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PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-1

PHP Programming with MySQL The Web

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Chapter 2
Functions and Control Structures

At a Glance

Table of Contents
 Chapter Overview

 Chapter Objectives

 Instructor Notes

 Quick Quizzes

 Discussion Questions

 Key Terms
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-2

Lecture Notes

Chapter Overview
In this chapter, students will study how to use functions to organize their PHP code. They will
also learn about variable scope, nested control structures, and conditional coding: if, if…else,
and switch statements and while, do…while, for, and foreach looping statements.
Students will also be introduced to the include and require statements.

Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, students will:

 Study how to use functions to organize your PHP code

 Learn about variable scope
 Make decisions using if, if…else, and switch statements
 Repeatedly execute code using while, do…while, for, and foreach statements
 Learn about include and require statements

Instructor Notes
In PHP, groups of statements that you can execute as a single unit are called functions. Functions
are often made up of decision-making and looping statements. These are two of the most
fundamental statements that execute in a program.

Mention to your students that functions are like paragraphs in writing

Teaching language. Remember a paragraph is a group of related sentences that make up
Tip one idea. A function is a group of related statements that make up a single task.

Working with Functions

PHP has two types of functions: built–in (internal) and user-defined (custom) functions. PHP has
over 1000 built-in library functions that can be used without declaring them. You can also your
own user-defined functions to perform specific tasks.
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-3

Defining Functions

To begin writing a function, you first need to define it. The syntax for the function definition is:

function name of _function(parameters) {

statements;
}

Parameters are placed within the parentheses that follow the function name. The parameter
receives its value when the function is called. When you name a variable within parentheses, you
do not need to explicitly declare and initialize the parameter as you do with a regular variable.

Following the parentheses that contain the function parameters is a set of curly braces, called
function braces, which contain the function statements. Function statements are the statements
that do the actual work of the function and must be contained within the function braces. For
example:

function displayCompanyName($Company1) {

echo "<p>$Company1</p>";
}

Remind your students that functions, like all PHP code, must be contained with
<?php...?> tags. Stress that the function name should be descriptive of the
task that the function will perform.

Ask students to add this to their list of PHP “Best Coding Practices.”

Teaching Illustrate to students that in a function:

Tip  There is no space between the function name and the opening parentheses
 The opening curly brace is on the same line as the function name
 The function statements are indented five spaces
 The closing curly brace is on a separate line

Ask students to add this to their list of PHP “Best Coding Practices.”
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-4

Calling Functions

A function definition does not execute automatically. Creating a function definition only names
the function, specifies its parameters (if any), and organizes the statements it will execute.

Teaching Refer to the textbook example on page 77, which defines a function and calls it
Tip passing a literal value to the function argument.

Returning Values

Some functions return a value, which may be displayed or passed as an argument to another
function. A calculator function is a good example of a return value function. A return statement
is a statement that returns a value to the statement that called the function.

Use the textbook example on page 78 to illustrate how a calling statement calls a
Teaching function and sends the multiple values as arguments of the function. The
Tip function then performs a calculation and returns the value to the calling
statement.

Passing Parameters by Reference

Usually, the value of a variable is passed as the parameter of a function, which means that a local
copy of the variable is created to be used by the function. When the value is returned to the
calling statement, any changes are lost. If you want the function to change the value of the
parameter, you must pass the value by reference, so the function works on the actual value
instead of a copy. Any changes made by the function statements remain after the function ends.

Use the textbook example on pages 80 and 81 to illustrate the difference of

passing a parameter by value or by reference.

Teaching Explain to students that a function definition should be placed above any calling
Tip statements. As of PHP4, this is not required, but is considered a good
programming practice.

Ask students to add this to their list of PHP “Best Coding Practices.”
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-5

Understanding Variable Scope

When you use a variable in a PHP program, you need to be aware of the variable's scope—that
is, you need to think about where in your program a declared variable can be used. A variable's
scope can be either global or local. Global variables are declared outside a function and are
available to all parts of the programs. Local variables are declared inside a function and are only
available within the function in which they are declared.

The global Keyword

Unlike many programming languages that make global variables automatically available to all
parts of your program, in PHP, you must declare a global variable with the global keyword
inside a function for the variable to be available within the scope of that function. When you
declare a global variable with the global keyword, you do not need to assign a value, as you
do when you declare a standard variable. Instead, within the declaration statement you only need
to include the global keyword along with the name of the variable, as in:

global $variable_name;

Teaching Demonstrate the syntax of declaring a global variable within a function using the
Tip textbook example on page 83.

Quick Quiz 1

1. In PHP, groups of statements that you can execute as a single unit are called
_________________________.
ANSWER: functions

2. A _________________________ is a statement that returns a value to the statement that

called the function.
ANSWER: return statement

3. _________________________ are declared inside a function and are only available

within the function in which they are declared.
ANSWER: Local variables

4. A _________________________is a variable that is declared outside a function and is

available to all parts of your program.
ANSWER: global variable
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-6

Making Decisions
In any programming language, the process of determining the order in which statements execute
in the program is called decision making or flow control. The special types of PHP statements
used for making decision are called decision-making statements or control structures.

if Statements

The if statement is used to execute specific programming code if the evaluation of a

conditional expression returns a value of TRUE. The syntax for a simple if statement is as
follows:

if (conditional expression)// condition evaluates to 'TRUE'

statement;

You should insert a space after the conditional keyword if before the opening
parenthesis of the conditional expression. This will help you see a visual
difference between a structure and a function. Using a line break and
indentation to enter the statements to execute makes it easier for the
programmer to follow the flow of the code.

Ask students to add the space and indentation to their list of PHP “Best Coding
Teaching Practices.”
Tip
Explain to students that if there is only one statement, they do not need to use
curly braces. If there are multiple statements, the statements should be
enclosed within beginning and ending curly braces. ({...}).

Ask students to add the use of curly braces to their list of PHP “Best Coding
Practices.”

You can use a command block to construct a decision-making structure using multiple if
statements. A command block is a group of statements contained within a set of braces, similar to
the way function statements are contained within a set of braces. When an if statement
evaluates to TRUE, the statements in the command block execute.

if...else Statements

Should you want to execute one set of statements when the condition evaluates to FALSE, and
another set of statements when the condition evaluates to TRUE, you need to add an else
clause to the if statement.
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-7

if (conditional expression) {
statements; //condition evaluates to 'TRUE'
}
else {
statements; //condition evaluates to 'FALSE'
}

Nested if and if...else Statements

When one decision-making statement is contained within another decision-making statement,

they are referred to as nested decision-making structures. An if statement contained within an
if statement or within an if...else statement is called a nested if statement. Similarly, an
if...else statement contained within an if or if…else statement is called a nested
if...else statement. You use nested if and if...else statements to perform conditional
evaluation that must be executed after the original conditional evaluation.

switch Statements

The switch statement controls program flow by executing a specific set of statements,
depending on the value of the expression. The switch statement compares the value of an
expression to a value contained within a special statement called a case label. A case label
represents a specific value and contains one or more statements that execute if the value of the
case label matches the value of the switch statement’s expression. The syntax for the switch
statement is a follows:
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-8

switch (expression) {
case label:
statement(s);
break;
case label:
statement(s);
break;
...
default:
statement(s);
break;
}

Another type of label used within switch statements is the default label. The default
label contains statements that execute when the value returned by the switch statement does
not match a case label. A default label consists of the keyword default followed by a
colon. In a switch statement, execution does not automatically end when a matching label is
found. A break statement is used to exit a control structures before it reaches the closing brace
(}). A break statement is also used to exit while, do...while, and for looping
statements.

The break statement after the default case is optional; however, it is good
Teaching programming practice to include it.
Tip
Ask the students to add this to their list of PHP “Best Coding Practices.”
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-9

Quick Quiz 2

1. The process of determining the order in which statements execute in a program is called
_________________________.
ANSWER: decision-making or flow control

2. When one decision-making statement is contained within another decision-making

statement, they are referred to as _________________________.
ANSWER: nested decision-making structures

3. The _________________________ statement is used to execute specific programming

code if the evaluation of a conditional expression returns a value of TRUE.
ANSWER: if

4. The _________________________ statement controls program flow by executing a

specific set of statements, depending on the value of the expression.
ANSWER: switch

Repeating Code

Conditional statements allow you select only a single branch of code to execute and then
continue to the statement that follows. If you need to perform the same statement more than
once, however, you need a use a loop statement, a control structure that repeatedly executes a
statement or a series of statements while a specific condition is TRUE or until a specific
condition becomes TRUE. In an infinite loop, a loop statement never ends because its conditional
expression is never FALSE.

while Statements

The while statement is a simple loop statement that repeats a statement or series of statements
as long as a given conditional expression evaluates to TRUE. The syntax for the while statement
is as follows:

while (conditional expression) {

statement(s);
}

Each repetition of a looping statement is called an iteration. The loop ends and the next
statement, following the while statement executes only when the conditional statement
evaluates to FALSE. You normally track the progress of the while statement evaluation, or
any other loop, with a counter. A counter is a variable that increments or decrements with each
iteration of a loop statement.
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-10

Programmers often name counter variables $Count, $Counter, or

something descriptive of its purpose. The letters i, j, k, l, x, y, z are also
Teaching commonly used as counter names. Using a variable name such as count or the
Tip letter i (for iteration) helps you remember (and informs other programmers)
that the variable is being used as a counter.

do...while Statements

The do...while statement executes a statement or statements once, then repeats the execution
as long as a given conditional expression evaluates to TRUE The syntax for the do...while
statement is as follows:

do {
statements(s);
} while (conditional expression);

for Statements

The for statement is used for repeating a statement or series of statements as long as a given
conditional expression evaluates to TRUE. The syntax of the for statement is as follows:

for (counter declaration and initialization; condition;

update statement) {
statement(s);
}

foreach Statements

The foreach statement is used to iterate or loop through the elements in an array. With each
loop, a foreach statement moves to the next element in an array. The basic syntax of the
foreach statement is as follows:

foreach ($array_name as $variable_name) {

statement(s);
}
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PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-11

Most of the conditional statements (such as the if, if...else, while,

do...while, and for) are probably familiar to students, but the foreach
Teaching statement, which iterates through elements of an array may not be as familiar.
Tip
Illustrate the syntax of the foreach statement using the basic and advanced
forms shown on pages 105 – 107 of the textbook.

Quick Quiz 3

1. Each repetition of a looping statement is called a(n) _________________________.

ANSWER: iteration

2. A _________________________ is a variable that increments or decrements with each

iteration of a loop statement.
ANSWER: counter

3. The foreach statement is used to iterate or loop through the elements in a(n)
_________________________.
ANSWER: array

Discussion Questions
 When is it better to use a global variable in programming? When is it better to use a local
variable?

 Why are conditional statements important in programming?

 Explain the difference between a while statement and a do…while statement.

PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-12

Key Terms
 break statement: Used to exit control structures.
 case label: In a switch statement, represents a specific value and contains one or more
statements that execute if the value of the case label matches the value of the switch
statement’s expression.
 command block: A group of statements contained within a set of braces, similar to the way
function statements are contained within a set of braces.
 counter: A variable that increments or decrements with each iteration of a loop statement.
 decision making (or flow control): The process of determining the order in which
statements execute in a program.
 default label: Contains statements that execute when the value returned by the switch
statement expression does not match a case label.
 do…while statement: Executes a statement or statements once, then repeats the execution
as long as a given conditional expression evaluates to TRUE.
 for statement: Used for repeating a statement or series of statements as long as a given
conditional expression evaluates to TRUE.
 function definition: Line of code that make up a function.
 functions: Groups of statements that execute as a single unit.
 global variable: A variable declared outside a function and available to all parts of the
program.
 if statement: Used to execute specific programming code if the evaluation of a conditional
expression returns a value of TRUE.
 if…else statement: if statement with an else clause that is implemented when the
condition returns a value of FALSE.
 infinite loop: A loop statement never ends because its exit condition is never met.
 iteration: The repetition of a looping statement.
 local variable: A variable declared inside a function and only available with the function in
which it is declared.
 loop statement: A control structure that repeatedly executes a statement or a series of
statements while a specific condition is TRUE or until a specific condition becomes TRUE.
 nested decision-making structures: One decision-making statement contained within
another decision-making statement.
 parameter: A variable that is passed to a function from the calling statement.
 return statement: A statement that returns a value to the statement that called the function.
 switch statement: Controls program flow by executing a specific set of statements,
depending on the value of an expression.
 variable scope: The context in which a variable is accessible (such as local or global).
 while statement: Repeats a statement or a series of statements as long as a given conditional
expression evaluates to TRUE.
PHP Programming with MySQL, 2nd Edition 2-13

Best Coding Practices – Chapter 2

Topic Best Practice
Formatting code Format code consistently within a program
Indent code five spaces for readability
Writing PHP code blocks Use the Standard Script Delimiters <?php … ?>
Using the echo statement Use the echo construct exclusively
Use lowercase characters for the echo keyword
Coding the echo statement Do not use parentheses with the echo statement
Adding comments to PHP script Add both line and block comments to your PHP code
Adding a line comment Use the two forward slashes (//) to begin a line comment
Displaying array elements with built-in Enclose the print_r(), var_export(), and
functions var_dump() functions in beginning and ending <pre> tags
Writing a user-defined function The name of a user-defined function should be descriptive of the
task it will perform
Writing a function definition Do NOT space between the function name and the opening
parenthesis
Key the opening curly brace on the same line as the function
name
Indent the function statements five spaces
Key the closing curly brace on a separate line
Calling a function Place the function definition above the calling statement
Writing a control structure To differentiate a control structure from a function, space once
after the conditional keyword before the parenthesis i.e. if
(...) or else (...)
Indent the statements to make them easier for the programmer to
follow the flow
Use curly braces around the statements to execute in a control
structure if there is more than one statement.
Coding a switch statement Include the optional break statement after the default case
label in a switch statement
Naming a counter variable If appropriate, name your counter variable $Count or
$Counter or use the letters ( i, j, k, l, x, y , z)
Other documents randomly have
different content
I wasn’t certain of it. That gives me a great deal of pleasure. It
doesn’t surprise me, he’s highly intelligent. It’s a great thing, that is.”
Dreyfusism had brought to Swann an extraordinary simplicity of
mind, and had imparted to his way of looking at things an
impulsiveness, an inconsistency more noticeable even than had
been the similar effects of his marriage to Odette; this new loss of
caste would have been better described as a recasting, and was
entirely to his credit, since it made him return to the ways in which
his forebears had trodden and from which he had turned aside to mix
with the aristocracy. But Swann, just at the very moment when with
such lucidity it had been granted to him, thanks to the gifts he had
inherited from his race, to perceive a truth that was still hidden from
people of fashion, shewed himself nevertheless quite comically blind.
He subjected afresh all his admirations and all his contempts to the
test of a new criterion, Dreyfusism. That the anti-Dreyfusism of Mme.
Bontemps should have made him think her a fool was no more
astonishing than that, when he was first married, he should have
thought her intelligent. It was not very serious either that the new
wave reached also his political judgments and made him lose all
memory of having treated as a man with a price, a British spy (this
latter was an absurdity of the Guermantes set), Clemenceau, whom
he declared now to have always stood up for conscience, to be a
man of iron, like Cornély. “No, no, I never told you anything of the
sort. You’re thinking of some one else.” But, sweeping past his
political judgments, the wave overthrew in Swann his literary
judgments also, and even affected his way of pronouncing them.
Barrès had lost all his talent, and even the books of his early days
were feeble, one could hardly read them again. “You try, you’ll find
you can’t struggle to the end. What a difference from Clemenceau!
Personally, I am not anti-clerical, but when you compare them
together you must see that Barrès is invertebrate. He’s a very great
fellow, is old Clemenceau. How he knows the language!” However,
the anti-Dreyfusards were in no position to criticise these follies.
They explained that one was a Dreyfusard by one’s being of Jewish
origin. If a practising Catholic like Saniette stood out also for a fresh
trial, that was because he was buttonholed by Mme. Verdurin, who
behaved like a wild Radical. She was out above all things against the
“frocks”. Saniette was more fool than knave, and had no idea of the
harm that the Mistress was doing him. If you pointed out that Brichot
was equally a friend of Mme. Verdurin and was a member of the
Patrie Française, that was because he was more intelligent. “You
see him occasionally?” I asked Swann, referring to Saint-Loup. “No,
never. He wrote to me the other day hoping that I would ask the Duc
de Mouchy and various other people to vote for him at the Jockey,
where for that matter he got through like a letter through the post.”
“In spite of the Case!” “The question was never raised. However I
must tell you that since all this business began I never set foot in the
place.”
M. de Guermantes returned, and was presently joined by his wife,
all ready now for the evening, tall and proud in a gown of red satin
the skirt of which was bordered with spangles. She had in her hair a
long ostrich feather dyed purple, and over her shoulders a tulle scarf
of the same red as her dress. “How nice it is to have one’s hat lined
with leather,” said the Duchess, whom nothing escaped. “However,
with you, Charles, everything is always charming, whether it’s what
you wear or what you say, what you read or what you do.” Swann
meanwhile, without apparently listening, was considering the
Duchess as he would have studied the canvas of a master, and then
sought her gaze, making with his lips the grimace which implies:
“The devil!” Mme. de Guermantes rippled with laughter. “So my
clothes please you? I’m delighted. But I must say that they don’t
please me much,” she went on with a sulking air. “Good Lord, what a
bore it is to have to dress up and go out when one would ever so
much rather stay at home!” “What magnificent rubies!” “Ah! my dear
Charles, at least one can see that you know what you’re talking
about, you’re not like that brute Monserfeuil who asked me if they
were real. I must say that I’ve never seen anything quite like them.
They were a present from the Grand Duchess. They’re a little too
large for my liking, a little too like claret glasses filled to the brim, but
I’ve put them on because we shall be seeing the Grand Duchess this
evening at Marie-Gilbert’s,” added Mme. de Guermantes, never
suspecting that this assertion destroyed the force of those previously
made by the Duke. “What’s on at the Princess’s?” inquired Swann.
“Practically nothing,” the Duke hastened to reply, the question having
made him think that Swann was not invited. “What’s that, Basin?
When all the highways and hedgerows have been scoured? It will be
a deathly crush. What will be pretty, though,” she went on, looking
wistfully at Swann, “if the storm I can feel in the air now doesn’t
break, will be those marvellous gardens. You know them, of course. I
was there a month ago, at the time when the lilacs were in flower,
you can’t have any idea how lovely they were. And then the fountain,
really, it’s Versailles in Paris.” “What sort of person is the Princess?” I
asked. “Why, you know quite well, you’ve seen her here, she’s as
beautiful as the day, also rather an idiot. Very nice, in spite of all her
Germanic high-and-mightiness, full of good nature and stupid
mistakes.” Swann was too subtle not to perceive that the Duchess, in
this speech, was trying to shew the “Guermantes wit”, and at no
great cost to herself, for she was only serving up in a less perfect
form an old saying of her own. Nevertheless, to prove to the
Duchess that he appreciated her intention to be, and as though she
had really succeeded in being funny, he smiled with a slightly forced
air, causing me by this particular form of insincerity the same feeling
of awkwardness that used to disturb me long ago when I heard my
parents discussing with M. Vinteuil the corruption of certain sections
of society (when they knew very well that a corruption far greater sat
enthroned at Montjouvain), Legrandin colouring his utterances for
the benefit of fools, choosing delicate epithets which he knew
perfectly well would not be understood by a rich or smart but illiterate
public. “Come now, Oriane, what on earth are you saying?” broke in
M. de Guermantes. “Marie a fool? Why, she has read everything,
she’s as musical as a fiddle.” “But, my poor little Basin, you’re as
innocent as a new-born babe. As if one could not be all that, and
rather an idiot as well. Idiot is too strong a word; no, she’s in the
clouds, she’s Hesse-Darmstadt, Holy Roman Empire, and wa-wa-
wa. Her pronunciation alone makes me tired. But I quite admit that
she’s a charming looney. Simply the idea of stepping down from her
German throne to go and marry, in the most middle-class way, a
private citizen. It is true that she chose him! Yes, it’s quite true,” she
went on, turning to me, “you don’t know Gilbert. Let me give you an
idea of him, he took to his bed once because I had left a card on
Mme. Carnot.... But, my little Charles,” said the Duchess, changing
the conversation when she saw that the story of the card left on the
Carnots appeared to irritate M. de Guermantes, “you know, you’ve
never sent me that photograph of our Knights of Rhodes, whom I’ve
learned to love through you, and I am so anxious to make their
acquaintance.” The Duke meanwhile had not taken his eyes from his
wife’s face. “Oriane, you might at least tell the story properly and not
cut out half. I ought to explain,” he corrected, addressing Swann,
“that the British Ambassadress at that time, who was a very worthy
woman, but lived rather in the moon and was in the habit of making
up these odd combinations, conceived the distinctly quaint idea of
inviting us with the President and his wife. We were—Oriane herself
was rather surprised, especially as the Ambassadress knew quite
enough of the people we knew not to invite us, of all things, to so ill-
assorted a gathering. There was a Minister there who is a swindler,
however I pass over all that, we had not been warned in time, were
caught in the trap, and, I’m bound to admit, all these people behaved
most civilly to us. Only, once was enough. Mme. de Guermantes,
who does not often do me the honour of consulting me, felt it
incumbent upon her to leave a card in the course of the following
week at the Elysée. Gilbert may perhaps have gone rather far in
regarding it as a stain upon our name. But it must not be forgotten
that, politics apart, M. Carnot, who for that matter filled his post quite
adequately, was the grandson of a member of the Revolutionary
Tribunal which caused the death of eleven of our people in a single
day.” “In that case, Basin, why did you go every week to dine at
Chantilly? The Duc d’Aumale was just as much the grandson of a
member of the Revolutionary Tribunal, with this difference, that
Carnot was a brave man and Philippe Egalité a wretched scoundrel.”
“Excuse my interrupting you to explain that I did send the
photograph,” said Swann. “I can’t understand how it hasn’t reached
you.” “It doesn’t altogether surprise me,” said the Duchess, “my
servants tell me only what they think fit. They probably do not
approve of the Order of Saint John.” And she rang the bell. “You
know, Oriane, that when I used to go to Chantilly it was without
enthusiasm.” “Without enthusiasm, but with a nightshirt in a bag, in
case the Prince asked you to stay, which for that matter he very
rarely did, being a perfect cad like all the Orléans lot. Do you know
who else are to be dining at Mme. de Saint-Euverte’s?” Mme. de
Guermantes asked her husband. “Besides the people you know
already, she’s asked at the last moment King Theodosius’s brother.”
At these tidings the Duchess’s features breathed contentment and
her speech boredom. “Oh, good heavens, more princes!” “But that
one is well-mannered and intelligent,” Swann suggested. “Not
altogether, though,” replied the Duchess, apparently seeking for
words that would give more novelty to the thought expressed. “Have
you ever noticed with princes that the best-mannered among them
are not really well-mannered? They must always have an opinion
about everything. Then, as they have none of their own, they spend
the first half of their lives asking us ours and the other half serving it
up to us second-hand. They positively must be able to say that one
piece has been well played and the next not so well. When there is
no difference. Listen, this little Theodosius junior (I forget his name)
asked me what one called an orchestral motif. I replied,” said the
Duchess, her eyes sparkling while a laugh broke from her beautiful
red lips: “‘One calls it an orchestral motif.’ I don’t think he was any
too well pleased, really. Oh, my dear Charles,” she went on, “what a
bore it can be, dining out. There are evenings when one would
sooner die! It is true that dying may be perhaps just as great a bore,
because we don’t know what it’s like.” A servant appeared. It was the
young lover who used to have trouble with the porter, until the
Duchess, in her kindness of heart, brought about an apparent peace
between them. “Am I to go up this evening to inquire for M. le
Marquis d’Osmond?” he asked. “Most certainly not, nothing before
to-morrow morning. In fact I don’t want you to remain in the house
to-night. The only thing that will happen will be that his footman, who
knows you, will come to you with the latest report and send you out
after us. Get off, go anywhere you like, have a woman, sleep out, but
I don’t want to see you here before to-morrow morning.” An immense
joy overflowed from the footman’s face. He would at last be able to
spend long hours with his lady-love, whom he had practically ceased
to see ever since, after a final scene with the porter, the Duchess
had considerately explained to him that it would be better, to avoid
further conflicts, if he did not go out at all. He floated, at the thought
of having an evening free at last, in a happiness which the Duchess
saw and guessed its reason. She felt, so to speak, a tightening of the
heart and an itching in all her limbs at the sight of this happiness
which an amorous couple were snatching behind her back,
concealing themselves from her, which left her irritated and jealous.
“No, Basin, let him stay here; I say, he’s not to stir out of the house.”
“But, Oriane, that’s absurd, the house is crammed with servants, and
you have the costumier’s people coming as well at twelve to dress
us for this show. There’s absolutely nothing for him to do, and he’s
the only one who’s a friend of Mama’s footman; I would a thousand
times rather get him right away from the house.” “Listen, Basin, let
me do what I want, I shall have a message for him to take in the
evening, as it happens, I can’t tell yet at what time. In any case
you’re not to go out of the house for a single instant, do you hear?”
she said to the despairing footman. If there were continual quarrels,
and if servants did not stay long with the Duchess, the person to
whose charge this guerrilla warfare was to be laid was indeed
irremovable, but it was not the porter; no doubt for the rougher tasks,
for the martyrdoms that it was more tiring to inflict, for the quarrels
which ended in blows, the Duchess entrusted the heavier
instruments to him; but even then he played his part without the least
suspicion that he had been cast for it. Like the household servants,
he admired the Duchess for her kindness of heart; and footmen of
little discernment who came back, after leaving her service, to visit
Françoise used to say that the Duke’s house would have been the
finest “place” in Paris if it had not been for the porter’s lodge. The
Duchess “played” the lodge on them, just as at different times
clericalism, freemasonry, the Jewish peril have been played on the
public. Another footman came into the room. “Why have not they
brought up the package that M. Swann sent here? And, by the way
(you’ve heard, Charles, that Mama is seriously ill?), Jules went up to
inquire for news of M. le Marquis d’Osmond: has he come back yet?”
“He’s just come this instant, M. le Duc. They’re waiting from one
moment to the next for M. le Marquis to pass away.” “Ah! He’s alive!”
exclaimed the Duke with a sigh of relief. “That’s all right, that’s all
right: sold again, Satan! While there’s life there’s hope,” the Duke
announced to us with a joyful air. “They’ve been talking about him as
though he were dead and buried. In a week from now he’ll be fitter
than I am.” “It’s the Doctors who said that he wouldn’t last out the
evening. One of them wanted to call again during the night. The
head one said it was no use. M. le Marquis would be dead by then;
they’ve only kept him alive by injecting him with camphorated oil.”
“Hold your tongue, you damned fool,” cried the Duke in a paroxysm
of rage. “Who the devil asked you to say all that? You haven’t
understood a word of what they told you.” “It wasn’t me they told, it
was Jules.” “Will you hold your tongue!” roared the Duke, and,
turning to Swann, “What a blessing he’s still alive! He will regain his
strength gradually, don’t you know. Still alive, after being in such a
critical state, that in itself is an excellent sign. One mustn’t expect
everything at once. It can’t be at all unpleasant, a little injection of
camphorated oil.” He rubbed his hands. “He’s alive; what more could
anyone want? After going through all that he’s gone through, it’s a
great step forward. Upon my word, I envy him having such a
temperament. Ah! these invalids, you know, people do all sorts of
little things for them that they don’t do for us. Now to-day there was a
devil of a cook who sent me up a leg of mutton with béarnaise sauce
—it was done to a turn, I must admit, but just for that very reason I
took so much of it that it’s still lying on my stomach. However, that
doesn’t make people come to inquire for me as they do for dear
Amanien. We do too much inquiring. It only tires him. We must let
him have room to breathe. They’re killing the poor fellow by sending
round to him all the time.” “Well,” said the Duchess to the footman as
he was leaving the room, “I gave orders for the envelope containing
a photograph which M. Swann sent me to be brought up here.”
“Madame la Duchesse, it is so large that I didn’t know if I could get it
through the door. We have left it in the hall. Does Madame la
Duchesse wish me to bring it up?” “Oh, in that case, no; they ought
to have told me, but if it’s so big I shall see it in a moment when I
come downstairs.” “I forgot to tell Mme. la Duchesse that Mme. la
Comtesse Molé left a card this morning for Mme. la Duchesse.”
“What, this morning?” said the Duchess with an air of disapproval,
feeling that so young a woman ought not to take the liberty of leaving
cards in the morning. “About ten o’clock, Madame la Duchesse.”
“Shew me the cards.” “In any case, Oriane, when you say that it was
a funny idea on Marie’s part to marry Gilbert,” went on the Duke,
reverting to the original topic of conversation, “it is you who have an
odd way of writing history. If either of them was a fool, it was Gilbert,
for having married of all people a woman so closely related to the
King of the Belgians, who has usurped the name of Brabant which
belongs to us. To put it briefly, we are of the same blood as the
Hesses, and of the elder branch. It is always stupid to talk about
oneself,” he apologised to me, “but after all, whenever we have been
not only at Darmstadt, but even at Cassel and all over Electoral
Hesse, the Landgraves have always, all of them, been most
courteous in giving us precedence as being of the elder branch.”
“But really, Basin, you don’t mean to tell me that a person who was a
Major in every regiment in her country, who had been engaged to the
King of Sweden.” “Oriane, that is too much; anyone would think that
you didn’t know that the King of Sweden’s grandfather was tilling the
soil at Pau when we had been ruling the roost for nine hundred years
throughout the whole of Europe.” “That doesn’t alter the fact that if
somebody were to say in the street: ‘Hallo, there’s the King of
Sweden,’ everyone would at once rush to see him as far as the
Place de la Concorde, and if he said: ‘There’s M. de Guermantes,’
nobody would know who M. de Guermantes was.” “What an
argument!” “Besides, I never can understand how, once the title of
Duke of Brabant has passed to the Belgian Royal Family, you can
continue to claim it.”
The footman returned with the Comtesse Molé’s card, or rather
what she had left in place of a card. Alleging that she had none on
her, she had taken from her pocket a letter addressed to herself, and
keeping the contents had handed in the envelope which bore the
inscription: “La Comtesse Molé.” As the envelope was rather large,
following the fashion in notepaper which prevailed that year, this
manuscript “card” was almost twice the size of an ordinary visiting
card. “That is what people call Mme. Molé’s ‘simplicity’,” said the
Duchess ironically. “She wants to make us think that she had no
cards on her, and to shew her originality. But we know all about that,
don’t we, my little Charles, we are quite old enough and quite original
enough ourselves to see through the tricks of a little lady who has
only been going about for four years. She is charming, but she
doesn’t seem to me, all the same, to be quite ‘big’ enough to imagine
that she can take the world by surprise with so little effort as merely
leaving an envelope instead of a card and leaving it at ten o’clock in
the morning. Her old mother mouse will shew her that she knows a
thing or two about that.” Swann could not help smiling at the thought
that the Duchess, who was, incidentally, a trifle jealous of Mme. de
Molé’s success, would find it quite in accordance with the
“Guermantes wit” to make some impertinent retort to her visitor. “So
far as the title of Duc de Brabant is concerned, I’ve told you a
hundred times, Oriane...” the Duke continued, but the Duchess,
without listening, cut him short. “But, my little Charles, I’m longing to
see your photograph.” “Ah! Extinctor draconis latrator Anubis,” said
Swann. “Yes, it was so charming what you said about that when you
were comparing the Saint George at Venice. But I don’t understand:
why Anubis?” “What’s the one like who was an ancestor of Babal?”
asked M. de Guermantes. “You want to see his bauble?” retorted his
wife, dryly, to shew that she herself scorned the pun. “I want to see
them all,” she added. “Listen, Charles, let us wait downstairs till the
carriage comes,” said the Duke; “you can pay your call on us in the
hall, because my wife won’t let us have any peace until she’s seen
your photograph. I am less impatient, I must say,” he added with a
satisfied air. “I am not easily moved myself, but she would see us all
dead rather than miss it.” “I am entirely of your opinion, Basin,” said
the Duchess, “let us go into the hall; we shall at least know why we
have come down from your study, while we shall never know how we
have come down from the Counts of Brabant.” “I’ve told you a
hundred times how the title came into the House of Hesse,” said the
Duke (while we were going downstairs to look at the photograph,
and I thought of those that Swann used to bring me at Combray),
“through the marriage of a Brabant in 1241 with the daughter of the
last Landgrave of Thuringia and Hesse, so that really it is the title of
Prince of Hesse that came to the House of Brabant rather than that
of Duke of Brabant to the House of Hesse. You will remember that
our battle-cry was that of the Dukes of Brabant: ‘Limbourg to her
conqueror!’ until we exchanged the arms of Brabant for those of
Guermantes, in which I think myself that we were wrong, and the
example of the Gramonts will not make me change my opinion.”
“But,” replied Mme. de Guermantes, “as it is the King of the Belgians
who is the conqueror.... Besides the Belgian Crown Prince calls
himself Duc de Brabant.” “But, my dear child, your argument will not
hold water for a moment. You know as well as I do that there are
titles of pretension which can perfectly well exist even if the territory
is occupied by usurpers. For instance, the King of Spain describes
himself equally as Duke of Brabant, claiming in virtue of a
possession less ancient than ours, but more ancient than that of the
King of the Belgians. He calls himself also Duke of Burgundy, King of
the Indies Occidental and Oriental, and Duke of Milan. Well, he is no
more in possession of Burgundy, the Indies or Brabant than I
possess Brabant myself, or the Prince of Hesse either, for that
matter. The King of Spain likewise proclaims himself King of
Jerusalem, as does the Austrian Emperor, and Jerusalem belongs to
neither one nor the other.” He stopped for a moment with an
awkward feeling that the mention of Jerusalem might have
embarrassed Swann, in view of “current events”, but only went on
more rapidly: “What you said just now might be said of anyone. We
were at one time Dukes of Aumale, a duchy that has passed as
regularly to the House of France as Joinville and Chevreuse have to
the House of Albert. We make no more claim to those titles than to
that of Marquis de Noirmoutiers, which was at one time ours, and
became perfectly regularly the appanage of the House of La
Trémoïlle, but because certain cessions are valid, it does not follow
that they all are. For instance,” he went on, turning to me, “my sister-
in-law’s son bears the title of Prince d’Agrigente, which comes to us
from Joan the Mad, as that of Prince de Tarente comes to the La
Trémoïlles. Well, Napoleon went and gave this title of Tarente to a
soldier, who may have been admirable in the ranks, but in doing so
the Emperor was disposing of what belonged to him even less than
Napoleon III when he created a Duc de Montmorency, since
Périgord had at least a mother who was a Montmorency, while the
Tarente of Napoléon I had no more Tarente about him than
Napoleon’s wish that he should become so. That did not prevent
Chaix d’Est-Ange, alluding to our uncle Condé, from asking the
Procureur Impérial if he had picked up the title of Duc de
Montmorency in the moat of Vincennes.”
 “Listen, Basin, I ask for nothing better than to follow you to the
ditches of Vincennes, or even to Taranto. And that reminds me,
Charles, of what I was going to say to you when you were telling me
about your Saint George at Venice. We have an idea, Basin and I, of
spending next spring in Italy and Sicily. If you were to come with us,
just think what a difference it would make! I’m not thinking only of the
pleasure of seeing you, but imagine, after all you’ve told me so often
about the remains of the Norman Conquest and of ancient history,
imagine what a trip like that would become if you came with us! I
mean to say that even Basin—what am I saying, Gilbert—would
benefit by it, because I feel that even his claims to the throne of
Naples and all that sort of thing would interest me if they were
explained by you in old romanesque churches in little villages
perched on hills like primitive paintings. But now we’re going to look
at your photograph. Open the envelope,” said the Duchess to a
footman. “Please, Oriane, not this evening; you can look at it to-
morrow,” implored the Duke, who had already been making signs of
alarm to me on seeing the huge size of the photograph. “But I like to
look at it with Charles,” said the Duchess, with a smile at once
artificially concupiscent and psychologically subtle, for in her desire
to be friendly to Swann she spoke of the pleasure which she would
have in looking at the photograph as though it were the pleasure an
invalid feels he would find in eating an orange, or as though she had
managed to combine an escapade with her friends with giving
information to a biographer as to some of her favourite pursuits. “All
right, he will come again to see you, on purpose,” declared the Duke,
to whom his wife was obliged to yield. “You can spend three hours in
front of it, if that amuses you,” he added ironically. “But where are
you going to stick a toy of those dimensions?” “Why, in my room, of
course. I like to have it before my eyes.” “Oh, just as you please; if
it’s in your room, probably I shall never see it,” said the Duke, without
thinking of the revelation he was thus blindly making of the negative
character of his conjugal relations. “Very well, you will undo it with
the greatest care,” Mme. de Guermantes told the servant, multiplying
her instructions out of politeness to Swann. “And see that you don’t
crumple the envelope, either.” “So even the envelope has got to be
respected!” the Duke murmured to me, raising his eyes to the ceiling.
“But, Swann,” he added, “I, who am only a poor married man and
thoroughly prosaic, what I wonder at is how on earth you managed
to find an envelope that size. Where did you pick it up?” “Oh, at the
photographer’s; they’re always sending out things like that. But the
man is a fool, for I see he’s written on it ‘The Duchesse de
Guermantes,’ without putting ‘Madame’.” “I’ll forgive him for that,”
said the Duchesse carelessly; then, seeming to be struck by a
sudden idea which enlivened her, checked a faint smile; but at once
returning to Swann: “Well, you don’t say whether you’re coming to
Italy with us?” “Madame, I am really afraid that it will not be
possible.” “Indeed! Mme. de Montmorency is more fortunate. You
went with her to Venice and Vicenza. She told me that with you one
saw things one would never see otherwise, things no one had ever
thought of mentioning before, that you shewed her things she had
never dreamed of, and that even in the well-known things she had
been able to appreciate details which without you she might have
passed by a dozen times without ever noticing. Obviously, she has
been more highly favoured than we are to be.... You will take the big
envelope from M. Swann’s photograph,” she said to the servant,
“and you will hand it in, from me, this evening at half past ten at
Mme. la Comtesse Molé’s.” Swann laughed. “I should like to know,
all the same,” Mme. de Guermantes asked him, “how, ten months
before the time, you can tell that a thing will be impossible.” “My dear
Duchess, I will tell you if you insist upon it, but, first of all, you can
see that I am very ill.” “Yes, my little Charles, I don’t think you look at
all well. I’m not pleased with your colour, but I’m not asking you to
come with me next week, I ask you to come in ten months. In ten
months one has time to get oneself cured, you know.” At this point a
footman came in to say that the carriage was at the door. “Come,
Oriane, to horse,” said the Duke, already pawing the ground with
impatience as though he were himself one of the horses that stood
waiting outside. “Very well, give me in one word the reason why you
can’t come to Italy,” the Duchess put it to Swann as she rose to say
good-bye to us. “But, my dear friend, it’s because I shall then have
been dead for several months. According to the doctors I consulted
last winter, the thing I’ve got—which may, for that matter, carry me off
at any moment—won’t in any case leave me more than three or four
months to live, and even that is a generous estimate,” replied Swann
with a smile, while the footman opened the glazed door of the hall to
let the Duchess out. “What’s that you say?” cried the Duchess,
stopping for a moment on her way to the carriage, and raising her
fine eyes, their melancholy blue clouded by uncertainty. Placed for
the first time in her life between two duties as incompatible as getting
into her carriage to go out to dinner and shewing pity for a man who
was about to die, she could find nothing in the code of conventions
that indicated the right line to follow, and, not knowing which to
choose, felt it better to make a show of not believing that the latter
alternative need be seriously considered, so as to follow the first,
which demanded of her at the moment less effort, and thought that
the best way of settling the conflict would be to deny that any
existed. “You’re joking,” she said to Swann. “It would be a joke in
charming taste,” replied he ironically. “I don’t know why I am telling
you this; I have never said a word to you before about my illness. But
as you asked me, and as now I may die at any moment.... But
whatever I do I mustn’t make you late; you’re dining out, remember,”
he added, because he knew that for other people their own social
obligations took precedence of the death of a friend, and could put
himself in her place by dint of his instinctive politeness. But that of
the Duchess enabled her also to perceive in a vague way that the
dinner to which she was going must count for less to Swann than his
own death. And so, while continuing on her way towards the
carriage, she let her shoulders droop, saying: “Don’t worry about our
dinner. It’s not of any importance!” But this put the Duke in a bad
humour, who exclaimed: “Come, Oriane, don’t stop there chattering
like that and exchanging your jeremiads with Swann; you know very
well that Mme. de Saint-Euverte insists on sitting down to table at
eight o’clock sharp. We must know what you propose to do; the
horses have been waiting for a good five minutes. I beg your pardon,
Charles,” he went on, turning to Swann, “but it’s ten minutes to eight
already. Oriane is always late, and it will take us more than five
minutes to get to old Saint-Euverte’s.”
Mme. de Guermantes advanced resolutely towards the carriage
and uttered a last farewell to Swann. “You know, we can talk about
that another time; I don’t believe a word you’ve been saying, but we
must discuss it quietly. I expect they gave you a dreadful fright, come
to luncheon, whatever day you like,” (with Mme. de Guermantes
things always resolved themselves into luncheons), “you will let me
know your day and time,” and, lifting her red skirt, she set her foot on
the step. She was just getting into the carriage when, seeing this foot
exposed, the Duke cried in a terrifying voice: “Oriane, what have you
been thinking of, you wretch? You’ve kept on your black shoes! With
a red dress! Go upstairs quick and put on red shoes, or rather,” he
said to the footman, “tell the lady’s maid at once to bring down a pair
of red shoes.” “But, my dear,” replied the Duchess gently, annoyed to
see that Swann, who was leaving the house with me but had stood
back to allow the carriage to pass out in front of us, could hear,
“since we are late.” “No, no, we have plenty of time. It is only ten to;
it won’t take us ten minutes to get to the Parc Monceau. And, after
all, what would it matter? If we turned up at half past eight they’ld
have to wait for us, but you can’t possibly go there in a red dress and
black shoes. Besides, we shan’t be the last, I can tell you; the
Sassenages are coming, and you know they never arrive before
twenty to nine.” The Duchess went up to her room. “Well,” said M. de
Guermantes to Swann and myself, “we poor, down-trodden
husbands, people laugh at us, but we are of some use all the same.
But for me, Oriane would have been going out to dinner in black
shoes.” “It’s not unbecoming,” said Swann, “I noticed the black shoes
and they didn’t offend me in the least.” “I don’t say you’re wrong,”
replied the Duke, “but it looks better to have them to match the
dress. Besides, you needn’t worry, she would no sooner have got
there than she’ld have noticed them, and I should have been obliged
to come home and fetch the others. I should have had my dinner at
nine o’clock. Good-bye, my children,” he said, thrusting us gently
from the door, “get away, before Oriane comes down again. It’s not
that she doesn’t like seeing you both. On the contrary, she’s too fond
of your company. If she finds you still here she will start talking
again, she is tired out already, she’ll reach the dinner-table quite
dead. Besides, I tell you frankly, I’m dying of hunger. I had a
wretched luncheon this morning when I came from the train. There
was the devil of a béarnaise sauce, I admit, but in spite of that I
sha’nt be at all sorry, not at all sorry to sit down to dinner. Five
minutes to eight! Oh, women, women! She’ll give us both indigestion
before to-morrow. She is not nearly as strong as people think.” The
Duke felt no compunction at speaking thus of his wife’s ailments and
his own to a dying man, for the former interested him more,
appeared to him more important. And so it was simply from good
breeding and good fellowship that, after politely shewing us out, he
cried “from off stage”, in a stentorian voice from the porch to Swann,
who was already in the courtyard: “You, now, don’t let yourself be
taken in by the doctors’ nonsense, damn them. They’re donkeys.
You’re as strong as the Pont Neuf. You’ll live to bury us all!”
 Modern Library of the World’s Best Books

COMPLETE LIST OF TITLES IN

THE MODERN LIBRARY
For convenience in ordering
please use number at right of title

ADAMS, HENRY The Education of Henry Adams 76

AIKEN, CONRAD A Comprehensive Anthology of
American Verse 101
AIKEN, CONRAD Modern American Poetry 127
ANDERSON, SHERWOOD Winesburg, Ohio 104
BALZAC Droll Stories 193
BEERBOHM, MAX Zuleika Dobson 116
BEMELMANS, LUDWIG My War with the United States 175
BENNETT, ARNOLD The Old Wives’ Tale 184
BIERCE, AMBROSE In the Midst of Life 133
BOCCACCIO The Decameron 71
BRONTË, CHARLOTTE Jane Eyre 64
BRONTË, EMILY Wuthering Heights 106
BUCK, PEARL The Good Earth 2
BURTON, RICHARD The Arabian Nights 201
BUTLER, SAMUEL Erewhon and Erewhon Revisited 136
BUTLER, SAMUEL The Way of All Flesh 13
CABELL, JAMES BRANCH Jurgen 15
CALDWELL, ERSKINE God’s Little Acre 51
CANFIELD, DOROTHY The Deepening Stream 200
CARROLL, LEWIS Alice in Wonderland, etc. 79
CASANOVA, JACQUES Memoirs of Casanova 165
CELLINI, BENVENUTO Autobiography of Cellini 3
CERVANTES Don Quixote 174
CHAUCER The Canterbury Tales 161
CHAUCER Troilus and Cressida 126
CONFUCIUS The Wisdom of Confucius 7
CONRAD, JOSEPH Heart of Darkness (In Great Modern
Short Stories 168)
CONRAD, JOSEPH Lord Jim 186
CONRAD, JOSEPH Victory 34
CORNEILLE and RACINE Six Plays of Corneille and Racine 194
CORVO, FREDERICK BARON A History of the Borgias 192
CUMMINGS, E. E. The Enormous Room 214
DANTE The Divine Comedy 208
DAUDET, ALPHONSE Sapho 85
DEFOE, DANIEL Moll Flanders 122
DEWEY, JOHN Human Nature and Conduct 173
DICKENS, CHARLES A Tale of Two Cities 189
DICKENS, CHARLES David Copperfield 110
DICKENS, CHARLES Pickwick Papers 204
DINESEN, ISAK Seven Gothic Tales 54
DOS PASSOS, JOHN Three Soldiers 205
DOSTOYEVSKY, FYODOR Crime and Punishment 199
DOSTOYEVSKY, FYODOR The Brothers Karamazov 151
DOSTOYEVSKY, FYODOR The Possessed 55
DOUGLAS, NORMAN South Wind 5
DREISER, THEODORE Sister Carrie 8
DUMAS, ALEXANDRE Camille 69
DUMAS, ALEXANDRE The Three Musketeers 143
DU MAURIER, GEORGE Peter Ibbetson 207
EDMAN, IRWIN The Philosophy of Plato 181
EDMONDS, WALTER D. Rome Haul 191
ELLIS, HAVELOCK The Dance of Life 160
EMERSON, RALPH WALDO Essays and Other Writings 91
FAULKNER, WILLIAM Sanctuary 61
FEUCHTWANGER, LION Power 206
FIELDING, HENRY Joseph Andrews 117
FIELDING, HENRY Tom Jones 185
FINEMAN, IRVING Hear, Ye Sons 130
FLAUBERT, GUSTAVE Madame Bovary 28
FORESTER, C. S. The African Queen 102
FORSTER, E. M. A Passage to India 218
FRANCE, ANATOLE Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard 22
FRANCE, ANATOLE Penguin Island 210
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN Autobiography, etc. 39
GALSWORTHY, JOHN The Apple Tree (In Great Modern Short
Stories 168)
GAUTIER, THEOPHILE Mlle. De Maupin, One of Cleopatra’s
Nights 53
GEORGE, HENRY Progress and Poverty 36
GIDE, ANDRÉ The Counterfeiters 187
GISSING, GEORGE New Grub Street 125
GISSING, GEORGE Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft 46
GLASGOW, ELLEN Barren Ground 25
GOETHE Faust 177
GOETHE The Sorrows of Werther (In Collected
German Stories 108)
GOGOL, NIKOLAI Dead Souls 40
GRAVES, ROBERT I, Claudius 20
HAMMETT, DASHIELL The Maltese Falcon 45
HAMSUN, KNUT Growth of the Soil 12
HARDY, THOMAS Jude the Obscure 135
HARDY, THOMAS The Mayor of Casterbridge 17
HARDY, THOMAS The Return of the Native 121
HARDY, THOMAS Tess of the D’Urbervilles 72
HART, LIDDELL The War in Outline 16
HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL The Scarlet Letter 93
HEMINGWAY, ERNEST A Farewell to Arms 19
HEMINGWAY, ERNEST The Sun Also Rises 170
HEMON, LOUIS Maria Chapdelaine 10
HOMER The Iliad 166
HOMER The Odyssey 167
HORACE The Complete Works of 141
HUDSON, W. H. Green Mansions 89
HUDSON, W. H. The Purple Land 24
HUGHES, RICHARD A High Wind in Jamaica 112
HUGO, VICTOR The Hunchback of Notre Dame 35
HUNEKER, JAMES G. Painted Veils 43
HUXLEY, ALDOUS Antic Hay 209
HUXLEY, ALDOUS Point Counter Point 180
IBSEN, HENRIK A Doll’s House, Ghosts, etc. 6
JAMES, HENRY The Portrait of a Lady 107
JAMES, HENRY The Turn of the Screw 169
JAMES, WILLIAM The Philosophy of William James 114
JAMES, WILLIAM The Varieties of Religious Experience
70
JEFFERS, ROBINSON Roan Stallion; Tamar and Other Poems
118
JOYCE, JAMES Dubliners 124
JOYCE, JAMES A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
145
KUPRIN, ALEXANDRE Yama 203
LARDNER, RING The Collected Short Stories of 211
LAWRENCE, D. H. The Rainbow 128
LAWRENCE, D. H. Sons and Lovers 109
LAWRENCE, D. H. Women in Love 68
LEWIS, SINCLAIR Arrowsmith 42
LEWISOHN, LUDWIG The Island Within 123
LONGFELLOW, HENRY W. Poems 56
LOUYS, PIERRE Aphrodite 77
LUDWIG, EMIL Napoleon 95
LUNDBERG, FERDINAND Imperial Hearst 81
MACHIAVELLI The Prince and The Discourses of
Machiavelli 65
MALRAUX, ANDRÉ Man’s Fate 33
MANN, THOMAS Death in Venice (In Collected German
Stories 108)
MANSFIELD, KATHERINE The Garden Party 129
MARQUAND, JOHN P. The Late George Apley 182
MARX, KARL Capital and Other Writings 202
MAUGHAM, W. SOMERSET Of Human Bondage 176
MAUGHAM, W. SOMERSET The Moon and Sixpence 27
MAUPASSANT, GUY DE Best Short Stories 98
McFEE, WILLIAM Casuals of the Sea 195
MELVILLE, HERMAN Moby Dick 119
MEREDITH, GEORGE Diana of the Crossways 14
MEREDITH, GEORGE The Ordeal of Richard Feverel 134
MEREJKOWSKI, DMITRI The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci
138
MISCELLANEOUS An Anthology of American Negro
Literature 163
An Anthology of Light Verse 48
Best Ghost Stories 73
Best Amer. Humorous Short Stories 87
Best Russian Short Stories, including
Bunin’s The Gentleman from San
Francisco 18
Eight Famous Elizabethan Plays 94
Five Great Modern Irish Plays 30
Four Famous Greek Plays 158
Fourteen Great Detective Stories 144
Great German Short Novels and
Stories 108
Great Modern Short Stories 168
The Federalist 139
The Making of Man: An Outline of
Anthropology 149
The Making of Society: An Outline of
Sociology 183
The Short Bible 57
Outline of Abnormal Psychology 152
Outline of Psychoanalysis 66
The Sex Problem in Modern Society
198
MOLIERE Plays 78
MORLEY, CHRISTOPHER Human Being 74
MORLEY, CHRISTOPHER Parnassus on Wheels 190
NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH Thus Spake Zarathustra 9
ODETS, CLIFFORD Six Plays of 67
O’NEILL, EUGENE The Emperor Jones, Anna Christie and
The Hairy Ape 146
O’NEILL, EUGENE The Long Voyage Home and Seven
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