A Project Draft For
A Project Draft For
Submitted by:
Shishir Khadka
Shreeti Karmacharya
Shuvam Thakur
Swekshaya Dahal
Sarita Thapa
Sajina Chaudhary
Trishala Singh
Sumi Thapa
Submitted to:
i
Bagbazar, Kathmandu-Nepal.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project could never have been possible without the support of various sources. It is
extremely impossible to thank every individual who has helped in the basic formularization
and there were sources that helped me in giving the ideas a physical form/shape. We are
extremely grateful to my mentor for their invaluable guidance in the project right from the
beginning. Everyone’s vital support helped the project to take a logical and suitable shape.
We take this opportunities to thank the school authorities, for extending their full support and
cooperation in the project. Last but not the least, We would like to thank everyone who has
offered a helping hand when required.
Thank you!
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Contents
COVER PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................ii
1. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM..............................................................................................1
1.1 History:........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement :...................................................................................................................1
1.3 Bernoulli’s principle equation:....................................................................................1
1.4 Derivation Of Bernoulli’s Theorem:............................................................................2
2. DEMOSTRATION:............................................................................................................3
2.1 Materials:.....................................................................................................................3
2.2 Procedure:....................................................................................................................3
2.3 Observation:................................................................................................................3
2.4 Result:..........................................................................................................................4
3. APPLICATIONS................................................................................................................5
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................7
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1. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
1.1 History:
Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, density, speed
and height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a parcel of fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in either the pressure or the height above a datum. The
principle is named after the Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, who
published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure
decreases when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler in 1752 who
derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form.
1.2 Statement :
Bernoulli’s theorem state that “For the streamline flow of a ideal liquid (incompressible and
non viscous ) , the total energy ( the sum of pressure energy, potential energy and kinetic
energy) per unit mass remains constant at every cross-section throughout the flow.”
1.3 Bernoulli’s principle equation:
Bernoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic energy, and gravitational
potential energy of a fluid in a container.
Bernoulli’s equation gives great insight into the balance between pressure, velocity and
elevation.
1
1.4 Derivation Of Bernoulli’s Theorem:
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1 1
P1+ ρv12+ρgy1=P2+ ρv22+ρgy2
2 2
This is Bernoulli’s equation.
2. DEMOSTRATION:
2.1 Materials:
Scissors
Tape
2.2 Procedure:
1. Inflate both balloons and tie them off at their ends. Both balloons should
approximately have the same size.
5. Use tape to attach the loose end of each of the strings to the underside of a door
frame. Space both balloons so that there is a gap of about 10-15 cm between them.
6. Make sure to keep the balloons away from significant air flow.
2.3 Observation:
Did you notice that both balloons magically moved towards each other without being touched
at all? The effect which you observed is a great demonstration of Bernoulli's principle. As
long as both balloons just dangle from the door frame, the air around them in each direction is
static. This means the air exerts the same amount of pressure onto each side of the balloon
and both balloons are still. When you slowly blew air in between the balloons, they probably
did not move much. This is because a very slow air flow does not greatly change the pressure
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conditions around the balloons.
However, when you blew through the paper tube more forcefully, we noticed that the
balloons magically came together. By blowing air forcefully between the balloons, we
created an area of low pressure in between the balloons. This is because fast-moving air
produces less pressure. The air pressure between the balloons decreased in comparison to the
air pressure around the rest of the balloons. Because higher pressure pushes towards lower
pressure, the balloons were pushed towards each other. We could have made the same
observations using ping pong balls instead of balloons. With heavier objects, however, the
generated air pressure difference might not be enough to make them move. The spacing
between the balloons matters as well. If the gap between the balloons is too wide, the low air
pressure area produced by blowing between them will no longer have an effect.
2.4 Result:
This demonstrates the bernoulli’s theorem.
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3. APPLICATIONS
In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be successfully explained by
application of Bernoulli's principle, even though no real fluid is entirely inviscid, and a small
viscosity often has a large effect on the flow.
Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil, if the
behaviour of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For example, if the air
flowing past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing
past the bottom surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the
surfaces of the wing will be lower above than below. This pressure difference results
in an upwards lifting force. Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and
bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good
approximation) using Bernoulli's equations, which were established by Bernoulli over
a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight.
The carburetor used in many reciprocating engines contains a venturi to create a
region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it thoroughly with the
incoming air. The low pressure in the throat of a venturi can be explained by
Bernoulli's principle; in the narrow throat, the air is moving at its fastest speed and
therefore it is at its lowest pressure.
An injector on a steam locomotive or a static boiler.
The pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine the airspeed of the
aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed indicator, which determines
the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft. Bernoulli's principle is used to
calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated airspeed appropriate to
the dynamic pressure.
A De Laval nozzle utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by turning pressure
energy generated by the combustion of propellants into velocity. This then generates
thrust by way of Newton's third law of motion.
The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi meter or
an orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of the flow.
For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows that for an incompressible
fluid, the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed.
Subsequently, Bernoulli's principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the
pressure in the reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the Venturi
effect.
The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base can be
calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation and is found to be proportional to the
square root of the height of the fluid in the tank. This is Torricelli's law, which is
compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Increased viscosity lowers this drain rate; this is
reflected in the discharge coefficient, which is a function of the Reynolds number and
the shape of the orifice.
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The Bernoulli grip relies on this principle to create a non-contact adhesive force
between a surface and the gripper.
During a cricket match, bowlers continually polish one side of the ball. After some
time, one side is quite rough and the other is still smooth. Hence, when the ball is
bowled and passes through air, the speed on one side of the ball is faster than on the
other, and this results in a pressure difference between the sides; this leads to the ball
rotating ("swinging") while travelling through the air, giving advantage to the
bowlers.
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4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle
2. https://byjus.com/physics/bernoullis-principle/
3. https://skybrary.aero/articles/bernoullis-principle
4. https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem