Civics – The Executive Notes

**Page 1:**

Problems in civil services include lack of professionalism, ine9ective incentives, rigid

rules, lack of accountability, political interference, and corruption. Rigid procedures
hinder e9iciency, and there's resistance to change. Political interference causes
arbitrary transfers, eroding tenure security and ethical standards.

**Page 2:**

The Union executive includes the President, Vice-President, and Council of Ministers
with the Prime Minister as the head. Key articles: President (52-62), Prime Minister &
Council of Ministers (74-75, 78), and Attorney-General (76). State executive includes
Governor (153-161), Chief Minister & Council of Ministers (164-167), and Advocate-
General (165, 177).

**Page 3:**

The Vice President must be an Indian citizen, 35+ years old, qualified for Rajya Sabha,
not a member of Parliament or holding an o9ice of profit. The term is five years, and a
vacancy occurs upon term completion, resignation, removal, death, or election
voidance. The Vice President ensures non-partisan civil service, policy-making, and
coordination.

**Page 4:**

The Vice President is elected indirectly by an Electoral College of Parliament members

using proportional representation. To qualify, a candidate must be 35+, a Rajya Sabha
member, and cannot hold an o9ice of profit. This position is crucial for providing non-
partisan advice, e9ective policy-making, and coordination within the governance
system.

**Page 5:**

The Prime Minister’s powers are restricted by potential no-confidence votes, adherence
to party policies, advice from the Head of State, and public opinion. Misuse of power, as
seen in Indira Gandhi’s Emergency declaration, is checked by the Lokpal. Collective
responsibility ensures ministers' accountability, although it can curb individual
initiatives and delay urgent actions.

**Page 6:**

The Vice President of India is indirectly elected by an Electoral College, including both
elected and nominated members of Parliament. States do not participate. Candidates
must be 35+, eligible for Rajya Sabha, and cannot hold an o9ice of profit. The term is
five years, with possible vacancies due to term completion, resignation, removal, death,
or election voidance.

**Page 7:**

The Union Executive includes the President, Vice-President, and the Council of
Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Key articles: President (52-62), Prime Minister &
Council of Ministers (74-75, 78), Attorney-General (76). The State Executive includes the
Governor (153-161), Chief Minister & Council of Ministers (164-167), and Advocate-
General (165, 177). The central government is formed through elections and party
majorities.

**Page 8:**

Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected every five years through direct elections from
constituencies. Political parties, formed by individuals with similar ideologies, contest
these elections. The majority party forms the government, with the leader becoming the
Prime Minister, who then forms the cabinet. The President of India approves the
government formation after ministers take the oath of o9ice.

**Page 9:**

The Prime Minister of India is appointed by the President, typically the leader of the
majority party in Lok Sabha, or one who can gain confidence. Other ministers are
appointed on the Prime Minister’s advice. In cases of no clear majority, the President
may appoint the Prime Minister at discretion. The central government formation
involves elections, party formation, and presidential approval.

**Page 10:**
The Vice President ensures stability and continuity in governance, o9ering non-partisan
advice and e9ective coordination. The civil service, evolving since ancient times,
implements laws, policies, and acts as a stabilizing force amidst political changes.
Functions include policy formulation, welfare services, and developmental roles.
Problems include lack of professionalism, ine9ective incentives, rigid rules, and
political interference.

**Page 11:**

The Vice President’s election involves an indirect process by an Electoral College, with
both elected and nominated Parliament members participating. States do not have a
role in this election, di9ering from the Presidential election process. To qualify,
candidates must be 35+, eligible for Rajya Sabha, and free from holding any profit o9ice.
The Vice President’s term is five years, with specific vacancy conditions.

**Page 12:**

The Union Executive, comprising the President, Vice-President, and Council of Ministers
led by the Prime Minister, operates under Articles 52-78. The State Executive includes
the Governor, Chief Minister, and Advocate-General. Formation of the central
government involves MP elections, party formations, and majority wins. The President
appoints the Prime Minister and approves the formed government after ministers' oath-
taking.

**Page 13:**

The central government formation starts with MP elections every five years, followed by
party formation and majority determination. The Prime Minister, appointed by the
President, leads the majority party. The Prime Minister forms the cabinet, with the
President approving the government post-oath. The civil service plays a crucial role in
implementing laws, policies, and maintaining stability and continuity.

**Page 14:**

Civil services, with a historical evolution from the Mauryan and Mughal periods to
British and post-independence eras, are crucial for governance. Functions include law
implementation, policy formulation, providing stability, and ensuring welfare and
development. Challenges like lack of professionalism, rigid procedures, and political
interference hinder e9ectiveness. The Vice President's role in maintaining non-partisan
governance and coordination is vital.

**Page 15:**

The Vice President is elected indirectly by an Electoral College of Parliament members,

without state involvement. Qualifications include being 35+, eligible for Rajya Sabha,
and not holding a profit o9ice. The five-year term can end by resignation, removal,
death, or election voidance. The Union Executive consists of the President, Vice-
President, and Prime Minister-led Council of Ministers, operating under Articles 52-78.

### Page 16

Discusses the lack of professionalism and poor capacity building in civil services,
ine9ective incentive systems, outdated rules, lack of accountability, political
interference, erosion in ethics and values, resistance to change, and patrimonialism as
problems a9ecting civil services today.

### Page 17

Lists the qualifications for becoming the Vice President of India, including being an
Indian citizen, at least 35 years old, and eligible to be a Rajya Sabha member. The Vice
President cannot be a member of either house or hold an o9ice of profit under the
government.

### Page 18

Describes the term of o9ice for the Vice President, which is five years, and the
conditions under which a vacancy may arise, such as resignation, removal, death, or
election being declared void.

### Page 19

Highlights the importance of civil services in policy-making, o9ering non-partisan

advice, coordinating between governance institutions, and delivering services and
leadership at di9erent administration levels.
### Page 20

Provides a historical overview of civil services in India, from ancient Mauryan

administration and Mughal period to the British East India Company and post-
independence reorganization.

### Page 21

Details the Union Executive, including the President, Vice-President, and Council of
Ministers, with the Prime Minister as the head. It covers relevant articles in the Indian
Constitution (Articles 52-78).

### Page 22

Explains the State Executive, comprising the Governor, Chief Minister, Council of
Ministers, and Advocate-General of the State. It includes relevant constitutional articles
(Articles 153-167).

### Page 23

Describes the process of forming the central government in India, starting with the
election of Members of Parliament, the role of political parties, and the formation of the
government by the majority party.

### Page 24

Discusses the election and appointment of the Prime Minister of India, who is
appointed by the President and must be the leader of the majority party or able to win
the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

### Page 25

Explains the eligibility criteria for becoming the Prime Minister, including citizenship,
membership in either house, and age requirements. It highlights the Prime Minister's
significant role in the government.

### Page 26
Details the election process for the Vice President of India, involving an electoral
college consisting of both elected and nominated members of both houses of
Parliament. States do not participate in this election.

### Page 27

Lists the qualifications for becoming the Vice President of India, emphasizing the same
points as page 17 but adds that the Vice President should not hold any o9ice of profit.

### Page 28

Highlights the role of the Vice President in India, who acts as the ex-o9icio Chairman of
the Rajya Sabha and can act as President in the President's absence. It also mentions
the Vice President's role in diplomatic and ceremonial functions.

### Page 29

Describes the functions of civil services, including implementing laws and policies,
policy formulation, stabilizing force amidst political instability, instruments of social
change and economic development, welfare services, and developmental functions.

### Page 30

Reiterates the problems a9ecting civil services today, emphasizing lack of

professionalism, ine9ective incentive systems, rigid rules, lack of accountability,
political interference, erosion in ethics, resistance to change, and patrimonialism.

### Page 31

Discusses the eligibility and election process for the Vice President, focusing on the
electoral college's composition and the indirect election method using proportional
representation by single transferable vote.

### Page 32

Describes the powers and functions of the Vice President, including acting as President
in the President's absence and presiding over the Rajya Sabha. The Vice President also
participates in diplomatic and ceremonial duties.
### Page 33

Summarizes the historical evolution of civil services, from ancient Mauryan

administration, Mughal period, British East India Company, to post-independence
reorganization. It highlights the significant changes and continuity in the civil services.

### Page 34

Explains the role of the Union Executive, covering the President, Vice-President, and
Council of Ministers. It emphasizes the constitutional articles relevant to these
positions and their importance in the Indian polity.

### Page 35

Describes the formation of the central government in India, highlighting the election of
Members of Parliament, the role of political parties, and the process of forming the
government by the majority party. The President's approval is required for the formation of
the government.

Page 36: Civil services face issues like lack of professionalism, ineffective incentive systems,
outdated rules, lack of accountability, political interference, and corruption. These problems
hinder their performance and efficiency.

Page 37: The Vice President of India must be an Indian citizen over 35 years old, qualified
for Rajya Sabha membership, and not hold any other profit-making office. The Vice
President's term is five years, but resignation, removal, or death can create a vacancy.

Page 38: The Union Executive includes the President, Vice-President, and Council of
Ministers led by the Prime Minister. Key articles include President (52-62), Prime Minister &
Council of Ministers (74-75, 78), and Attorney-General of India (76).

Page 39: The state executive comprises the Governor (153-161), Chief Minister & Council of
Ministers (164-167), and Advocate-General of State (165, 177). Understanding these roles is
crucial for grasping Indian political science.

Page 40: The central government forms through electing Members of Parliament, forming
political parties, and the party with the majority forms the government. The President
approves the Prime Minister and ministers.

Page 41: The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, usually the leader of the majority
party in Lok Sabha. If no clear majority exists, the President can appoint at their discretion.
Page 42: Eligibility for the Prime Minister includes being an Indian citizen and a member of
Rajya Sabha or Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister holds a significant position, and their
resignation leads to the Council of Ministers' dissolution.

Page 43: The Prime Minister's powers are restricted by parliamentary confidence, party
policies, advice from the Head of State, and public opinion. Misuse of power, such as during
the Indian Emergency (1975-77), led to stricter scrutiny and the Lokpal's involvement in
investigating corruption.

Page 44: Civil services have evolved from ancient times with the Mauryan administration,
Mughal period, and British colonial era. Post-independence, civil services were reorganized
to support the welfare state and national policies.

Page 45: Functions of civil services include government administration, implementing laws,
policy formulation, stabilizing force amidst political changes, social change, welfare services,
and performing developmental functions. They also handle administrative adjudication
through tribunals.