ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

SEMINAR PAPER ON MAJOR LIVESTOCK FEEDING RESOURCE AND

FEEDING PRACTICE IN ETHIOPIA

BY

GROUP MEMBER

NAME ID

1. BEKEMA MERGA……………………..WU/0425/2013
2. DIRIBA OLANA ………………………..WU/0429/2013
3. TEFERA ALEMIYE ……………………WU/0450/2013
4. ABDU KASAW…………………………..WU/0417/2013

ADVISOR: Mr.TILAHUM
ASSOSA, BENISHAGUL, ETHIOPIA
DECEMBER, 20, 2024

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Abstract:
Livestock production is a crucial component of global agriculture, providing essential food
resources such as meat, milk, and eggs. The efficiency and sustainability of livestock systems are
significantly influenced by the availability and quality of feed resources, which are fundamental to
animal health, productivity, and environmental impact. This paper reviews major livestock feed
resources, including forages, grains, by-products, and alternative feeds, highlighting their
nutritional value and role in different livestock systems. Forages, such as grasses and legumes, are
primary feed sources for ruminants, while grains like corn and barley are vital for mono gastric
animals. By-products from the food industry offer a sustainable option for feed, reducing waste and
enhancing resource utilization.

Feeding practices vary widely across regions and production systems, influenced by factors such
as local feed availability, economic considerations, and cultural preferences. Traditional practices
often rely on pasture-based systems, while modern approaches increasingly incorporate formulated
rations and precision feeding techniques to optimize animal performance. The integration of agro
ecological principles and innovative feeding strategies is essential to address challenges such as
climate change, resource scarcity, and food security.

This review was done to describe livestock feed resources and feeding practices in urban and peri-
urban areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is one of Sub-Sahara African country with largest livestock
population density. Agro-ecological conditions of the country vary which determine the type of
livestock production system. In source of livestock feed resources are natural pasture, crop residue,
improved pasture and forage, agro industrial by-products and other by-products. Among this
natural pasture and crop residue accounts the largest share. In urban and peri-urban areas livestock
owner feed their animal agro-industrial byproduct, road side pasture, crop residue, fruit and
vegetable wastes. Grazing land shrinkage, high cost of feeds, drought, and lack of technical know-
how were the major factors limiting livestock productivity in urban and peri-urban areas.
Additionally inadequacy of feed in terms of quality and quantity, even available feed resource are
unused, undeveloped and poorly utilized. Moreover commonly used feed resource (crop residue),
is low in quality, high fiber content with low digestibility, as a result of this the livestock
productivity will be affected due to malnutrition. Therefore to solve the problem it should be better
to consider non-conventional feed resource identification and nutritive value improvement for
effective livestock feed resource utilization. Capacity building training for the farmers, giving
attention for the sector on proper utilization of available feed resources in in urban and peri-urban
areas should be considered.

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Table of Contents
Abstract: ............................................................................................................................................ i
CHAPTERONE ................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY ................................................................................................................... 2
Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................................. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 4
. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIA ........................................................................ 4
Livestock Feed Resource .............................................................................................................. 5
Natural pasture ............................................................................................................................ 5
Crop residues ............................................................................................................................... 5
Agro-industrial by-products ......................................................................................................... 6
Non-conventional feed ................................................................................................................ 6
The Role of Nutrition on Animal Productivity .................................................................................. 6
Livestock Feeding Practices ......................................................................................................... 6
Problems Associated with Livestock Feed Resource in Ethiopia ..................................................... 7
Crop land expansion .................................................................................................................... 7
Feed shortage both in quality and quantity ................................................................................ 7
High cost of feed .......................................................................................................................... 8
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................. 8
Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Recommendation......................................................................................................................... 8
REFFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 9

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i
CHAPTERONE
Introduction
Livestock production plays a vital role in global food systems, contributing significantly to
human nutrition, livelihoods, and economic stability. As the global population continues to grow,
the demand for animal-derived food products—such as meat, milk, and eggs—is expected to rise.
This increasing demand places considerable pressure on livestock production systems to enhance
efficiency and sustainability. A critical factor influencing the productivity and environmental
impact of livestock is the availability and quality of feed resources.

Feed resources can be broadly categorized into several types, including forages, grains, by-
products, and alternative feeds. Forages, such as grasses, legumes, and silage, are essential for
ruminant animals like cattle and sheep, providing the necessary fiber and nutrients for optimal
digestion and health. Grains, on the other hand, serve as a primary energy source for mono gastric
animals, including pigs and poultry. These feedstuffs are often complemented by various by-
products from food processing industries, which can offer valuable nutrients while promoting
waste reduction and resource efficiency.

Feeding practices are diverse and influenced by regional agricultural systems, economic factors,
cultural traditions, and the specific nutritional requirements of different livestock species.
Traditional livestock systems often rely on pasture-based feeding strategies that utilize locally
available resources. In contrast, modern intensive production systems increasingly adopt
formulated rations that incorporate a mix of feed ingredients to optimize growth rates,
reproductive performance, and overall animal health.

The challenge of balancing productivity with sustainability is paramount in contemporary

livestock feeding practices. Issues such as climate change, land degradation, and competition for
resources necessitate innovative approaches to feed management. Strategies that promote the
diversification of feed resources, enhance nutrient utilization efficiency, and integrate agro
ecological principles are essential for developing resilient livestock systems.

This introduction sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of major livestock feeding
resources and practices. By examining the nutritional value of various feed types and their
application in different production systems, this paper aims to highlight the importance of
sustainable feeding strategies in meeting global food security goals while minimizing
environmental impacts.
Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa, with a rich diversity of
species that include cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and poultry. Livestock farming plays a crucial
role in the country's economy, culture, and food security. The sustainability and productivity of
this sector heavily depend on the availability and quality of livestock feed resources, as well as
the feeding practices employed by farmers.
Major Livestock Feed Resources
Natural Pastures:
Ethiopia's diverse agro-ecological zones provide extensive natural grazing lands, particularly in
the highlands and lowlands. These pastures are vital for the sustenance of ruminants, especially

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during the wet season when forage is abundant.
Crop Residues:
After harvesting staple crops such as teff, wheat, and maize, farmers utilize the leftover stalks and
leaves as feed for their livestock. Crop residues are a significant component of the diet,
particularly during the dry season when fresh forage is scarce.
Fodder Crops:
To enhance feed availability and quality, many farmers cultivate specific fodder crops like alfalfa,
elephant grass, and various legumes. These crops are grown intentionally to provide nutritious
feed for livestock.
Concentrates:
Concentrate feeds, including grains (such as maize and barley) and oilseed cakes (by-products
from oil extraction), are used to supplement diets, particularly for fattening animals or during
periods of low forage availability.
Supplements:
Minerals and vitamins are often provided to livestock in the form of salt licks or commercial
mineral mixes to ensure a balanced diet and support overall health.
Feeding Practices
Extensive Grazing:
Traditional extensive grazing is the predominant feeding practice among pastoralist and agro-
pastoralist communities. Livestock roam freely to graze on available pastures, often migrating
seasonally to find better grazing areas.
Cut-and-Carry Systems:
In areas closer to urban centers or where land is more limited, farmers may practice cut-and-carry
feeding. This method involves harvesting forage and bringing it to the animals, ensuring they
receive adequate nutrition even when grazing land is insufficient.
Zero Grazing:
In densely populated regions or where land is scarce, zero-grazing systems are adopted. Here,
livestock are kept in enclosures and fed harvested forage and concentrates, minimizing land use
while maximizing productivity.
Mixed Farming Systems:
Many Ethiopian farmers integrate crop production with livestock rearing. This practice allows
them to utilize crop residues as feed while benefiting from manure for fertilizing crops.
Community-Based Management:
In some regions, community-driven approaches to managing grazing lands have been
implemented to prevent overgrazing and promote sustainable land use practices.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The objectives of livestock feed resource management and feeding practices are multifaceted and
aim to enhance the productivity, health, and sustainability of livestock farming.

Problem Statement
In Ethiopia, livestock farming is a cornerstone of the agricultural economy, providing livelihoods
for millions of people and contributing significantly to food security. However, the productivity
of the livestock sector is hindered by challenges related to feeding resources and practices. Major
livestock feeding resources such as natural pastures, crop residues, improved forages,
concentrates, and by-products are either underutilized or mismanaged.

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The reliance on natural pastures, which are subject to seasonal variability and overgrazing, leads
to feed shortages during critical periods, adversely affecting livestock health and productivity.
Crop residues, while abundant post-harvest, often lack sufficient nutritional value and are not
effectively supplemented with other feeds. Improved forages have the potential to enhance
livestock nutrition but require investment and knowledge that many smallholder farmers may
lack. Concentrates and by-products, although high in nutritional quality, can be cost-prohibitive
and are often not accessible to resource-poor farmers.

Moreover, traditional feeding practices such as extensive grazing can lead to land degradation,
while zero grazing systems may not provide adequate feed diversity or quality. The lack of
effective feeding strategies results in low livestock productivity, increased vulnerability to climate
change, and ultimately threatens food security and the economic stability of pastoral and agro-
pastoral communities.

This problem statement highlights the need for a comprehensive assessment of current livestock
feeding resources and practices in Ethiopia to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement.
Addressing these issues is essential for enhancing livestock productivity, promoting sustainable
agricultural practices, and improving the livelihoods of those dependent on the livestock sector.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Ethiopia is known for its large and diverse livestock resource endowments and livestock production
is a part of the agriculture and the contribution of livestock and their products to the agriculture
economy accounts about 47% (Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), 2011).
Ethiopia holds the largest cattle population from Africa with an estimated approximately, cattle
57.8 million, sheep 28.89 million, goat 29.7 million, horse 2.08 million, donkey 7.88 million and
mule 0.41 million. From the total cattle population 98% are local breeds (Central Statistics Agency
(CSA), 2016). Production systems are classified based on integration of livestock with crop
production, level of input and intensity of production, agro-ecology and market orientation (Yitaye
et al., 2007). Urban and peri-urban production systems is developed in areas where the population
density is high and agricultural land is shrinking due to urbanization (Sintayehu et al., 2008); and
the system contribute for income and employment generation, poverty alleviation, and improving
human nutrition and health. In order to get all these benefits from animals, they should fed sufficient
and quality diets that meet their needs. If their needs are not properly met, the animals won’t grow,
reproduce, or produce milk, and they could possibly die. Hence, livestock production is strongly
related to availability and quality of feed resources (Halderman, 2004).
Feed resources in Ethiopia are classified as conventional and Non-Conventional Feed (NCF). They
are mainly derived from natural pasture, crop residue, improved pasture and forage, agro industrial
by-products, other by-products like food and vegetable refusal. Non-conventional refer to all those
feeds that have not been traditionally used for feeding livestock and are not commercially used in
the production of livestock feeds (Alemayehu, 2003; Girma et al., 2014).
Also the processes of making the right diet choices and limitations in the supply of nutrients are
the challenges to the urban and peri-urban livestock owners. However, the practice of feeding
animals on crop/food wastes was found to be a very important strategy for coping with feed scarcity
in urban and peri-urban areas. In addition, harvesting natural forages from open access lands
(roadsides, undeveloped plots, wet- lands/swamps etc.) is an important source of feed for livestock
owners in urban and peri-urban areas (Azage and Alemu, 1998). Currently, Ethiopian populations
are growing at a rate of 2.5% per annum (CSA, 2014), consequently, the demand of the livestock
product in urban and peri-urban areas was higher and there is market opportunity for producers
(Mesay et al., 2013). Rapid urbanization has not been accompanied by equitable economic growth
and has resulted in increased urban poverty (Azage et al., 2001).

. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIA

Many suggestions have been made for the classification of livestock production system. But none
of these classifications provide completely suitable framework for the evaluation of tropical
livestock production systems on worldwide basis (Malede and Takele, 2014). Based on integration
of crop cultivation and livestock production and agro ecology production system can be classified
as, mixed crop-livestock farming, agro pastoral farming and pastoral production system (Institute
of Biodiversity and Conservation (IBC), 2012). According to Azage et al. (2003) urban and peri-
urban production system is practiced in urban and peri urban areas.

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Livestock Feed Resource
Livestock feed resources are natural pasture/grazing land, crop residue, improved pasture and
forage, agroindustrial by product and other by-products like food and vegetable refusal, of which
the first two contribute the largest feed types (Alemayehu, 2003). In most highland areas of the
country, the grazing land availability and its productivity become declining due to crop land
expansion, inadequate technical support, and lack of appropriate management and sufficient input
supply particularly forage seed production (Alemayehu, 2004; Menberu, 2014). According to
Angassa and Oba (2008), land use changes linked to bush invasion in dry land ecosystems threaten
both indigenous plants and animals and exacerbates soil erosion, with far-reaching implications for
local communities.

Natural pasture
Many researchers agreed that natural pasture comprises the largest share from livestock feed, but
estimates of the contribution of this feed resource vary greatly. Yami et al. (2012) in highland
natural pasture account as 49% of all feed resources. The distribution of such natural vegetation
varies from place to place depending on climatic variation. The study done so far by Hussen (2017)
in central highlands of Ethiopia the contribution of natural pasture was 56.5%. Natural pasture
lands/ rangelands become degraded because of expansion of cultivation, conflict, water pond
development and settlement. Generally, dry land ecosystems are subject to increasing land use
changes as human need for food and natural resources rise, which eventually contributes to climate
change (Grover et al., 2011). A significant proportion of grazing lands in pastoral areas have been
encroached due to crop cultivation, ranching, year round grazing, settlement and shortage of rainfall
(Angassa and Oba, 2008).

Crop residues
Crop residues are abundantly produced in almost all parts of the world where there is crop
production is produced. Cereal straws such as Teff, barley, heat and pulse crop residues are stalked
after threshing and fed to animals during the dry season when the quality and quantity of available
feed from natural pasture declines drastically in different parts of the Ethiopian (Ketema, 2014).
The sizes of farm holdings for crop production were highly variable, ranging from 0.5 hectare to 5
hectare. Some of the cereal grain by-products, particularly fermentation residues from alcoholic
drinks and beverages are abundant in most parts of the country. Improved pasture and forages play
varying role in different livestock production systems. In general, they are important as adjuncts to
crop residues and natural pastures and may be used to fill the feed gaps during periods of inadequate
crop residues and natural pasture supply. Even in the presence of abundant crop residues, which
are often free fed to ruminants, improved forage crops especially legumes are needed to improve
the nutritional values of crop residues. Improved forages also provide benefits such as soil fertility
through their nitrogen fixing ability and reducing soil erosion (Yami et al., 2012).
Due to its positive biological impact on degraded lands the government of Ethiopia has given due
attention in stock exclusion and watershed areas. However, not much progress achieved till
recently. Similarly, (Rich et al., 2008) reported about the unsatisfactory and limited success rates
of improved forage development because of shortage of land in the mixed crop-livestock system,
technical problems such as planting and managing the seedlings, insect damage and low interest of
farmers were some of the reported reasons for poor adoption of improved forage production
(Hussen, 2017).

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Agro-industrial by-products
Agro-industrial by-products have special value in feeding livestock mainly in urban and peri-urban
livestock production system, as well as in situations where the productive potential of the animals
is relatively high and require high nutrient supply. The major agro-industrial by products commonly
used are obtained from flour milling industries (wheat bran, wheat short, wheat middling and rice
bran), edible oil extracting plants (noug cake, cottonseed cake, peanut cake, linseed cake, sesame
cake, sunflower cake etc), breweries and sugar factories (Molasses). The current trends of
increasing urban population has a significant effect on the establishment of agro-industries due to
the corresponding increasing demand for the edible main products (Dereje, 2012).

Non-conventional feed
Different types of organic wastes play a key role in urban agriculture. Organic wastes from hotels,
cafés and markets are fed to animals, which roam freely, consuming waste around municipal bins
and in the market places. Smallholder farmers in developing countries are faced with limited
resource availability for feeding livestock. They use whatever is locally available to them, at either
no or low cost (Jayasuriya, 2002). It is beneficial and have high economic values are obtained from
the inclusion of fruit and vegetable wastes in the diet of livestock (Amata, 2014). Non-conventional
feed resources have considerable potential as feed materials and for some; their value can be
increased if there were economically viable technological means for converting them into some
useable products (Salem et al., 2002). When such waste can be utilized and can be converted by
livestock to valuable products which are beneficial to man, they become new feed materials of
importance. In addition, they can be used to supplement the existing limited feed resources. Agro-
industrial by-products and concentrate feeds are expensive and therefore not an option for poor
households (Constantine et al., 2012). The practice of feeding animals on whatever feed resource
that is locally available fruit and vegetable waste rather than relying solely on any particular feed
resource/ingredient was found to be a very important strategy for coping with feed scarcity among
farmers in urban and peri-urban areas (Malede and Takele, 2014).

The Role of Nutrition on Animal Productivity

Three factors, viz. genetic makeup, nutrition and management decide the productivity of an animal
(Sethumadhavan, 2004). Improvements of genetic make up only contribute up to 30% to
production, while the 70% is dependent on nutrition and management. Poor forage quality, that is
with low protein and energy content is also a serious problem. Poor quality feed causes low intake
rates resulting in low levels of overall production (Bureau of Finance and Economic Development
(BoFED), 2006). A major gap exists between the demand and supply of conventional feed
resources for feeding livestock in the world. In order to manage this problem of demand and supply,
it is essential to increase the availability of conventional feed resources for the different livestock
production and management systems. One method is to exploit the use of non-conventional feed
resources (NCF) in livestock production systems (Mesay et al., 2013).

Livestock Feeding Practices

Free grazing is a predominant feeding practice in pastoral, agro-pastoral production system
Ethiopia. The practice of feeding animals on whatever feed resource that is locally available rather
than relying solely on any particular feed resource/ingredient was found to be a very important
strategy for coping with feed scarcity among farmers in urban and peri-urban areas (Constantine et
al., 2012). In the urban and peri-urban areas of Ethiopia, livestock grazing on seasonal fallow land
and permanent pasturelands during cropping season and on croplands after harvest is common.

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Production problem common to most Ethiopian livestock feeding systems are seasonality in animal
feed supplies and of poor quality when fed alone it is often unable to provide even for the
maintenance needs of livestock (Alemayehu, 2006). Conserved hay is the main source of nutrients
for cattle in non- grazing season, or all the time if they don’t have access to browse. In lowland
indigenous management grassland land practices are not widely used due to increase in population
pressure and livestock density. Some of the practices like grazing land fire application were
practiced to control pest and to facilitate vegetation growth (Angassa and Oba, 2008). The role of
indigenous knowledge on grassland management is invisible compared with crop and forest land
management (Angassa et al., 2012). The grasslands are used for livestock grazing for millennia. In
the highlands plant growth is slow due to low temperature. Stocking density and intensity of
cultivation determine the carrying capacity of land. In the lowlands, the short growing season suits
only fast maturing plants; limited rainfall and recurrent drought, shrub invasion and overgrazing
are major features of lowland grasslands (Angassa and Oba, 2008). Overgrazing and seasonal feed
shortage are evident in the country. In highlands of Ethiopia the grazing lands (except protected
areas) are in poor to very poor condition and deteriorate further unless there is immediate action
(Alemayehu, 2006; Hussen, 2017).

Problems Associated with Livestock Feed Resource in Ethiopia

Crop land expansion
There are three aspects of feed problems, namely, the issue of increasing the efficiency with which
the available feed is utilized (e.g. forages, crop residues, agro-industrial byproducts and non-
conventional feeds), and the inability to make maximum use of the limited total feed resources and
the seasonal fluctuations in quantity, nutritive value, and water availability. Inadequate feed supply
in urban areas is due to many interacting factors, which include among others land shortage, high
cost of feeds, climate risks and poor quality of feeds. The most devastating factor diminishing of
feed for animals is due to rapid increment in the expansion of arable land that reduce the grazing
land which is the major source of conventional animal feeds (Aschalew et al., 2014: Malede and
Takele, 2014). This system is developed in areas where the population density is high and
agricultural land is shrinking due to urbanization around big cities and other regional towns
(Sintayehu et al., 2008).

Feed shortage both in quality and quantity

In urban and peri urban areas animal feed sources were poor in nutritive values due to that there is
lower the production capacity and fertility potential of animals (Sethumadhavan, 2004). The feed
supply is seasonal and shortage of green grass in the dry season is one of the major causes of the
drastic decline in livestock performance. As a result, nutritional stress causes low growth rates,
poor fertility and high mortality, which is compounded by diseases (CSA, 2007). A possible and
perhaps the most viable proposition could be the inclusion of non-conventional feed resources in
livestock rations with suitable and complete feed technology that can utilize the feed sources with
maximum efficiency (Amata, 2014). The inability to feed animals adequately throughout the year
is the most widespread technical constraint. Much of the available feed resources are utilized to
support maintenance requirements of the animals with little surplus left for production (BoFED,
2006). Poor forage quality, that is with low protein and energy content is also a serious problem.
Poor quality feed causes low intake rates resulting in low levels of overall production. Mature grass,
especially those that are weather leached or bleached are low in digestible energy and protein as
well as in soluble carbohydrate, carotene and some of the minerals (Tolera et al., 2012).

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High cost of feed
Many scholars reported as in Ethiopia the main reason why livestock owners not to use agro-
industrial by products properly was associated with its cost and availability. Moreover in urban and
peri-urban production systems commercial to smallholder livestock production were practiced and
they are profit oriented. But livestock producers not feed their animal balanced feed mainly due to
its cost and its availability, to to this they use poor quality feed and urban-based resources which is
not able to fulfill their daily nutrient requirement (CSA, 2012).

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
Non-conventional feed sources perceived to be cause environmental contamination, extra cost of
disposal and lead to further deterioration of the urban environment. But efficient utilization of this
feed resource minimize environmental negative effects, these include the removal of much wet
organic waste from the streets and bins, the revenue from selling waste, which, in turn, creates
more space at the dumpsites. In urban and peri-urban production system industrial by-products,
fruits and vegetables waste are possible source of feed. Rapid urbanization has not been
accompanied by equitable economic growth and has resulted in increased urban poverty. The
human population in urban areas is growing at alarming rate per annum. So that there is higher
demand of the livestock product in urban and peri-urban areas of Ethiopia it will create market
opportunity for producers. Inadequacy of available basal roughage in terms of quality and
quantity, even available feed resource are unused, undeveloped and poorly utilized, land shortage,
high cost of feeds and transportation, seasonal variations, lack of technical know-how is the major
factors limiting livestock productivity in urban and peri-urban areas.

Recommendation
In order to promote the survival and the sustainability of pastures sustainable grazing land
management should be considered with proper strategic management plans. Participation of local
users in natural resource management is very important. In the rapidly urbanizing African
continent, urban feed resource identification, evaluation and utilization practice associated with
urban growth is an indispensable task to understand the livestock production system and trend on
the ongoing changes. Identifying the available alternative feed resources is important to
devise/improve their utilization method to the extent that can bring changes in the production. There
was little attempt to investigate non-conventional feed resource availability and utilization practices
in urban and peri-urban areas. Strategic supplementation of protein and energy rich feeds should
be required in urban areas. In relation with the increasing market price of concentrate and roughage
feeds, other optional feeds like fruit waste and other non-conventional feed resources should be
considered.

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