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Sects of Jainism: Digambara and Shvetambara
Jainism is divided into two major sects: Digambara (sky-clad) and Shvetambara
(white-clad). Each sect is further subdivided into various sub-sects due to differences in
practices, interpretations, and scriptures.
Origins of the Division
Time: 298 BCE, during a 12-year famine in
Magadha.
Cause:
Bhadrabahu led a group to South India (Shravan Belgola) and adhered to stricter
practices, including nudity.
Sthulbhadra’s group stayed in Magadha, adopted white clothing, and a less austere
lifestyle.
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Sect Digambara Shvetambara
Foundation Established by Bhadrabahu during Established by Sthulbhadra in the
the Mauryan period after Jain aftermath of the Jain schism in
migration to South India. Magadha (modern Bihar).
Teachings & - Follow Mahavira's Pancha - Follow Parshvanatha's Four Restraints:
Philosophy Mahavratas: Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha, with
Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya added later.
Brahmacharya, Aparigraha. Focus on moderate rituals and inclusive
Emphasize strict austerity and practices.
renunciation.
Clothing - Monks practice complete nudity, - Monks and nuns wear simple white
Practices symbolizing total renunciation. robes, symbolizing purity and
-Female monks (Aryikas) wear plain asceticism.
white sarees
Idol Worship - Tirthankara idols are nude, plain, - Tirthankara idols are adorned with
and unadorned. jewels and colorful decorations.
Eyes are downcast, symbolizing Eyes are lively, often decorated with
meditation and detachment. glass.
View on Women - Women cannot attain liberation -Women can attain liberation and
(salvation) unless reborn as men. become Tirthankaras.
Believe Malli (19th Tirthankara) was -Believe Malli was a female Tirthankara.
male.
Sacred Texts -Believe the original Jain scriptures -Preserve the Agamas (12 Angas and
were lost. Anga-bahyas) as sacred scriptures.
-Follow Prakrit texts like Suttapahuda
by Kundakunda.
Omniscient Believe a Kevali (omniscient being) Reject the belief that omniscients live
Beings no longer requires food. without sustenance.
Philosophical Emphasize austerity, renunciation, Promote moderation, inclusion, and
Focus and meditation as core principles. adaptability in practices.
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Key Temples -Shravanabelagola (Karnataka) - -Dilwara Temples
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features the giant Bahubali statue. Rajasthan) - known for exquisite
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+57 12 345 667 -Ellora Jain Caves (Maharashtra). work.
-Kundalpur (Madhya Pradesh). -Palitana Temples (Gujarat) - an
Your city address
important pilgrimage site.
-Shatrunjaya
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Sub-Sects of Jainism
Sects Sub-Sects Key Features
- Reject idol worship: pray to saints.
Shvetambara Sthanakavasi - Saints wear a muhapatti (mouth cover).
Murtipujaka - Worship Tirthankara idols in temples.
(Deravasi) - Saints do not wear a muhapatti.
Terapanthi - Reject idol worship: pray to saints.
- Saints wear a muhapatti.
Digambara Mula Sangh - Oldest sub-sect (c. 430 AD): associated with Acharya
Kundakunda.
- Divided into branches like Nandi Gana and Sena Gana.
Bisapantha - Worship Tirthankaras. Yakshas. and Yakshinis.
- Includes aarti, fruits, and flower offerings.
- Bhattarakas are religious leaders.
Terapantha - Worship idols with dry substitutes (no flowers/fruits).
- Reject Bhattarakas: focus on Tirthankaras.
Taranapantha - Reject idol worship but have temples for sacred books.
- Emphasize spiritual values and scripture study.
Others - Includes Gumanapantha and Totapantha.
Important Jain Practices
Practice Description
Santhara - A voluntary, peaceful death by fasting, undertaken in extreme old age or terminal illness.
(Sallekhana - Considered an act of spiritual purification and renunciation.
Ahimsa - Non-violence: central to Jain philosophy, influencing diet (strict vegetarianism) and
practices.
Aparigraha - Non-possessiveness: renouncing material wealth and attachments.
Anuvratas - Five vows for laypersons: Ahimsa. Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing). Brahmacharya
(celibacy). Aparigraha.
Mahavratas - Five great vows followed by monks: stricter forms of the Anuvratas.
Jain Literature
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Key Texts:
Your city address
12 Angas
Kalpasutra (Bhadrabahu): Biographies of Tirthankaras.
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Jain literature
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Important Jain literatures are:
Category Text/Scripture Author Description
Canonical Agamas Compiled by Sacred texts based on Mahavira's teachings.
Texts Ganadharas foundational to Jainism.
Tattvartha Sutra Umaswami Key philosophical text, authoritative for both
Svetambara and Digambara.
Svetambara Acharanga Sutra KshamaShraman First of the twelve Angas, based on
Texts Devardhigani Mahavira's teachings.
Hemachandra's Hemachandra Treatise on conduct for laypeople and
Yogasastra ascetics.
Digambara Shatkhandagama Pushpadanta Comprehensive text on karma theory, highly
Texts & Bhutabali technical.
Kasayapahuda Gunabhadra Treatise on passions, based on Mahavira's
teachings. Lor
Samayasara Acharya Expounds Jain concepts like Karma and
Kundakunda Moksha.
Ratnakaranda. Samantabha Discusses the conduct of Sravakas (lay
Sravakacara dra Swamy followers).
Sarvarthasiddhi Pujyapada Oldest commentary on Tattvartha Sutra.
Trishasthilkshana Jinasena & Comprehensive Jain history, divided into Adi
Mahapurana Gunabhadra Purana and Uttara Purana.
Contributions of Jainism
Art and Architecture
Caves: Hathigumpha, Udaygiri, Khandagiri (Orissa).
Temples:
Dilwara Temples (Mount Abu, Rajasthan) Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed
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+57 12 345 667
Temples:
Your city address
Dilwara Temples (Mount Abu, Rajasthan)
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Palitana Temples (Gujarat)
Shravanabelagola: Gommateshwara statue
(Karnataka)
Paintings: The “Western Indian School” developed from
Jain manuscript traditions.
Trade and Commerce
Jain merchants, guided by non-violence, focused on trade and banking instead of
agriculture or warfare.
They played significant roles in regional economies.
Conclusion
Jainism, with its emphasis on non-violence, self-discipline, and spiritual liberation,
remains a profound influence on Indian culture and values. Its enduring legacy is
reflected in its art, ethical principles, and contributions to India’s spiritual heritage.
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