Maternal mortality

ratio

(deaths per 100,000 live

HDI rank Country births)
2020
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Switzerland 7
2 Norway 2
5 Denmark 5
5 Sweden 5
7 Germany 4
9 Singapore 7
10 Australia 3
15 United Kingdom 10
16 New Zealand 7
17 United Arab Emirates 9
18 Canada 11
19 Korea (Republic of) 8
20 United States 21
24 Japan 4
25 Israel 3
27 Spain 3
28 France 8
30 Italy 5
44 Chile 15
48 Argentina 45
52 Uruguay 19
56 Russian Federation 14
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
75 China 23
77 Mexico 59
80 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6
83 North Macedonia 3
86 Moldova (Republic of) 12
89 Azerbaijan 41
89 Brazil 72
91 Colombia 75
92 Libya 72
93 Algeria 78
100 Ukraine 17
101 Tunisia 37
105 Egypt 17
110 South Africa 127
112 Indonesia 173
 MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
120 Morocco 72
127 El Salvador 43
129 Bangladesh 123
130 Nicaragua 78
134 India 103
136 Guatemala 96
138 Honduras 72
154 Papua New Guinea 192
155 Timor-Leste 204
157 Syrian Arab Republic 30
158 Haiti 350
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
161 Nigeria 1,047
164 Pakistan 154
167 Tanzania (United Republic of) 238
176 Ethiopia 267
180 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 547
182 Afghanistan 620
186 Yemen 183
189 Chad 1,063
189 Niger 441
191 Central African Republic 835
192 South Sudan 1,223
193 Somalia 621
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 107
Monaco ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 15
High human development 65
Medium human development 152
Low human development 497

Developing countries 235

Regions
Arab States 128
East Asia and the Pacific 78
Europe and Central Asia 21
Latin America and the Caribbean 85
South Asia 132
Sub-Saharan Africa 516
Least developed countries 354
Small island developing states 203

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development 21

World 215

Notes
a. Data refer to 2022 or the most recent year available.
b. Based on countries for which a Human Development Index value is calculated.
c. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023).
d. In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
e. In calculating the HDI value, GNI per capita is capped at $75,000.
f. Updated by HDRO using mean years of schooling trend of Austria and data from UNESCO Institute fo
g. Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) rate and projected growth rate of Switzerland.
h. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and OECD (2023).
i. Estimated using the PPP rate of Spain.
j. Based on HDRO estimates using cross-country regression.
k. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and estimates using cro
l. HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank (2023), United Nations Statistics Division (2023) and I
m. Refers to 2015 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023).
n. Refers to 2015 based on HDRO estimates using cross-country regression.
o. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and United Nations Ch
p. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and Barro and Lee (20
q. HDRO estimate based on cross-country regression and the projected growth rate from United Nations
r. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and estimates using cross-country regre
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and SEDLAC (CEDLAS
t. Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Clu
u. Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator C
v. HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank (2023) and IMF (2023).
w. IMF (2023).
x. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and ICF Macro Demog
y. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years
z. HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank (2023), United Nations Statistics Division (2023) and
aa. Refers to 2008 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023).
ab. In calculating the HDI value, life expectancy is capped at 85 years.

Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic d
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can ex
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its productio
GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in ranking by GNI per capita and by HDI value. A nega
HDI rank for 2021: Ranking by HDI value for 2021, calculated using the same most recently revised dat

Main data sources

Columns 1 and 7: HDRO calculations based on data from Barro and Lee (2018), IMF (2023), UNDESA (
Column 2: UNDESA (2022).
Column 3: CEDLAS and The World Bank (2023), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNESC
Column 4: Barro and Lee (2018), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, OECD (2023), UNESCO
Column 5: IMF (2023), UNDESA (2023), United Nations Statistics Division (2023) andWorld Bank (2023
Column 6: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.
 data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023)
growth rate of Switzerland.
s (2023) and OECD (2023).

s (2023) and estimates using cross-country regression.

s Statistics Division (2023) and IMF (2023).

s (2023) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
s (2023) and Barro and Lee (2018).
growth rate from United Nations Statistics Division (2023) and UN DESA (2023).
mates using cross-country regression.
s (2023) and SEDLAC (CEDLAS and The World Bank) (2023).
(UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
d (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years and estimates using cross-country regression.

s (2023) and ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years.
Health Surveys for various years.
s Statistics Division (2023) and UN DESA (2023).

ge achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard o
ct to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.
of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’
ed by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.
omy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of produ
capita and by HDI value. A negative value means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by HDI value.
same most recently revised data available in 2023 that were used to calculate HDI values for 2021.

(2018), IMF (2023), UNDESA (2022) (2023), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023), United Nations Statistics Division (2023) a

ic and Health Surveys, UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
urveys, OECD (2023), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2023) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
n (2023) andWorld Bank (2023).
nd a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2023_technical_notes.pdf for de
the infant’s life.
st throughout the child’s life.

use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using PPP rates, divided by midye
istics Division (2023) and World Bank (2023).
hnical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.

rates, divided by midyear population.