Engineering Chemistry
Unit-V
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
Introduction
• WHAT IS SPECTROSCOPY?
The study of the interaction between ELECTROMAGNETIC (EMR)
RADIATION and MATTER.
WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION?
It is a form of energy that has both Wave and Particle Properties. For
example: Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio wave.
Molecular Spectroscopy
Atomic Spectroscopy
2
3
• Wave parameters
• Electric Field
• Wavelength (Lambda)
• Time or Distance
• Amplitude (A)
We Use Symbols to Designate the Various Properties of Waves is the
wavelength of the waves
• V is the frequency of the waves
• c is the speed of light
5
Definitions
Period (p) – the time required for one cycle to pass a fixed
point in space.
Frequency (ʋ) – the number of cycles which pass a fixed point
in space per second.
Amplitude (A) – The maximum length of the electric vector in
the wave (Maximum height of a wave).
Wavelength (ƛ) – The distance between two identical adjacent
points in a wave (usually maxima or minima).
Wavenumber (ʋ) - The number of waves per cm in units of
cm-1.
7
8
• Beer Lambert law
• It is one of the popular topics in analytical chemistry. It relates the
weakening of the intensity of the light to the characteristics of the
medium through which it is travelling.
• Let’s say, we have a clear sample of a drug with a polished surface
around its container.
• Now, passing electromagnetic radiation (incident radiation or we
may use UV rays) to the drug sample, some of the light may get
absorbed, and the rest of it gets transmitted.
• Here, the intensity of incident radiation = Io, and
• The intensity of transmitted radiation = It
• So, the absorbance A=log(IoIt)�=���(����)
• ∴ It is a unitless quantity. 10
Beer Lambert law
Beer Lambert law consists of the following two laws:
• Lambert’s Law
This law is concerned with the thickness of the medium.
• Beer’s Law
• This law is concerned with the concentration of the solution via which
monochromatic radiation passes.
A=εbc Where,
• A: absorbance of the solution
• C: concentration of the solution
• ε: Molar extinction coefficient
• b: Thickness of the medium 11
12
13
What will we Study in the Beer Lambert Law?
Here, we will focus on the factors which influence absorption.
So, the factors are:
The concentration of the sample.
The thickness of the medium.
The temperature at which we will measure the absorbance.
The wavelength of the EM radiation.
14
15
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Electronic /Transitional Spectroscopy
16
17
UV- VISIBLE SPECTRO
PHOTOMETER
Determination of λmax value of
Raloxifene hydrochloride
23
24
25
27
28
UV-Vis spectroscopy is widely used in
▪ Quality control Cosmetic industry
Petrochemistry Pharmaceutical research
Optical components Food and agriculture
Life sciences Traditional chemistry
Microbiology Material Science
Analytical Chemistry
Chemical and Biotech industry
