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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

UNIT III: Partial Differentiation and Applications

Partial Differentiation:
Given a function of two variables, ƒ( x, y) the derivative with respect to x only
(treating y as a constant) is called the partial derivative of ƒ with respect to x
𝜕𝑓
It is denoted by either 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥
𝜕𝑥

Similarly, the derivative of ƒ with respect to y only (treating x as a constant) is

𝜕𝑓
called the partial derivative of ƒ with respect to y. It is denoted by either or fy
𝜕𝑦

Differentiate ƒ with respect to x twice. (i.e differentiate ƒ with respect to x; then

∂ ∂f ∂2 f
differentiate the result with respect to x again.) ( )= 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑥
∂x ∂x ∂x2

Differentiate ƒ with respect to y twice. (i.e. differentiate ƒ with respect to y; then

∂ ∂f ∂2 f
differentiate the result with respect to y again.) ( )= 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑦
∂y ∂y ∂y2

Mixed partials derivative:

 First differentiate ƒ with respect to x; then differentiate the result with respect
to y.
∂ ∂f ∂2 f
( )= 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑦
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x

 First differentiate ƒ with respect to y; then differentiate the result with respect
to x.
∂ ∂f ∂2 f
( )= 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑥
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

***************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Example 1: If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 + 1 find 𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑥

Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 + 1
𝑓𝑥 means differentiate 𝑓 with respect to x (treating y as a constant)
∂f ∂
𝑓𝑥 = = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 + 1 )
∂x ∂x
∂f
𝑓𝑥 = = 6𝑥𝑦 + 5 − 0 + 0 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 5
∂x

𝑓𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 differentiate f with respect to y (treating x as a constant)

∂f ∂
𝑓𝑦 = = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 + 1 )
∂y ∂y
∂f
𝑓𝑦 = = 3𝑥 2 + 0 − 4𝑦 + 0 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦
∂y
∂2 f
𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑥 Differentiate ƒ with respect to x twice.
∂x2
∂2 f ∂ ∂f ∂
𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = ( )= ( 6𝑥𝑦 + 5) = 6𝑦
∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x

∂2 f
𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑦 Differentiate ƒ with respect to y twice.
∂y2

∂2 f ∂ ∂f ∂
𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = ( )= ( 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦) = −4
∂y2 ∂y ∂y ∂y

First differentiate ƒ with respect to x; then differentiate the result with respect
to y.
∂2 f ∂ ∂f ∂
𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ( )= (6𝑥𝑦 + 5) = 6𝑥
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

First differentiate ƒ with respect to y; then differentiate the result with respect
to x.
∂2 f ∂ ∂f ∂
𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ( )= (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦) = 6𝑥
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x

*************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I
3 ∂2 z ∂2 z
Example 2: If 𝑧 = tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 then find the value of 2
− 𝑎2
∂x ∂y2
3
Solution: Let 𝑧 = tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2
∂2 z
To find 2 Differentiate 𝑧 with respect to 𝑥 twice
∂x
3
𝑧 = tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2
Differentiating 𝑧 with respect to 𝑥 partially treating y as constant
∂z ∂ 3 𝐝 𝒅 𝒏
= [tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 ] ∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
∂x ∂x 𝐝𝐱 𝒅𝒙
∂z ∂ 3 3 ∂
= sec 2(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2−1 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥)
∂x ∂x 2 ∂x
∂z 3 1
= sec 2(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) (0 + 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 (0 − 𝑎)
∂x 2
∂z 2(
3𝑎 1
= 𝑎 sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) − (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 … … … … (1)
∂x 2
∂z
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 partially treating y as constant
∂x

∂ ∂z ∂ 3𝑎 1
( ) = [𝑎 sec 2(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) − (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 ]
∂x ∂x ∂x 2
∂2 z ∂ 3𝑎 1 1 ∂
= 2 asec(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) [sec(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 )] − (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2−1 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥)
∂x2 ∂x 2 2 ∂x
∂2 z ∂
= 2 asec(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) sec(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 )
∂x2 ∂x
3𝑎 1
− (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )−2 (−𝑎)
4
∂2 z 2(
3𝑎 1
−2
) ( ) (
= 2 a sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 −) ( )
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 (−𝑎)
∂x2 4
∂2 z 2 2(
3𝑎 2 1
−2
) ( )
= 2 a sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 ) … … … … . . (𝐴)
∂x2 4
∂2 z
To find 2 Differentiate z with respect to y twice
∂y

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I
3
𝑧 = tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2
Differentiating 𝑧 with respect to 𝑦 partially treating x as constant
∂z ∂ 3
= [tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 ]
∂y ∂y
∂z ∂ 3 3 ∂
2(
= sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥) + 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2−1 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥)
( )
∂y ∂y 2 ∂y
∂z 3 1
= sec 2(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) (1 + 0) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2 (1 − 0)
∂y 2
∂z 2(
3 1
) ( )
= sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2 … … … … (2)
∂y 2
∂z
Differentiating with respect to 𝑦 partially treating x as constant
∂y
∂ ∂z ∂ 3 1
( ) = [sec 2(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2]
∂y ∂y ∂y 2
∂2 z ∂ 31 1 ∂
= 2 sec(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) [sec(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 )] + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )2−1 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥)
∂y 2 ∂x 22 ∂x
∂2 z ∂ 3 −
1
( ) ( ) (
= 2 sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) ( ) ( )
𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2 (1)
∂y 2 ∂x 4
∂2 z 2(
3𝑎 1
−2
) ( ) (
= 2 sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 +) (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 ) … … … … . (3)
∂y 2 4
Multiplying by −a2
∂2 z
2 2 2(
3𝑎 2 1
−2
−a = −2 a sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) tan(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) − (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 ) … … … … . . (𝐵)
∂y 2 4
Equation (A) + (B)
∂2 z 2
∂2 z 2 2(
3𝑎 2 1
−2
−a ) ( )
= 2 a sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )
∂x2 ∂y 2 4

2 2(
3𝑎 2 1
−2
) ( )
= −2 a sec 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 − (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 )
4
∂2 z 2
∂2 z
∴ 2−a =0
∂x ∂y 2
"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Example 3: If 𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 ) then prove that

𝜕 𝜕 2 4
( + ) 𝑢=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
Solution: Let 𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦))
𝑢 = log[(𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )]
𝑢 = log[(𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)] ∵ (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 ) = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)
𝑢 = log[(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)]
𝑢 = log(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + log(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∵ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃
𝑢 = 2 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂

𝜕 𝜕 2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
( + ) 𝑢 =( 2 +2 + ) u= 2+ 2 + … … (A)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 2

∂2 u
To find 2 means Differentiate 𝑢 with respect to 𝑥 twice
∂x
𝑢 = 2 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Differentiating 𝑢 with respect to 𝑥 partially y is constant
∂u ∂ 𝒅 𝟏
= [2 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log(𝑥 + 𝑦) ] ∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 =
∂x ∂x 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
∂u 2 ∂ 1 ∂
= (𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂x (𝑥 − 𝑦) ∂x (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∂x
∂u 2 1
= (1 − 0) + (1 + 0)
∂x (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂u 2 1
= + … … … … . (1)
∂x (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂u
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 partially
∂x
∂2 u ∂ ∂u ∂ 2 1
= ( ) = [ + ]
∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

∂2 u −2 ∂ −1 ∂ 𝒅 𝟏 −𝟏
= [ (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)] ∵ ( )= 𝟐
∂x2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ∂x (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ∂x 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
∂2 u −2 −1
= [ (1 − 0 ) + (1 + 0)]
∂x2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
∂2 u 2 1
= − − … … … … … … . . (2)
∂x2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
∂2 u
To find 2 Differentiate 𝑢 with respect to 𝑦 twice
∂y
𝑢 = 2 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Differentiating 𝑢 with respect to 𝑦 partially
∂u ∂
= [2 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log(𝑥 + 𝑦) ]
∂y ∂y
∂u 2 ∂ 1 ∂
= (𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦) ∂y (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∂y
∂u 2 1
= (0 − 1) + (0 + 1)
∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂u −2 1
= + … … … … . (3)
∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂u
Differentiating with respect to 𝑦 partially
∂y
∂2 u ∂ ∂u ∂ −2 1
= ( ) = [ + ]
∂y 2 ∂y ∂y ∂ (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂2 u −(−2) ∂ −1 ∂
= [ (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)]
∂y 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ∂y (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ∂y
∂2 u 2 −1
= [ (0 − 1 ) + (0 + 1)]
∂y 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
∂2 u 2 1
= − … … … … … … . . (4)
∂y 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
∂2 u
Differentiating 𝑢 with respect to 𝑦 partially then 𝑥
∂x ∂y

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

∂2 u ∂ ∂u ∂ −2 1
= ( )= ( + ) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (3)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂2 u −(−2) ∂ −1 ∂
= (𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)
∂x ∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ∂x (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ∂x
∂2 u 2 −1
= (1 − 0 ) + (1 + 0)
∂x ∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
∂2 u 2 1
= − … … … … . . (5)
∂x ∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2

𝜕 𝜕 2 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
( + ) 𝑢= + 2 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2

From (2) (4) and (5)

𝜕 𝜕 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
( + ) 𝑢= − − + 2 [ − ] − −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
2 1 4 2 2 1
= − − + − − −
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
4
=−
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
***************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

∂2 u ∂2 u
𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞 𝐈𝐈 =
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂2 f ∂2 f
If f(x, y) is Homogeneous Function then =
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

∂2 u ∂2 u
Example 1: If 𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) verify =
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

Solution: Let 𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

∂u
Differentiating 𝑢 with respect to 𝑥 partially y is constant
∂x
∂u ∂
= log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂x ∂x
∂u 1 ∂ 2 2)
𝒅 𝟏
= 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 =
∂x 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ∂x 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
∂u 1 2𝑥
= 2 (2𝑥 + 0 ) = … … … … . . (1)
∂x 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂2 u ∂u
Differentiating with respect to 𝑦 partially x is constant
∂y ∂x ∂x
∂2 u ∂ ∂u ∂ 2𝑥
= ( )= ( 2 )
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
∂2 u ∂ 1 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
= 2𝑥 ( 2 ) ∵ ( )= − 𝟐
∂y ∂x ∂y 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
∂2 u 2𝑥 (−1) ∂
= 2 2 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂y ∂x (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) ∂y
∂2 u − 2𝑥
= (0 + 2𝑦)
∂y ∂x (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
∂2 u −4𝑥𝑦
= … … … . . (𝐴)
∂y ∂x (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂u
Differentiating 𝑢 with respect to 𝑦 partially
∂y
∂u ∂
= log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂y ∂y
∂u 1 ∂
= 2 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂y 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∂y
∂u 1 2𝑦
= 2 (0 + 2𝑦 ) = … … … … . . (2)
∂y 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂2 u ∂u
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 partially constant y
∂x ∂y ∂y
∂2 u ∂ ∂u ∂ 2𝑦 ∂ 1
= ( )= ( 2 ) = 2𝑦 ( )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ∂x 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
∂2 u 2𝑦 (−1) ∂
= 2 2 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∂x ∂y (𝑥 +𝑦 ) ∂x
∂2 u − 2𝑦
= (2𝑥 + 0)
∂y ∂x (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
∂2 u −4𝑥𝑦
= … … … . . (𝐵)
∂y ∂x (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
From (A) and (B)
∂2 u ∂2 u
=
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

***************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Variable to be treated as Constant:

Let f be function of x and y i.e. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
To find partial derivative with respect to x we have to treat y as constant
𝜕𝑓
( )
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑓
To find partial derivative with respect to y we have to treat x as constant ( )
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
For Example:
𝜕𝑧
( ) Means 𝑧 is function of 𝑟, 𝜃 z is differentiable w. r .t 𝑟, 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜃

here z is partially differentiated with respect to r and 𝜃 as constant.

𝜕𝑦
( ) Means y is function of 𝑟, 𝜃 y is differentiable w. r. t 𝑟, 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝑟

here y is partially differentiated with respect to 𝜃 and r as constant.

********
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
Example 1: If u = 2x + 3y , v = 3x − 2y Find ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑢

Solution:
u = 2x + 3y … … … (1)
v = 3x − 2y … … … (2)
𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦 variable 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑢
( ) 𝑢 is function of 𝑥, 𝑦 variable 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

Diff u partially w. r. t. x keep y as constant

𝜕𝑢
( ) =2 … … … … … … . (𝐴)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝑥
( ) 𝑥 is function of 𝑢, 𝑣 variable
𝜕𝑢 𝑣

u = 2x + 3y v = 3x − 2y Eliminate 𝑦
u = 2x + 3y 2y = 3x − v
3x − v
u = 2x + 3y y=
2
3x − v
u = 2x + 3 ( )
2

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

2u = 4x + 3(3x − v)
2u = 4x + 9x − 3v
2u + 3v = 13x
2u + 3v
x=
13
𝜕𝑥
( ) Diff partially w. r. t. u keep v as constant
𝜕𝑢 𝑣

𝜕𝑥 2
( ) = … … … … (𝐵)
𝜕𝑢 𝑣 13

𝜕𝑦
( ) 𝑦 is function of 𝑣, 𝑥 variable
𝜕𝑣 𝑥
3x − v
From (2) v = 3x − 2y ⇒ 2y = 3x − v ⇒ y=
2

Diff partially w. r. t. v keep x as constant

𝜕𝑦 −1
( ) = … … … … … … . (𝐶 )
𝜕𝑣 𝑥 2

𝜕𝑣
( ) 𝑣 is function of 𝑦, 𝑢 variable
𝜕𝑦 𝑢

u = 2x + 3y v = 3x − 2y Eliminate 𝑥
u = 2x + 3y v + 2y = 3x
v + 2y
u = 2x + 3y x=
3
v + 2y
u = 2( ) + 3y
3

3u = 2v + 4y + 9y
3u = 2v + 13y
3u – 13y
2v = 3u − 13y v=
2

Diff partially w. r. t. y keep u as constant

𝜕𝑣 13
( ) =− … … … … (𝐷)
𝜕𝑦 𝑢 2

From (A), (B), (C) and (D)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 2 1 13
∴ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 2 ( ) (− ) (− ) = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 13 2 2

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

*******************
cos θ sin θ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
Example 2: If x = , y= Find ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )
r r 𝜕𝑟 θ 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 θ 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Solution:
cos θ
x= … … … (1)
r
sin θ
y= … … … (2)
r

𝑥, 𝑦 are function 𝑜𝑓 𝑟, 𝜃 variable 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)

𝜕𝑥 cos θ
( ) 𝑥 is function of 𝑟, 𝜃 variable 𝑖. 𝑒 x=
𝜕𝑟 θ r

Diff x partially w. r. t. r keep as 𝜃 constant

𝜕𝑥 cos θ 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
( ) =− … … … … … … . (𝐴) ( )=−
𝜕𝑟 θ r2 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝜕𝑟
( ) r is function of 𝑥, 𝑦 variable
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
cos θ sin θ
x= y= Eliminate θ
r r
cos2 θ sin2 θ
x2 = y2 = squaring
r2 r2

adding
2 2 cos2 θ sin2 θ
x + y = +
r2 r2
cos2 θ + sin2 θ
x2 + y 2 =
r2
1
x2 + y 2 =
r2
1
r2 =
x2 + y2

r 2 = (x2 + y 2 )−1 taking square root on both side

r = (x2 + y 2 )−1/2
𝜕𝑟 1 2 2
−3 𝜕 𝒅 𝒏 𝑑𝑥
(
( ) =− x + y 2) (x2 + y 2 ) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑟 1 2 −3
2) 2
(
( ) =− x + y (2𝑥 + 0)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 2

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I
−3
1 2 cos θ 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
= (−1) ( 2 ) ( ) 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 =
r r 𝐫𝟐 𝐫
1 cos θ
= (−1) −3 ( )
r r
cos θ
= − −2
r
= −r 2 cos θ … … … (B)

𝜕𝑦 sin θ
( ) 𝑦 is function of 𝑟, 𝜃 variable 𝑖. 𝑒 y =
𝜕𝑟 θ r

Diff partially w. r. t. r keep as 𝜃 constant

𝜕𝑥 sin θ 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
( ) =− … … … … … … . (𝐶 ) ( )=−
𝜕𝑟 θ r2 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝜕𝑟
( ) r is function of 𝑥, 𝑦 variable r = (x2 + y 2 )−1/2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥

𝜕𝑟 1 −3 𝜕 𝒅 𝑑𝑥
( ) = − (x2 + y 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 ) 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥

𝜕𝑟 1 −3
( ) = − (x2 + y 2 ) 2 (0 + 2y)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2
−3
1 1 2 2 sin θ 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
= (− ) ( 2) ( ) 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚=
2 r r 𝐫𝟐 𝐫

sin θ
=−
r −2
𝜕𝑟
( ) = −r 2 sin θ … … … (D)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥

From (A), (B),(C) and (D)

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 cos θ sin θ
( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) = (− ) (−r 2 cos θ) + (− ) (−r 2 sin θ)
𝜕𝑟 θ 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 θ 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 r2 r2

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) = cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
𝜕𝑟 θ 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 θ 𝜕𝑦 𝑥

**********

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Composite Function:
A composite function is a function that depends on another function.
The chain rule exists for differentiating a function of another function.
The chain rule is a formula to compute the derivative of a composite function. If
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑟, 𝜃), 𝑦 = g(𝑟, 𝜃) are differentiable functions.
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is differentiable functions,
𝜕𝑓
Diff partially w. r. t. to 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
Diff partially w. r. t. to 𝑥, 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

x, y are differentiable function,

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Diff partially w. r. t. to 𝑟, 𝜃 , and ,
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

By Chain
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃

If 𝑓 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) then

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
= + +
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑤

****************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Examples 1: If z = 𝑓(u, v) and u = x cos t – y sin t , v = x sin t + y cos t,

∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
where t is a constant, prove that ∶ x + y = u + v
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v
Solution: 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 – 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 … … … (1)
𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 … … … (2)
u and v is differentiable functions of x and y
Diff u and v partially w. r. t. to x and y respectively
∂u ∂u
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 and = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and = cos 𝑡
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
By chain rule = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying by x x =𝑥 cos 𝑡 + 𝑥 sin 𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑥 sin 𝑡 … … … … … … … … … … (𝐴)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= (− sin 𝑡) + cos 𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying by y 𝑦 =𝑦 (− sin 𝑡) + 𝑦 cos 𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = −𝑦 sin 𝑡 + 𝑦 cos 𝑡 … … … … … … … … … … … (𝐵)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Adding equations (A) and (B)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑥 sin 𝑡 − 𝑦 sin 𝑡 + 𝑦 cos 𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦 = (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑦 sin 𝑡 ) + (𝑥 sin 𝑡 + 𝑦 cos 𝑡 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

From (1) and (2)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

*****************

Examples 2: 𝐼𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∶ 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Solution: 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑢+𝑣 … … … (1)

𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 … … … . (2)
x and y is differentiable functions of u and v
Diff partially w. r. t. to u and v respectively
∂x ∂x
=1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =1
∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
=𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑢
∂u ∂v

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
By chain rule = +
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 1 + 𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying by u 𝑢 =𝑢 1 + 𝑢 𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 =𝑢 + 𝑢𝑣 … … … … … … … … … … (𝐴)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 1 + 𝑢
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying by v 𝑣 =𝑣 1 +𝑣 𝑢
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑣 =𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 … … … … … … … … … … … (𝐵)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Adding equations (A) and (B)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 + 𝑣 =𝑢 + 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (𝑢 + 𝑣) + (𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (𝑢 + 𝑣) + 2𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

From (1) and (2)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 + 𝑣 =𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

***********

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Homogeneous Function:
A function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogeneous function in which the power of
each term is same.
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 9𝑥 1 𝑦 2 + 19𝑥 2 𝑦1 − √3𝑦 2 𝑧1
Note:
o To verify homogeneous function put 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑡
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥𝑡)3 + (𝑦𝑡)3 + (𝑧𝑡)3 − 9𝑥𝑡 1 𝑦𝑡 2 + 19𝑥𝑡 2 𝑦𝑡 1 − √3𝑦𝑡 2 𝑧𝑡 1
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑡 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 3 𝑧 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 2 𝑡 3 + 19𝑥 2 𝑡 3 𝑦 − √3𝑦 2 𝑡 3 𝑧
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑡 3 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
F is homogeneous function of degree 3
o 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑓 is homogeneous function of degree n
**********
Euler’s Theorem of Homogeneous Function:
Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) be a homogenous function of degree n in x and y

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
For 2 variables and 1st order 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a homogenous function of degree n so that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
For 3 variables and 1st order 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Let 𝑓 be a homogenous function of degree n in 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … . 𝑥𝑛

For n variables and 1st order

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + … … … … + 𝑥𝑛 =𝑛𝑓
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥𝑛

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Euler’s Theorem for second order

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a homogenous function of two variables x, y of degree n

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
For 2 variables and 2nd order 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

******************

𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
Example: If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = + + then prove that
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒙 +𝒚 + 𝟐𝒇 = 𝟎 𝑂𝑅 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝒙 +𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
1 1 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 𝒂
Solution: Consider 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2
+ + ∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝒃
𝑥
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 log( )
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = +
𝑥3𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥
𝑦+𝑥 log ( )
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = +
𝑥2𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥
𝑦+𝑥 log(𝑦)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑣=
𝑥2𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 … … … (𝐴)
Put 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑡
𝑥𝑡
𝑦𝑡 + 𝑥𝑡 log (𝑦𝑡)
𝑢= 𝑣=
(𝑥𝑡)2 𝑦𝑡 (𝑥𝑡)2 + (𝑦𝑡)2
𝑥
𝑡(𝑦 + 𝑥) log (𝑦)
𝑢= 𝑣=
𝑡3 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥
(𝑦 + 𝑥) log ( )
𝑦
𝑢= 𝑣=
𝑡2 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥
(𝑦 + 𝑥) log (𝑦)
𝑢= 𝑡 −2 2 𝑣 = 𝑡 −2
𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑢 = 𝑡 −2 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑣 = 𝑡 −2 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ u and v are homogeneous function of degree n = −2

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

∴ by Eulers theorem
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = −2𝑢 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = −2𝑣 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 =𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 , 𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= + & = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 =𝑦 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

∴ Adding (1) and(2)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑥 +𝑦 = −2𝑢 − 2𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑦 = −2(𝑢 + 𝑣)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 = −2𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 + 2𝑓 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

**********
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Example: If 𝑢 = + sin−1 ( ) then find the value of
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
𝑥 +𝑦 + x2 2
+ 2xy + y2 at the point (1, 2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

𝑥3 + 𝑦3 1 −1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Solution: Consider 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = + sin ( )
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝑥3 + 𝑦3 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Let 𝑢= 𝑣= sin−1 ( )
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 … … … (𝐴)
Put 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑡
(𝑥𝑡)3 + (𝑦𝑡)3 1 (𝑥𝑡)2 + (𝑦𝑡)2
𝑢= 𝑣= sin−1 ( )
𝑥𝑡+ 𝑦𝑡 (𝑥𝑡)5 (𝑥𝑡)2 + 2𝑥𝑡𝑦𝑡

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

𝑡 3 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 1 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑢= 𝑣= sin−1 ( )
𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥5 𝑡 5 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)
3 3 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 1
𝑢= 𝑡 𝑣= 𝑡 −5 5 sin −1
( )
(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝑢 = 𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑣 = 𝑡 −5 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ u is homogeneous function of degree n = 2
∴ v is homogeneous function of degree n = −5
∴ by Eulers theorem
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑢 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
x2 2 + 2xy + y2 = n(n − 1)u
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

∂ u 2 ∂2 u ∂ u 2
x2 2 + 2xy + y2 2 = 2(2 − 1)𝑢 = 2𝑢 … … … . (2)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = −5𝑣 … … … (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∂2 v ∂2 v ∂2 v
x2 2
+ 2xy + y2 = n(n − 1)𝑣
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

∂ v 2 ∂2 v ∂ v 2
x2 2 + 2xy + y2 2 = −5(−5 − 1)𝑣 = 30𝑣 … … … (4)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

𝑓 = 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 , 𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= + multiply by 𝑥 𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= + multiply by 𝑦 𝑦 =𝑦 +𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣
= 2 + multiply by 𝑥 2 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 2 + 𝑥
2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 2
2
2 𝜕 𝑓 𝜕 𝑢 2 2
2𝜕 𝑣
= + multiply by 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑦2 2 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣
= + multiply by 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

∴ Adding (1), (2), (3)and (4)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂2 v
𝑥 +𝑦 + +x 2 2
+ 2xy + y2 2
+𝑥 +𝑦 + x2 2
+ 2xy + y2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

= 2𝑢 − 5𝑣 + 2𝑢 + 30𝑣

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 2 ∂2 f 2
2∂ f 2∂ f
𝑥 +𝑦 + x 2 + 2xy + y = 4𝑢 + 25𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 2 ∂2 f 2 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
2∂ f 2∂ f 1 −1
𝑥 +𝑦 + x 2 + 2xy + y =4 + 25 sin ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

At point (1, 2) put x = 1 and y = 2

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓2 ∂2 f 2 13 + 23 12 + 22
2∂ f 2 ∂ f 1 −1
𝑥 + 𝑦 +x 2 + 2xy +y =4 + 25 sin ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 1+2 15 12 + 2(1)(2)

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f 9 5
𝑥 +𝑦 + x2 2
+ 2xy + y2 = 4 ( ) + 25 sin−1 ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 3 5

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f 𝜋
𝑥 +𝑦 + x2 2 + 2xy + y2 = 12 + 25
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 2

**************
𝑦 𝑥
Example: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑦 −𝑛 g ( ) then
𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
𝑥 +𝑦 + x2 2 + 2xy + y2 = n2 u
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2

**************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Euler’s Theorem of Non-Homogeneous Function:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥, 𝑦) be a non-homogenous function but 𝑓(𝑢) is homogenous
function of order n so that 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑢)

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑢)
For 2 variables and 1st order 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛 = g(𝑢)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓′ (𝑢)
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
For 2 variables and 2nd order 𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = g(𝑢 )[g′ (𝑢) − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑢)
Where g(𝑢) = 𝑛
𝑓′ (𝑢)
*************
Example: If 𝑢 = sin−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/5 then Prove that
∂2 f
2
∂2 f 2
∂2 f 2 tan u 2 tan2 u 3
x + 2xy +y = [ − ]
∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 5 5 5
Solution: Consider 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/5

Put 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑡
𝑢 = sin−1[(𝑥𝑡)2 + (𝑦𝑡)2 ]1/5
𝑢 = sin−1[𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )]1/5 (𝒂𝒏 )𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏𝒎
𝑢 = sin−1[𝑡 2/5 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/5 ] 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏(𝒂𝒙) ≠ 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏(𝒙)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ 𝑡 𝑛 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) ∴ u is not homogeneous function
sin 𝑢 = 𝑡 2/5 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/5
2
∴ 𝑓(u) = sin u is homogeneous function of degree n =
5
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = g(u)[g ′ (u) − 1] … … … . (𝐴)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑓(𝑢)
where g(𝑢) = 𝑛
𝑓′ (𝑢)

here 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢

𝑓(𝑢) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 2
⇒ g(𝑢) = 𝑛 = = tan 𝑢
𝑓′ (𝑢) 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 5
2
g′ (𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
5

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

Equation (A)

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 2 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = tan 𝑢 [ − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5

𝜕 𝑓 2 𝜕2 𝑓 2 2(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 + 1)
2𝜕 𝑓 2
𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑢 [ − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5

𝜕 𝑓 2 𝜕2 𝑓 2 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 + 2
2𝜕 𝑓 2
𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑢 [ − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 2 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 + 2 − 5
𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = tan 𝑢 [ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 2 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 3
𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = tan 𝑢 [ − ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5 5

********
𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦 1/2
Example: If 𝑢 = cosec −1 √ then Prove that
𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦 1/3

2
∂2 u ∂2 u 2
∂2 u tan u tan2 u 13
x + 2xy +y = [ + ]
∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 12 12 12
1/2 + 𝑦 1/2
−1 √𝑥
Solution: Consider 𝑢 = cosec
𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦 1/3

Put 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑡

−1 √
(𝑥𝑡)1/2 + (𝑦𝑡)1/2
𝑢 = cosec
(𝑥𝑡)1/3 + (𝑦𝑡)1/3

−1 √
𝑡 1/2 (𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )
𝑢 = cosec
𝑡 1/3 (𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 )
1/2
−1
𝑡 1/2 (𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )
𝑢 = cosec [ 1/3 1/3 ]
𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝑦1/3 )
1/2
−1
𝑡 1/2 𝑡 −1/3 (𝑥1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )
𝑢 = cosec [ ]
(𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 )
"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

1/2
−1
𝑡 1/6 (𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )
𝑢 = cosec [ ]
(𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 )

−1 1/12 √
𝑥1/2 + 𝑦1/2
𝑢 = cosec [𝑡 ]
𝑥1/3 + 𝑦1/3

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ 𝑡 𝑛 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) ∴ u is not homogeneous function

𝑥1/2 + 𝑦1/2
cosec 𝑢 = 𝑡1/12 √
𝑥1/3 + 𝑦1/3
1
∴ 𝑓(u) = cosec u is homogeneous function of degree n =
12
2 ∂2 u 2
2∂ u ∂ u
x 2+ 2xy + y2 2 = g(u)[g ′ (u) − 1]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
𝑓(𝑢)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 g(𝑢) = 𝑛
𝑓′ (𝑢)

here 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 cot 𝑢

𝑓(𝑢) 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢
⇒ g(𝑢) = 𝑛 = −
𝑓′ (𝑢) 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 cot 𝑢

1 1 1
g(𝑢) = − =− tan 𝑢
12 cot 𝑢 12
1
g′ (𝑢) = − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
12
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u 1 −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
x2 2 + 2xy + y2 =− tan 𝑢 [ − 1]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 12 12

∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
x2 2 + 2xy + y2 = tan 𝑢 [ + 1]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 12 12

2 ∂2 u 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 + 1
2∂ u ∂ u 1
x 2 + 2xy + y2 2 = tan 𝑢 [ + 1]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 12 12

2 ∂2 u 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 + 1 + 12
2∂ u 2∂ u 1
x 2+ 2xy +y 2 = tan 𝑢 [ ]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 12 12

∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 + 13
x2 2 + 2xy + y2 = tan 𝑢 [ ]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y2 12 12

************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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Prof. N. R. Kharat Engineering Mathematics I

𝑥+𝑦
Example: If 𝑢 = sec −1 [ ] then Prove that
𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦 1/2
∂2 u
2
∂2 u 2
∂2 u cot u
x 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= − [3 + cot2 u]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 4
************
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
Example: If 𝑢 = tan−1 [ ] then Prove that
𝑥+ 𝑦
∂2 u
2
∂2 u 2
∂2 u
x 2
+ 2xy +y 2
= sin 2u [1 − 4 sin2 𝑢]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
************
𝑥+𝑦
Example: If 𝑢 = sin−1 [ ] then Prove that
𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦 1/2

2
∂2 f ∂2 f 2
∂2 f −sin u cos 2u
x + 2xy + y =
∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 4 cos 3 u
************
1
𝑥2 2
+𝑦 2
Example: If 𝑢 = sin−1 [ ] then Prove that
𝑥+𝑦
∂2 u
2
∂2 u 2
∂2 u tan u
x 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= [tan2 u − 1]
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 4
************

"𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢"

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