing) is 14 cm2. The iron of the core has a relative
permeability of 2000, and there are 200 turns of wire on the core. If the current in the
wire is adjusted to be 1 A, what will the resulting flux density in the air gaps be?
 Quiz 2
A core with three legs is shown in Figure. Its depth is 5 cm, and there are 100 turns on
the leftmost leg. The relative permeability of the core can be assumed to be 2000 and
constant. What flux exists in each of the three legs of the core? What is the flux density
in each of the legs? Assume a 5 percent increase in the effective area of the air gap due
to hinging effects.
 Homework
1. A ferromagnetic core is shown in the Figure. The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other
dimensions of the core are as shown in the figure. Find the value of the current that will
produce a flux of 0.005 Wb. With this current, what is the flux density at the top of the
core? What is the flux density at the right side of the core? Assume that the relative
permeability of the core is 800.
2. A ferromagnetic core with a relative permeability of 1500 is shown in Figure.
The dimensions are as shown in the diagram, and the depth of the core is 5 cm. The
air gaps on the left and right sides of the core are 0.050 and 0.070 cm, respectively.
Because of fringing effects, the effective area of the air gaps is 5 percent larger than
their physical size. If there are 300 turns in the coil wrapped around the center leg
of the core and if the current in the coil is 1.0 A, what are the flux values for the left,
center, and right legs of the core? What is the flux density in each air gap?
 Tesis en la UDLAP:
• Francisco Marquez, José Ramón Lozano.
“Transmisión inalámbrica de energía eléctrica para
aplicaciones de tracción”. 2004.
• Alberto García Caraveo. “Optimización en
transferencia inalámbrica de energía eléctrica”. 2005.
• Ismael Moyaho Lozano. “Cargador de batería
inalámbrico en aplicaciones de baja potencia”. 2008.
• Noé Flores Hernández. “Tracción de un móvil a través
de transmisión inalámbrica de energía eléctrica”.
2010.